MASTER'S THESIS

Estimation of settlements under stacks of

stored sawdust at Bio Energy Lule by the
finite element method
Numerical Analysis with PLAXIS 2D

Muhammad Sheraz Khan

Master of Science (120 credits)

Civil Engineering

Lule University of Technology

Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering

Estimation of settlements under stacks of stored sawdust

at Bio Energy Lule by the finite element method

Muhammad Sheraz Khan

Master of Science Program

Lule University of Technology
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering
Division of Mining and Geotechnical Engineering

PREFACE

This master thesis was carried out at the Division of Mining and Geotechnical Engineering at the
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural resources engineering at Lule University of
Technology.
First of all, I would like to thank almighty Allah, for providing me this opportunity to do master
in Sweden especially at Lule University of Technology and also give strength to carry this
master thesis work. The master thesis is the final and mandatory part of the civil engineering
master degree program. Within the Swedish program the master thesis represents 30 credit
points and it comprises 20 weeks of studies.
I would also like to thank Professor Sven Knutsson who has encouraged me to do thesis work in
this field and many special thanks and my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Hans Mattsson
and Muhammad Auchar Zardari for their precious explanations, patience and on all occasions
having the time to develop response during work and provide persistent technical support.
Without my supervisors this thesis would not have been completed successfully.
Furthermore, I also want to thank Lars Stenberg at Bio Energy Lule for giving me a brief
presentation about the soil settlement problems where they are storing sawdust for fuel pellet
production at the site. Due to the settlement and a ground water table at the surface, the sawdust
becomes wet at the bottom of the stack.
Finally, I would like to thank my family for moral and financial support during my academic
career and especially for the past years in Sweden and thanks to all colleagues for their
continuous support and advises to me during this master thesis project.
Lule, August 2012

Muhammad Sheraz Khan

Lule University of Technology, Sweden

ii

ABSTRACT
This master thesis focus on predicting settlement with preloading with and without vertical
drains with respect to time by using finite element method with PLAXIS 2D. Constructions on
soft deposits with high load in term of storing materials are often causing stability and
settlements problems because these soft deposits have high compressibility and low shear
strength. Preloading is one of the most economical method to stabilize the soft soil and to
ensure it does not cause any problem that can pose a danger. Due to preloading the deformation
within soil like clay increases because the preloading produces excess pore pressures within the
soil which cause the water in the soil to flow toward the surface, until an equilibrium state of
stress is reached where excess pore pressures become zero.
To estimate and predict the settlements under stacks of stored sawdust at Bio Energy Lule, we
have made analyses with and without vertical drains on PLAXIS 2D. Model layers have been
defined with the help of geotechnical investigation. Vertical drains have been used to accelerate
the rate of consolidation. The model has been analyzed with preloading to reduce the postconstruction settlements under the future load due to the stored sawdust. The preloading has
been used with the help of sand embankment on the ground.
The results of analyzed the model with PLAXIS 2D program showed that the excess pore water
pressures were significantly higher and dissipated slowly for the case without vertical drains
compare to the case with vertical drains. The reason is that vertical drains effectively decrease the
excess pore pressure and help to accelerate its dissipation during the consolidation period.
Also, the rate of settlement during the consolidation with vertical drains is higher than without
vertical drains which has been used in the impermeable soil layers due to the low hydraulic
conductivity. In both cases with and without vertical drains with preloading, the vertical
deformation at the center of an embankment has been observed to be 24cm and 26cm
respectively and the total deformation is 39cm and 37cm. These values are close to the field
measurements. The overall duration has been reduced around two months with vertical drains
because of increased rate of consolidation and the dissipation of excess pore water pressures
with applied external load.
The results from the PLAXIS 2D program shows to be fairly realistic with compare to the field
measurements. On the basis of analysis, it can be concluded that preloading without vertical
drains will be an economical method to prevent the post-construction settlements at Bio Energy
iii

Lule. If the time will be highly constraint, vertical drains with preloading can be a feasible
method.

KEYWORDS: Finite element method, consolidation settlement, excess pore water pressure

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE...........................................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACTiii
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................vii
INDEX OF TABLES....................................................................................................................ix
1

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................1
1.1

BACKGROUND..................................................................................................................1

1.1.1

1.2

PLAXIS2D............................................................................................................................2

1.3

OBJECTIVESOF THE STUDY.......................................................................................2

1.4

LOCATIONAND SITE DESCRIPTION.......................................................................4

1.5

METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................5

LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................7
2.1

GENERAL....................................................................................................................1

NATURALSOIL..................................................................................................................7

2.1.1

CLASSIFICATIONOF SOILS..................................................................................7

2.1.2

CLAYEYSOIL.............................................................................................................7

2.1.3

SILTY SOIL..................................................................................................................8

2.1.4

PHASES OF SOIL.......................................................................................................8

2.2

CONSOLIDATIONSETTLEMENTS.............................................................................8

2.3

VERTICAL DRAINS...........................................................................................................9

2.4

CONSOLIDATIONWITHVERTICALDRAINS.......................................................12

2.5

PRELOADING..................................................................................................................13

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION.......................................................................15
3.1

FIELDINVESTIGATION...............................................................................................15

3.2

WEIGHT SOUNDING TEST (WST).............................................................................15

3.3

GEOLOGY AND SOIL CONDITION.........................................................................18

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD....................................................................................19

4.1

INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................19

4.2

PLAXIS 2D.........................................................................................................................19

4.3

MODEL GEOMETRY AND ELEMENT.....................................................................19

v

4.4

MATERIAL MODELS......................................................................................................22

4.4.1

HARDENINGSOIL MODEL................................................................................22

4.4.2

SOFT SOIL MODEL.................................................................................................24

4.5

MATERIAL PROPERTIES..............................................................................................25

4.6

DRAINS...............................................................................................................................27

4.7

MESH GENERATION AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS....................................28

