Cancer

1) General charaeristic
2) Proliferation: intravatrazen(move from tissue) extraztastion(move into new
location)
a. Chromosomal painting(higher level of chromosomal location
significant number of translocation
3) Reduced dependence on signals from other cell to preform functions
4) Less apopfosis
5) Cancer cells can proliferate indefinitely
6) Genetic instable
7) Adnormally invasive(move from normal location to other tissues)

Classes of gene
1) =oncogenes (it is gaing function) proto-oncogenes(state proior to true
oncogene)
a. Mutation that codes amnio acid to mrna into new protean chain
b. Gene amplification
c. Chromosomal rearangment
2) Tumor supressors p53

Evolution
Natural selection:
Charles Darwin(1809-1882)
British
1831-was ask if he wanted to become a naturals on the HMS
Beagle(5-6 journy)
1 6 week period on the G.isils
Return home- and after a time read timas malthus 1798 the
essay on the principle of population and lyell book on geology in 1839
Look at artifisal selection comparied to natural solection
1842 wrote the essay the essay of 1842
1958 got a letter from Alfred rechard wallous in his a delirium co
came up with the idea of natural selection.
1959 orgion of speiecs
1)world is not stagnet in changing
2)changes is gradual
3)natural selection is simple a process results in evolution
Terminology
Genotype genetic makeup
Phenotype-physicall apperence
Population-the whole of indivudals of a speieces that can
interbred
Gene pool all of the genes in a population
Enviorment all the factors that affect an organism
Biotic and abotic
Variation
Natural selection: the defferantional propetion of geneotypes
1 the organism reproduce and they reproduce sexually
2 oginisms are varable and it is inheritable
3 orginisms are tested by there envorment
Results in alliel frequances

Types of natural selection

1 stablizing
Throw time the extream phenotype become thinner
2 directional ns
Selection against one extream
Believed to be quote common
3 disruptive
The centeral genotype is decreccesed
Adaptations a structure or a function that helps adjust you to the
envorment produced by NS
Micro Evolution a change in alleal frequency
Coevolution more then one speices
Varation
1) Morphologic variation
2) Emzyme varability
a. Allozyme alterant forms of a emzyme coded forby
same locus
3)Hetrozygososity
Loci hetrozygrous in an individual value in humans is .07
3) Polymorphism % loci polymorphic in a population humans .38
4) Dna sequence variation

Netural theory:
A change in allele frequance can have a lot of causes
Immigration,NS,agents,
4 basic assumption
1 indivualds are diploid, meiosis
2 indivudals mate randomly
3 no net immigration
4 pop is karge
The frequance of genotype and gamets will not change
Basic calc of alliele frequency

A,a A,A aa
Number of individuals
N(a,a A,a AA)
Frequance of a genotype: f not F
Need to know total number in the population(alleles) 2N
A=(A domentent allies)=p
A=(a)=q
2 * (N(AA))+1 *(N(Aa)/2n
P+q=1