Globalisation

Impact of Globalisation
TNC
Toyota
Country- Japan (HQ in Tokyo)
Operations- Manufacturing, R&D
Outsourcing- Toyota Motor Sales (TMS) in US that handles marketing, sales,
distribution, production and customer service
-Want to upgrade IT system
-Outsourced to Keane Inc. to manage software applications and IT processes
-Advantage: Greater efficiency
Impact on Host Country (Economic/Social/Environmental) (+/-)
Economic
+ USA: Toyota invested $500mil and added 1000 jobs in Year 2000 to build SUV
- USA: Toyotas strong presence in Indiana deterred landing plants from competitive
automakers
Social
+ Japan: Set up KARIYA TOYOTA General Hospital to provide emergency medical &
other services
+ Philippines: Operated mobile healthcare service since 1992 which benefited 75000
people
+ USA: Provides ~$2mil a year to support innovative math and science programs to
schools
- Czech Republic: Production plants negative environmental impact on nearby
residents
Environmental
+ Europe: Reduced CO2 emissions, use of biofuels in car models
+ North America: Use renewable soy oil-based polyurethane foam to make passenger
seats (lowers carbon footprint)
+ Japan: Reduction in release of harmful substances (elimination of lead, mercury, etc)

- USA: Production process of hybrid cars not environmentally friendly (Toyota Priuss
batteries use nickel mined from USA that damages environment near mine)

Role of State in Economical Development

Role of Supranational Bodies

Trading Blocs/Regional Blocs
EU:
NAFTA:
International Institutions
IMF:
WTO:

Urbanisation
Urbanisation Trends
Primate Cities
Global Cities
Influence on Urban Structure
Housing Problems
Transport Problems

Socio-economic Polarisation

Population
Fertility
CBR (Crude Birth Rate): World Average CBR is 19.15 per 1000 of a population as of
2012
~Mali, Zambia 46 (2011)
~Germany, Japan 8 (2011)
TFR (Total Fertility Rate): World Average TFR is 2.9
~Niger 7.0 (2011)
~S.Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore 1.2 (2011)
Life Expectancy: World Average LE is 67.88 for 2005-2010
~Afghanistan, Zambia 49 (2011)
~Hong Kong, Japan, Switzerland 83 (2011)

Factors Affecting Fertility

Years in Marriage: Irelands average age at marriage increased to 29 for women in
1926 due to farmers unwilling to subdivide the land in behalf of their sons
Use of Contraception: Worldwide contraceptive use by married women from 57% in
1990 to 67% in 2000
Literacy Rates: World Average Adult LR was 84% in 2010
~Mali -19.8% (2009)
~Switzerland, US, UK 99%
Labour Participation Rate of Females:
~Algeria, Gaza 15% (2011)
~Zimbabwe 83% (2011)
~S.Korea, Japan 49% (2011)
Religion:

~Catholicism Catholic Church in Philippines oppose of artificial birth control methods

including government-sponsored contraception for the poor. Church has blocked family
planning laws in the past, saying that they would erode moral values and encourage
promiscuity and early pregnancies

Diseases
Epidemics:
~SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) 2003
An airborne disease (spread through droplets via coughing and sneezing)
8437 cases reported and at least 819 deaths (A fatality rate of over 10%)
Hong Kong was worst hit country with its small size with 1755 cases
WHO issued first ever travel alert for tourists to avoid Hong Kong and Guangdong
province in China
Pandemics:
~Avian Flu First discovered in 1959
Started from infected chickens
Killed 18 people and tens of millions of birds in 10 Asian countries
~AIDS In 2004, an estimated 40 million people carried the HIV infection that gave them
AIDs
Annual death toll rose from just 2 million in 1999 to 3 million in 2003
Money raised by international organisations was used for the teaching of prevention
techniques, caring for children orphaned by AIDS and treating those already infected
Endemics:
~Malaria A parasitic, mosquito-borne disease
Kills over 1 million people annually and affects up to 500 million people
Main area of incidence is Sub-Saharan Africa where it affects 50% of the population
Solutions: drug treatment and controlling the vector (anopheles mosquito) by insecticides

Government Policies
Mortality

Migration
EU: Europes population is set to fall over the next 50 years
Italys population will drop by 28% by 2050
Germany may need to import 487,000 immigrants a year to keep its working population
stable between now and 2050
France would need 109,000 and 1.6million for the whole of EU
Japan: In 1997 foreigners only took up 0.2% of the work force compared to 3.6% in
Britain, 6.1% in France and 9.1% Germany
Japan has a shortage of skilled workers especially in IT sector
It has tough entry requirements (uni degree or 10 years relevant experience)
Ageing population increases its demand for labour (it will need to import over 600,000
workers annually until 2050 to keep its working population stable)
USA: Immigration Act of 1990 raised immigration quotas by 40%
Ethnic composition changed significantly (Europe, the major source region has been
overtaken by the rest of the Americas and Asia since 1970)
Projection for 2050 26% Latino, 14% Black and 8% Asian
Migration was spatially selective (In 1995 55% of all immigration was to 4 states:
California, New York, Florida and Texas)
3 reasons
1) Well established existing immigrant communities
2) Availability of employment (4 most populous states in US)
3) Proximity to Caribbean countries
Family members made up 2/3 of immigrants
Immigration has a deflationary impact on wage rates by pool of labour
China: Internal migration
Large scale deportations of urban youth to the countryside from 1950s onwards (To
relieve population pressure and improve rural productivity
Relaxation of controls on rural and urban migration in 1980s resulted in rapid
urbanisation (increase in urban construction projects attracted many rural migrants)
Loss of arable land as many urban areas are located in rich agricultural districts

Population Planning