4.8

CALCULATION TYPE....................................................................................................28

4.8.1

MODELLING STAGED CONSTRUCTION...........................................................29

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.......................................................................................31

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................35

REFERENCES......................................................................................................................37

APPENDIX.. 39

vi

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Stack of sawdust at Bio Energy Lule
Figure 2: Settlement due to high material load and the depression is filled by water
Figure 3: Arial view of site location of Bio Energy Lule. a) Location of the plant on the map.
b) The company area surrounded by water. c) Closer view of the area with the stack of
sawdust to the right. (Google Maps, 2012)
Figure 4: Classification of soils
Figure 5: Soil phase diagram
Figure 6: Typical time vs. deformation relationship for fine-grained soil (Das, 1998)
Figure 7: Suitable ground stabilization methods for different soil types (Bergado et al., 1994)
Figure 8: Chart for selecting of different soil improvement techniques
Figure 9: Schematic diagram of preload with and without vertical drains
Figure 10: Settlement vs. Time relationship (Lau et al., 2000)
Figure 11: Time Settlement Relationship (Aysen, 2007)
Figure 12: Layout for weight sounding for soil stratigraphy at Bio Energy Lule
(Scandia Consult, 1975)
Figure 13: Manually operated weight penetrometer of weight sounding test
Figure 14: Soil profile result showing the different layers of soil and the ground water table by
using weight sounding method at Bio Energy Lule (Scandia Consult, 1975)
Figure 15: Model geometry with different layers of soil
Figure 16: (a) Example of plane strain (b) Axisymmetric model (Brinkgreve et al., 2011)
Figure 17: (a) 15-nodes and 12-stress points soil element (b) 6-nodes and 3-stress points soil
element (Brinkgreve et al., 2011)
Figure 18: Hyperbolic deviatoric stress and axial strain relationship for a standard triaxial test
(Brinkgreve et al., 2011)
Figure 19: Logarithmic relation between the volumetric strain
(Brinkgreve et al., 2011)

and the mean effective stress

Figure 20: Defined phreatic level at the ground surface and vertical drains in impermeable layers,
c/c 1.75m
Figure 21: Model Cross-section with generated mesh
Figure 22(a-f): Calculation sequences with and without vertical drains
Figure 23: Consolidation settlement at the center of embankment

vii

Figure 24: Displacement with respect to the calculation phases

Figure 25: Excess pore water pressure with respect to time at the center of embankment
Figure 26: Different soil permeability

viii

INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1: Different types of vertical drains (Rixner et al., 1986)
Table 2: Model geometry and the depth of different soil layers
Table 3: Input parameters of soil layers for the HS model
Table 4: Input parameters for the SS model
Table 5: Results from the PLAXIS 2D with and without drains

ix

INTRODUCTION

1.1

BACKGROUND

1.1.1

GENERAL

Many improvement techniques have been developed to suit particular soil conditions, mostly soft
clay methods based on consolidation. Preloading with vertical drains is a successful ground
improvement technique, which involves the loading of the ground surface to induce most of the
ultimate settlement of the underlying soft formation. Usually, a surcharge load equal to or greater
than the expected foundation loading is applied to accelerate consolidation with the aid of
vertical drains. The application of vacuum pressure can reduce the amount of surcharge fill
material required to obtain the same consolidation settlement because it generates suction, which
increases the effective stress and accelerates consolidation (Indraratna et al., 2005).
Historically, the design of foundation structures or keeping a high amount of mass on soft soils
(like clay) has created problems from a civil engineering point of view. Foundation construction
without some sort of soil treatment is usually impractical due to unpredictable long-term
settlements. Simply surcharging as a soil consolidation process can take many years. Although
preloading increases pore water pressure but settlement can take substantial time.
Throughout the world with due to rapid development and urbanization, the infrastructural
projects are increasingly located on marginal soils. Natural soil without any treatment may be
unsuitable for short or long term construction activities or for storing large amount of mass.
Therefore, many soils might need to be improved before construction. In particular, many coastal
areas contain thick layers of compressible clay originally placed by sedimentation from river, lakes
and seas. These soils have low bearing capacity to bear the load of structures or equipment. To
increase the bearing capacity of these soils and reduce excess pore water pressure vertical drains
in combination with preloading is one of the most successful and widely used methods.
Preloading with embankment on its own can reduce the total and differential settlement,
facilitating the choice of foundations, but when vertical drains are used with preloading, the
settlement process can be accelerated considerably. The main advantages of vertical drains are: (i)
to increase the shear strength of soil through a decreased void ratio and moisture content; (ii) to
decrease the time for preloading necessary to minimize the same level of post construction
settlements; (iii) to reduce differential settlement during primary consolidation; and (iv) to curtail
the height of surcharge fill required to achieve desired pre-compression (Indraratna et al., 2005).
1

The immediate settlement is difficult to quantify as it is often dependent on the rate of

embankment construction. For the design purpose it can be assumed that the immediate
settlement is of the order of 1020% of the primary settlement of the embankment.
Prediction of the consolidation settlement can be based on a fully coupled numerical method as
presented by Hsi and Small (1992a, b) and Hsi (2000). This method calculates the deformation of
soil and the dissipation of excess pore water pressure simultaneously during the course of staged
embankment construction (Indraratna et al., 2005). The accuracy of the finite element program
has been assessed in several ground structure applications, involving consolidation by comparing
numerical results to field measurements (Barron, 1948).

1.2

PLAXIS 2D

PLAXIS 2D is a numerical program for two-dimensional analysis based on the finite element
method. It is very helpful for analysis of deformations and groundwater flow in soil and for
designing geotechnical constructions. The development of PLAXIS began in the end of the 80s
at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. At the end of 90s it was further developed
and in 1998 the first PLAXIS 2D in Windows environment was released for commercial
purposes. PLAXIS is mainly used for two-dimensional analysis of statical models but there are
also additional versions of the program which can analyze dynamical models. After some years,
from the release of PLAXIS 2D a program for 3D was developed and now a three-dimensional
version is available commercially. In this thesis only the two-dimensional version has been
considered for analysis (Brinkgreve et al., 2011).

1.3

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this master thesis work is to estimate the settlement and analyze the excess
pore water pressure under the ground at Bio Energy Lule :(i) with preloading (ii) preloading with
vertical drain. The study is performed by using the finite element method. Preloading with sand
embankment reduces post settlements, installation of drains decreases the drainage distances in
the soil. The reasons to analyze the settlement of this particular soft ground are:

Bio Energy has a production of 95,000 tons of fuel pellets per year and is today one of
Swedens largest producer of pellet for heating systems. To achieve the production
requirement and increasing demand they need to extend the area for storing large
amount of sawdust on the ground to produce fuel pellets. Before they start to keep

sawdust on the proposed area they need to improve the soil to avoid post settlement, as
shown in figure 1 and 2.

The ground has a high water table and the soil mainly consists of fine sand, coarse silt
and muddy silty clay according to a soil investigation performed by Scandia Consult
(1975). Due to the influence of vertical load from sawdust material, the pore water
pressure has increased and the water has started to drain from the ground and settlement
has arised, which is causing wetting of the sawdust in the bottom of the stack. This leads
to extra costs to dry the material for producing fuel pellets and material is also wasted
due to contamination from ground water. Therefore, the company wants to reduce the
amount of future settlements at the new storing area with some ground improvement
techniques.

Figure 1: Stack of sawdust at Bio Energy Lule

Figure 2: Settlement due to high material load and the depression is filled by water

1.4

LOCATION AND SITE DESCRIPTION

Bio Energy is located in the north part of Sweden in a town called Lule towards Aaron Torps
industrial area, close to the steel plant SSAB as shown in figure 3. They began producing fuel
pellets in 1998 and today they have a production capacity of 95,000 tons per year of fuel pellets.
According to the Swedish standards it is the Class 1 fuel pellets that are manufactured at Bio
Energy Lule.
Power plants and energy producing companies around Sweden and Europe are the main
corporate clients of Bio Energy Lule. Their consumer market consists of direct deliveries to
Norrbotten and Vsterbotten. Bio Energy is also located close to a deep harbor, which allows
that a large part of the production is shipped to the customers.

(a)

(b)

(c)
Figure 3: Arial view of site location of Bio Energy Lule. a) Location of the plant on the map.
b) The company area surrounded by water. c) Closer view of the area with the stack of
sawdust to the right. (Google Maps, 2012)
4

1.5

METHODOLOGY

The methodology used in this master thesis work is as follow: (i) thorough literature review on
soil consolidation settlement by both preloading and preloading with vertical drains in order to
find the relevant background information about the topic (ii) numerical modeling by using the
finite element program PLAXIS 2D to estimate and predict the settlements under stacks of
stored sawdust at Bio Energy Lule.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Soils, derived from the weathering of rocks become very complex materials and vary widely by
their physical and chemical properties from the existing locations. Weathering is the process of
breaking down rocks or other materials on the earths surface by mechanical and chemical
processes into smaller pieces. The primary tasks of a geotechnical engineer are to collect the soils
from the ground for classification and investigation of its physical properties.

2.1

NATURAL SOIL

Soil is a unique natural material, and its properties are governed not only by the particle-size
distribution, particle shape, and density of particle packing, but also by the presence of water and
air in the voids.

2.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS

Classifications of soils are depending upon the size of the particles. According to the United
States Department of Agriculture (USDA) the soil has been classified into clay, gravel, silt and
different types of sand according to their sizes as shown in figure 4.

Figure 4: Classification of soils

2.1.2 CLAYEY SOIL

Clayey soil is typically flake-shaped microscopic and submicroscopic particles of mica, clay
mineral and mixed with other minerals. As shown in figure 4, clays are generally defined as
particles smaller than 0.002 mm. Clay have been defined as those particles which develop
plasticity when mixed with a limited amount of water (Grim, 1953).

Kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite are the three most common groups of clay on the basis of
their crystalline arrangement. Illite is a product of weathering of micas with major parent rock of
muscovite and is most common in Swedish soils.

2.1.3 SILTY SOIL

According to the USDA in figure 4, silty soil contains particle sizes between 0.002 to 0.05 mm.

2.1.4 PHASES OF SOIL

Soil may be of either two or three phase composition which consisting of solid particles, liquid
and air. The solid particles may be mineral, organic matter or both. The voids between the solid
grains are filled with water, air or a combination of both.
If the liquid phase does not completely fill the voids, then the remaining space is occupied by the
gas phase. It is usually air but can also include other gases, such as methane and carbon dioxide
from organic materials (Coduto, 1999). To develop relationships between solid particles, water
and air phases, we must have to separate all of them as shown in figure 5.
The relative proportions of each phase influences the physical properties of soils. The phaserelationships in term of weight-volume for a soil mass are shown in figure 5.

Figure 5: Soil phase diagram

2.2

CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENTS

Consolidation involves the reduction of voids under the applied load which can be dynamic or
static. Intermediate settlement occurs immediately after the application of load and happens with
zero volume change. In saturated soil (i.e. no air) the increase in pressure arising from the load is
immediately taken by the water which is incompressible. Such excess pore water pressure
gradually dissipates as water seeps out of the soil and the pressure is transferred to the soil
skeleton. This is known as primary consolidation as shown in figure 6. Primary consolidation may
take years depending on the permeability of the soil. When all excess pore water pressure has
8

dissipated the soil continues to deform indefinitely with time as the soil skeleton rearranges under
the load. This is known as secondary consolidation and it occurs much slower than the primary
consolidation. Settlement of soils can cause serious problems for structures like embankments
founded on them. If a structure settles uniformly little damages is experienced except perhaps to
service feeding it. However, settlement is rarely uniform. Varied loading and the heterogeneous
nature of soils lead to differential settlement. This produces added loads that often create cracks
in the structure. It may be difficult to build such a structure in the first place if the soil has
insufficient strength to withstand the applied loads. Shear strength in soil is broadly dependent on
soil density. The densification of the soil due to consolidation thus results in significant strength
increase, allowing larger loads to be placed on the soil.

Figure 6: Typical time vs. deformation relationship for fine-grained soil (Das, 1998)

2.3

VERTICAL DRAINS

A variety of soil and ground improvement methods have been tested to give soil strength
improvement, reduction of total and differential settlements, short construction time, reduced
construction costs. Considering such factors as the significance of the structure, applied loading,
site condition, period of construction, etc., it become important to select a suitable method for
specific soil types as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7: Suitable ground stabilization methods for different soil types (Bergado et al., 1994)
For soft and cohesive soils in subsiding environments, soil improvements by reinforcement, by
admixtures and by dewatering (vertical drains) are applicable. A chart by Kamon & Bergado
(1994) for selection of different soil improvement techniques is presented in figure 8.
Soft soils create a lot of consolidation settlement problems in foundation engineering. Because of
very low permeability, the primary consolidation takes a long time to complete. Due to this we
have to install vertical drains together with preloading by surcharge embankment to reduce the
time of consolidation. Vertical drains basically provide artificial drainage paths for the water when
the excess pore water pressure dissipates during the consolidation because of the hydraulic
gradient generated by preloading. Thus, in this method we can reduce the length of drainage
paths and also the time to complete the consolidation processes.
Therefore, the purposes of installation of vertical drains are to accelerate the consolidation
process of the soft layer subsoil and secondly to gain quick strength which will improve the
stability for the structure which has been placed on the weak soil profile. There are three different
types of vertical drains, they are: sand drains, fabric encased sand drains and prefabricated vertical
drains as shown in Table 1.

10

Figure 8: Chart for selecting different soil improvement techniques

11

Table 1: Different types of vertical drains (Rixner et al., 1986)

General Type
Sub Types
Remarks
Sand Drain
Close end mandrel
Maximum displacement
Screw type auger
Limited experience
Continuous flight hollow stem auger Limited displacement
Internal jetting
Difficult to control
Rotary jet
Can be non-displacement
Dutch jet-bailer
Can be non-displacement
Fabric encased
Sand wick, Pack Drain, Fabric drain Full displacement of relative small volume
sand drains
PVD

2.4

Fabric covered
Plastic drain without jacket

Full displacement of relative small volume

Full displacement of relative small volume

CONSOLIDATION WITH VERTICAL DRAINS

Soil consolidation by prefabricated vertical drains (also commonly called wick drains or band
drains) can reduce settlement times from years to months.
Most settlement can take place during construction, thus keep post-construction settlement to a
minimum. Consolidation of water saturated, fine-grained soils, occurs very slowly because the
low permeability of these soils delay the escape of pore water from the soil voids. Even under
large temporary surcharge loads, settlement can take years because of slow water movement
within the soil. With the help of vertical drains the distance the water moves for drainage is
significantly reduced by that the settlement rate is increased.
The key benefits of the vertical drains are as follows:
1. Increase the shear strength of soil decreasing the void ratio.
2. Decrease the preloading time to minimize the same level of postconstruction settlement.
3. Reduces differential settlements during the primary consolidation stage.
4. Shorten the height of surcharge fill required to achieve the desired
precompression.
The potential advantages of vertical drains are shown in figure 9, where faster rate of soil
settlement is obtained compared to soil particles without them. Vertical drains are also used as
pressure relief wells to reduce the excess pore water pressure due to seepage of pore water.

12

Figure 9: Schematic diagram of preload with and without vertical drains

Figure 10: Settlement vs. Time relationship (Lau et al., 2000)

2.5

PRELOADING

Preloading refers to the process of compressing the soil under applied vertical stress prior to
construction and placement of the final construction load. If the temporary applied load exceeds
the final loading, the amount in excess is referred to as surcharge (Rixner, et al., 1986). In this
technique the shear strength of the low-lying soil can improve because it loads the ground surface
to induce a greater part of the ultimate settlement that it is expected to bear. When the preload is
rapidly applied to the saturated soil condition, the result will cause settlement which can be
13

divided into three components which are: immediate, primary and secondary consolidation
settlements. The first component immediate consolidation settlement Si occurs immediately after
application of the applied load and without any change in the amount of water within the soil
under elevation. In the second component primary consolidation settlement Sc the excess pore
water pressure dissipates from its initial condition. The third part secondary consolidation
settlement Ss occurs with a constant effective vertical stress (creep deformation) as shown in
figure 11.

Figure 11: Time Settlement Relationship (Aysen, 2007)

14

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

In this chapter the geotechnical investigation result of Bio Energy Lule will be given. This
chapter includes a short background to the field investigation, the soil condition and the soil
behaviour.

3.1

FIELD INVESTIGATION

A field survey was conducted during April 1975, it have included disturbed and undisturbed
sampling by weight sounding method. Drilling has basically been carried out in a grid of 25m
side, as shown in figure 12. The soil samples have been analyzed in the laboratory for
geotechnical parameters by Scandia Consult.

Figure 12: Layout for weight sounding for soil stratigraphy at Bio Energy Lule (Scandia Consult)

3.2

WEIGHT SOUNDING TEST (WST)

The weight sounding test has been used to determine the layer sequence and the thickness of
different strata of the soil profile and after that the samples have been analyzed in the laboratory
by Scandia Consult to find out geotechnical properties at Bio Energy Lule. The weight sounding
method is extensively used in Scandinavian countries. The method was recommended in Sweden
15

for the first time in 1917. It has also been frequently used in Poland, Hungary, Japan, Singapore,
the Philippines as well as Algeria. It is still used to a large extent, partly because some design
rules still refer to the results in terms of empirical friction angles, moduli of elasticity and
permissible of ground pressures related to the number of half-turns required for penetration in
silt, sand and gravel.
The weight sounding method is a simple, inexpensive and fast method to analyze the soil profile
to get an early indication of the soil layers. The results can also be used to estimate the relative
density and the shear strength of the soil. It is good in soft soil conditions, but can also penetrate
to very dense soil and gravel with the help of rotation of the screw-shaped point in the end of
rod.
For this method a screw-shaped point, a rod with normally 22mm in diameter and a number of
weights 5kg, 2x10kg, 2x25kg as well as 25kg are used as shown in figure 13.
The screw-shaped point is manufactured of a steel bar with a square cross-section of 25mm
diameter which is twisted one turn to the left. For the weight sounding method the load is
gradually increased with the help of penetrometer to 0.05, 0.15, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0kN without
rotating the penetrometer. The load is adjusted in the way to keep the penetration rate constant
which should be about 50mm/sec (3.0m/min). When the penetrometer doesnt penetrate when
loaded to 1.0kN, it is required to rotate and the number of half turns every 0.2m of penetration
has to be recorded, as illustrated in figure 14 which is the result of drilling point 54c/159. It
shows in situ soil layers (loose fine sand, silty clay, gray silty clay and dense sand at the bottom)
and also we have seen that the ground water table is high and lying at the surface.

16

Figure 13: Manually operated weight penetrometer of weight sounding test

Figure 14: Soil profile result showing the different layers of soil and the ground water table by
using weight sounding method at Bio Energy Lule (Scandia Consult, 1975)

17

3.3

GEOLOGY AND SOIL CONDITION

The soil mostly consists of fine sand and silty clay in the area. On the beach side, the layers of
soil are up to about 1.5 meters thick consisting of semi-solid, muddy silty clay sediments.
The area is mainly covered by water. The depth of water in the area is in average 0.25m below
normal ground level. The water area has the following characteristics: HHW+0.85(Highest High
Water), HW-0.60(High Water), LLW-1.95 (Lowest Low Water) according to the field
investigation by Scandia Consult.

18

4
4.1

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

INTRODUCTION

The finite element method (FEM) is a numerical procedure in which the mass under
consideration is represented by an assemblage of elements interconnected at a finite number of
nodal points (Sharma and Lewis, 1994). The main difference between conventional methods and
finite element methods is that conventional methods are often used to calculate linear elastic
behaviour of material. Soil has nonlinear elastoplastic behaviour, it is recommended to use
computer programs based on the finite element method. The basic concept of this method is that
a complicated model of a body or structure is divided into a number of smaller elements. Those
elements are then connected by nodes. At every node there are one or more degrees of freedom
where the quantity of functions is described. By solving the values at the nodes the stresses and
strains in every element can be calculated (Ottosen and Petersson, 1992).

4.2

PLAXIS 2D

PLAXIS is a Dutch company developing software based on the finite element method. The
program can be used to analyze e.g. deformations, groundwater flow and consolidation. Real
situations may be modeled either by a plane strain or an axisymmetric model. The program uses a
convenient graphical user interface that enables users to quickly generate a geometry model and
finite element mesh based on a representative vertical cross-section of the situation at hand
(Brinkgreve et al., 2011).

4.3

MODEL GEOMETRY AND ELEMENT

To carry out a finite element analysis using the PLAXIS 2D program, the user has to create a two
dimensional geometry model composed of points, lines and cluster (area), in the X-Y plane and
specify the material properties and boundary conditions.
There are two types of geometry models plane strain and axisymmetric. Plane strain has been
chosen in this study, because the model has a uniform cross section and corresponding direction
of vertical stress and loading are perpendicular to the cross section. Also, it is assumed that the
strains and deformations in the z-direction which is normal to the cross section are zero but
normal stresses in that direction are taken into account. Plane strain is a convenient assumption
in this case, even it is not completely true.

19

The model geometry has been imported from AutoCAD. The dimension of each layer has been
selected from the geotechnical investigation as shown in Table 2 and defined to model, see figure
15.
Table 2: Model geometry and the depth of different soil layers
LEVEL OF EACH
LAYERS

MATERIALS

LEGENDS

4.5
2.5
0.5

1.4
2.4
3.4
4.4
5.4

Figure 15: Model geometry with different soil layers

20

(a)

(b)

Figure 16: (a) Example of plane strain, (b) Axisymmetric model (Brinkgreve et al., 2011)

In finite element method using PLAXIS 2D, there are two different 6-node and 15-node
elements implemented for soil modeling. Both are triangular elements and have 3 respective
12-stress points as shown in figure 17. 15-node triangular elements were selected since they are
considerable better for complicated problems.

(a)

(b)
Figure 17: (a) 15-nodes and 12- stress points soil element, (b) 6-nodes and 3-stress points soil
element (Brinkgreve et al., 2011)

21

After the geometry model have been created a constitutive model has to be chosen, material
parameters should be given values in the data sets and finally the data sets have to be assigned to
the corresponding geometry clusters or layers.

4.4

MATERIAL MODELS

In PLAXIS 2D, there are eight different material models available which can be chosen to
simulate the behaviour of soil. Hardening soil (HS) and the soft soil (SS) model were used. The
hardening soil model is used to simulate the behaviour of sand and gravel and the soft soil model
is assigned for fine grained soil. Below is a short description of the material models which were
used in the master thesis work.

4.4.1 HARDENING SOIL MODEL

The Hardening Soil (HS) model is an advanced model for simulating different types of soil and
rock behavior. The main difference between Mohr-Coulombs model (MC-model) and the
Hardening soil model is that MC-model explains limiting state of stress in terms of friction angle
and the Hardening soil model describes an elastoplastic kind of hyperbolic model. This type of
hyperbolic stress-strain relationship was developed for use in nonlinear incremental analyses of
soil deformation. It is also suitable for analyzing deformations in all soils for both static and
dynamic loads but it does not account for viscous effects.
There are three different stiffness parameters used in the HS model to describe the hyperbolic
stress strain curve. Those are the secant stiffness, evaluated e.g. from a standard drained triaxial
test,

tangent stiffness for primary load

stiffness

and a stiffness modulus at unloading/reloading

(Brinkgreve et al., 2011).

These stiffness moduli parameters can be determined by the following equations:

(1)

(2)

(3)

22

where

defines the stress dependency. In order to simulate a logarithmic compression the

power should be taken equal to 1.0. It seems like the power

varies between 0.5 and 1.0

(Brinkgreve et al., 2011).

The basic idea of HS model formulation is the hyperbolic relationship between the vertical strain

and the deviatoric stress

in primary loading for a triaxial loading

(4)

where q is the asymptotic value of shear strength which is the ratio of ultimate deviatoric stress
and

and failure ratio

is the initial stiffness. The value of

is related to

and can be

calculated by

(5)

The ultimate deviatoric stress

and

are defined as follow

(6)
(7)

where failure ratio

1. In PLAXIS, the value of

is equal to 0.9 which is a suitable default

value.
The parameters: friction angle, cohesion and dilatancy angle are also utilized in the HS model
(they are failure parameters according to the MC model). HS model has some advanced
parameters that have default values in PLAXIS 2D like, Poissons ratio for unloading-reloading
(

0.2), reference stress for stiffness

100

and the

value for a

normally consolidated soil is often assumed to be related to the friction angle by Jakys empirical
expression (

. The HS model is an elastoplastic type of hyperbolic model between

axial strain and deviatoric stress

as shown in figure 18.

23

Figure 18: Hyperbolic deviatoric stress and axial strain relationship for a standard triaxial test
(Brinkgreve et al., 2011)

4.4.2 SOFT SOIL MODEL

When simulating the behaviour of soft soils like normally consolidated clay and peat we use the
Soft Soil model (SS). It is a type of Cam Clay model and it has very good performance for
primary compression.
In the SS model, there is an assumption of a logarithmic relation between the volumetric strain
and the mean effective stress

where

(8)

is the modified compression index which can be determined from the compressibility

of the material in primary loading. The relation in equation (8) is shown in figure 19. During the
isotropic unloading and reloading a different path is followed

where

(9)

is the modified swelling index, which determines the compressibility of the material in

unloading and subsequent reloading. It is assumed that the soil response during the unloading
and reloading is elastic as denoted by the superscription
24

in the equation (9). The elastic

behaviour which is described by Hookes Law. In equation (9) implies linear stress dependency
on the tangent bulk modulus can be determined by

(10)

is the elastic bulk modulus and

is the elastic Youngs modulus.

Figure 19: Logarithmic relation between the volumetric strain

and the mean effective stress

(Brinkgreve et al., 2011)

4.5

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Two different material models were chosen for the embankment, sand and the soil layers. The
HS model is used for embankment, sand crust and the in situ granular soil; e.g. white fine sand
and grey brown fine sand. The input parameters needed for the HS model are dry unit weight,
moist unit weight, void ratio and addition parameters as: triaxial stiffness, oedometer stiffness and
un/reloading stiffness as shown in Table 3.

25

Table 3: Input parameters of soil layers for the HS model

SOIL LAYERS/
PARAMETERS
Dry Unit Weight

Moist Unit Weight

Void ratio

Triaxial Stiffness

Oedometer Stiffness

Un/reloading Stiffness

Friction Angle

Cohesion

Embankment

Sand Crust

18

Fine sand

Stiff sand

15

14

16.8

21

17

18.5

20.6

0.5

0.5

0.33

0.35

35

25

20

20

35

20

20

20

105

75

60

60

30

32

30

33

PLAXIS
(2011)

Johansson
(2008)

Laboratory

Laboratory

26

The SS model was chosen for the soft and impermeable soils: grey muddy silty clay and grey
brown silty clay. Table 4 list the material input parameters for the SS model used in PLAXIS 2D.
Table 4: Input parameters for the SS model
Silty
clay A

Silty
clay B

Brown
silty clay

13.8

13.2

18.1

17

16

21

Void ratio

0.5

0.5

0.5

Friction Angle

30

32

30

0.864

0.864

0.864

SOIL LAYERS/
PARAMETERS

Dry Unit Weight

Moist Unit Weight

Cohesion

Permeability

Laboratory

4.6

Laboratory

Laboratory

DRAINS

The vertical drains can be modeled in the PLAXIS 2D program. Drains are working inside the
geometry where excess pore pressures are reduced. Together with the definition of drains in the
geometry, the input of a phreatic level is required as shown in figure 20. Drains are relevant for
consolidation analyses or ground water flow calculation. They can be activated and deactivated in
the calculation phase when the loading is defined in stage construction.

27

Figure 20: Defined phreatic level at the ground surface and vertical drains in impermeable layers,
c/c 1.75m

4.7

MESH GENERATION AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

There are several meshes that can be selected in PLAXIS 2D, but out of these the very fine mesh
was chosen, because it gave precise result. After defining the geometry model, standard fixities,
material properties to all clusters from the data sets and assigning the drains to impermeable
layers the model mesh was chosen as shown in figure 21. The closed boundary condition was
selected to the sides of the model so that the water was allowed to freely drain upwards and
downwards with in the geometry.

Figure 21: Model Cross-section with generated mesh

4.8

CALCULATION TYPE

When the geometry is set, the material properties to all clusters from the data sets are defined and
the drains are assigned to impermeable layers, the initial condition is calculated by

-procedure.

This is the first calculation phase (initial condition phase), which always is a calculation of the
initial field stress for the defined geometry configuration by means of gravity load. After the
initial conditions, the main finite element analysis is performed. There are different types of
calculations available in PLAXIS 2D, e.g. Plastic calculation, Consolidation analysis, Phi-c
reduction and dynamic analysis.
28

The settlements and excess pore pressures (EPP) were computed by using consolidation analysis
at each of the model layers. A consolidation/EPP analysis is usually conducted in the Classic
mode when it is necessary to analyze the development and dissipation of excess pore pressure in
the low permeable saturated clay soil as a function of time (Brinkgreve et al., 2011).

4.8.1 MODELLING STAGED CONSTRUCTION

A construction is, in practice, built in phases. To resemble and simulate this, the calculation
process in PLAXIS 2D is also divided into phase stages that are called calculation phases.
The first construction phase is always the initial conditions, as described earlier. After the initial
phase an adequate number of phases could be added according to the planned construction
process. It is also possible to modify the material parameter data and the water condition and
activate or deactivate loadings, soil clusters and structural objects.
The calculation for the consolidation/EPP analysis was performed in seven stages: (i) to simulate
the initial phase (ii) activation of sand crust (iii) installation of drains (iv) activation of
embankment A (v) consolidation phase (vii) activation of embankment B and finally minimum
excess pore pressure; as shown in figure 22(a-f).

(a) Initially the phreatic level at the ground surface is activated

(b) Filling 0.5 m thick sand crust for working platform

29

(c) Installation of vertical drains

(d) Filling 2.0m thick, half of embankment

(e) Filling 2.0m thick, final embankment

(f) Deactivation of the drains at impermeable layers of soil

Figure 22(a-f): Calculation sequences with and without vertical drains
30

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 23 below illustrates settlement-time curves of an embankment used on a silty clay soil with
and without vertical drains obtained by numerical analysis with PLAXIS 2D. Both curves are very
close to each other and show large displacements at the beginning. It can be seen that the both
curves have an almost linear behavior most of time. In the figure below, it has also been shown
immediate settlements that are about 12% of the total deformation, they have been observed at
approximately 35 days and comes from the elastic behavior of the soils. The second phase of
settlement in the figure is primary consolidation settlements, which could be the result of change
in the volume in the clay due to gradual dissipation of excess pore water pressures by the
activation of the first part of the embankment. Finally, the last settlement might be due to
dissipation of excess pore water pressures and the plastic adjustment of the soils by increase of
external load.

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0,00

SETTLEMENT (cm)

5,00

10,00

15,00

Withdrains
Withoutdrains

20,00

25,00

30,00

TIME (days)

Figure 23: Consolidation settlement at the center of embankment

31

In Table 5 below, the following results are shown: the maximum vertical deformation at the
center of embankment, total deformation and minimum excess pore water pressure after the
consolidation calculation.
Table 5: Results from the PLAXIS 2D analysis, with and without drains
Deformation
Items/Results

Excess
Total ( )

Time

Pore
Pressure

With drains

24

39

252

0.1

Without drains

26

37

312

0.1

Units

cm

cm

days

kN/m2

45
40

DISPLACEMENT (cm)

35
30
25
WithVerticalDrains

20

WithoutVerticalDrains
15
10
5
0
0

CALCULATION PHASES

Figure 24: Displacement with respect to the calculation phases

From the results shown in the figures 23 and 24, the rate of settlement during the consolidation
with vertical drains higher than without vertical drains used in the impermeable soil layers due to
the low hydraulic conductivity of clayey soils. We have also been observed, the rate of settlement
has been increased with vertical drains compared to without vertical drains. The overall duration
has been reduced around two months with vertical drains because of increased rate of
consolidation.
32

Settlements due to the consolidation of the clay layers have been taken place under the impact of
an applied external load. The applied external load induces excess pore water pressures in the
layers, which dissipates slowly and the result is settlement in the soil (Brinkgreve et al., 2011).
It has been observed that excess pore water pressures have been generated due to the applied
load from the embankment, see figure 25. When the first part of the embankment load was
activated, the excess pore water pressure increased for the both cases: with and without drains.
The excess pore water pressure is significantly higher for the case without vertical drains
compared to the case with vertical drains. The reason is that vertical drains effectively decrease
the excess pore pressure and help to accelerate its dissipation during the consolidation period;
compared to excess pore water pressure developed without vertical drains.

EXCESS PORE PRESSURE (kN/m2)

20
18
16
14
12
10

Withoutdrains

Withdrains

6
4
2
0
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

TIME (days)
Figure 25: Excess pore water pressure with respect to time at the center of embankment

33

34

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The main objective of this master thesis is to calculate the settlements obtained from preloading
with the finite element program PLAXIS 2D; with and without vertical drains. The results
obtained from PLAXIS 2D are adequate in comparison to field observations.
In both situations with and without vertical drains, the results are much similar for the total
displacements but they differ for excess pore water pressures. We have seen that the excess pore
water pressures with vertical drains are much less than without vertical drains. The settlements
and pore water pressure have also been analyzed with different spacing between the vertical
drains. Thus, the maximum deformation has been observed at the spacing c/c 1.75m.
The scope of this study was limited to analyze the model and predict the deformation by using
the hardening soil and the soft soil model in the numerical analysis. The author would like to
inform, that there are other material models like: soft soil creep, modified cam clay etc., which
can be used PLAXIS for future work.
Also, with the help of PLAXIS 3D we can estimate and predict the deformations in the zdirection and also we have not analyzed the horizontal deformations which could be an idea of
further study. We recommend the method preloading without vertical drains to stabilize the
ground because it is an economical method and we dont need special equipments at the site.

35

36

REFERENCES

Aysen, A. (2002). Soil Mechanics, Basic concept and Engineering Applications. Tokyo: A.A. Balkema.
Aziz, H. B. A. (2010). Stability and deformation analysis of embankment on soft clay, Malaysia: University
Technology Malaysia.
Barron, R. (1948). Consolidation of fine grained soils by drain wells. Transactions of ASCE, pp.
718-748.
Bergado, D., Chai, J., Alfaro, M. & Balasubramaniam, A. (1994). Improvement Techniques of Soft
Ground in Subsiding and Lowland Environment. Netherlands: AA Balkema.
Brinkgreve, R., Swolfs, W. & Engin, E. (2011). PLAXIS 2D Full Manual, Netherlands: Delft
University of Technology.
Budhu, M. (2000). Soil Mechanics and Foundations. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Coduto, D.P. (1999). Geotechnical engineering: principles and practices. Upper Saddle River, N.J., USA:
Prentice Hall.
Das, B. M. (1998). Principles of Geotechnical Engineering. 4th red. Boston: PWS Publishing Company.
De Ruiter, J. (1988). Penetration Testing 1988 "Proceedings of the first International Symposium on
Penetration Testing". Rotterdam: A.A.Balkema.
GNDZ, B. (2008). Analysis of settlements of test embankments during 50 years. A Comparison Between
Field Measurements and Numerical Analysis, Lund : Lund University.
Grim, R. E. (1953) Clay mineralogy. McGraw-Hill, New York
Hansbo, S. (1979). Consolidation of clay by band-shaped prefabricated drains, Ground
Engineering 12(5). pp. 16-25.
Havel, F. (2004). Creep in soft soils, Trondheim Norway: Norwegian University of Science and
Technology.
Holtz, R., Jamiolkowski , M., Lancellotta , R. & Pedroni, . R. (1991). Prefabricated vertical drains.
Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.

37

Indraratna B. (2005). Ground Improvement - Case Histories, Amsterdam Netherlands: Elsevier Geoengineering Book Series Volume - 3.
Kamon, M. & Bergado, D.T. (1991). Ground Improvement Techniques. Proc. 9th Asian Regional
Conf. on SMFE, Vol. 2.
Larsson, R. (1997). Investigations and load tests in silty soils, Linkping Sweden: Swedish Geotechnical
Institute.
Lau, K.W.K. & Cowland, J.W. (2000). Geosyntheically enhanced embankments for the Shenzhen river.
Advance in Transportation and Geoenvironmental Systems Using Geosynthetics, Geotechnical
Special Publication.
Mller, R. (2010). Embankments founded on sulphide clay-some aspect related to ground improvement by
vertical drains, Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm.
Ottosen, N.S. & Petersson, H. (1992). Introduction to the finite element method. New York: Prentice
Hall.
Rixner, J., Kraemer, S. & Smith, A. (1986). Prefabricated vertical drains, Washington: Federal
Highway Admin., Report No. FHWA-RD-86/169.
Ryltenius, A. (2011). FEM Modelling of Piled Raft Foundations in two dimensions and three dimensions,
Lund Sweden: Lund University.
Sharma, H., & Lewis, S. (1994). Waste Containment Systems,Waste Stabilization and Landfills. New
York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Torstensson, S.

(2008). Deep stabilization of soft clay by preloading combined with vertical drains,

Stockholm Sweden: Master thesis, Royal Institute of Technology.

Vattenfall, (1988). Jord -och stenfyllningsdammar, Stockholm: Happy printing AB (In Swedish).
Wesley, L. D. (2010). Fundamentals of soil mechanics for sedimentary and residual soils. New Jersey: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.

38

APPENDIX

Soil element

Clus.1El.1
StiffSand

Clus.1El.2
StiffSand

Clus.1El.3
StiffSand

Clus.1El.4
StiffSand

Stress
point

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

X
[m]

0.99
0.18
1.68
0.96
0.71
1.18
0.73
0.41
0.63
1.23
1.49
1.21
2.75
2.03
3.53
2.76
2.54
3.00
2.52
2.23
2.47
3.08
3.31
3.00
5.37
4.52
3.87
4.83
4.56
4.36
5.13
4.79
4.31
4.05
4.32
4.92
7.22
6.28
5.72
6.66

p_active

p_excess

p_steady

p_active

p_steady

[m] [kN/m^2] [kN/m^2] [kN/m^2] [kN/m^2]

[kN/m^2]

with suction
4.53
45.26
7.2763E05
45.26
45.26
45.26
5.34
53.37
5.2618E06
53.37
53.37
53.37
5.34
53.37
5.228E06
53.37
53.37
53.37
4.90
48.99
4.174E05
48.99
48.99
48.99
5.15
51.51
2.0769E05
51.51
51.51
51.51
5.15
51.51
2.0726E05
51.51
51.51
51.51
4.76
47.64
5.304E05
47.63
47.64
47.63
5.09
50.90
2.5878E05
50.90
50.90
50.90
5.35
53.47
4.4284E06
53.47
53.47
53.47
5.35
53.47
4.4167E06
53.47
53.47
53.47
5.09
50.90
2.5756E05
50.90
50.90
50.90
4.76
47.64
5.2925E05
47.63
47.64
47.63
4.53
45.26
7.1711E05
45.26
45.26
45.26
5.34
53.37
5.2138E06
53.37
53.37
53.37
5.34
53.37
5.1279E06
53.37
53.37
53.37
4.90
48.99
4.1134E05
48.99
48.99
48.99
5.15
51.51
2.05E05
51.51
51.51
51.51
5.15
51.51
2.039E05
51.51
51.51
51.51
4.76
47.64
5.2363E05
47.63
47.64
47.63
5.09
50.90
2.5603E05
50.90
50.90
50.90
5.35
53.47
4.3729E06
53.47
53.47
53.47
5.35
53.47
4.3428E06
53.47
53.47
53.47
5.09
50.90
2.5292E05
50.90
50.90
50.90
4.76
47.64
5.207E05
47.63
47.64
47.63
5.34
53.37
5.055E06
53.37
53.37
53.37
4.53
45.26
7.028E05
45.26
45.26
45.26
5.34
53.37
5.1079E06
53.37
53.37
53.37
5.15
51.51
2.002E05
51.51
51.51
51.51
4.90
48.99
4.0333E05
48.99
48.99
48.99
5.15
51.51
2.0087E05
51.51
51.51
51.51
5.09
50.90
2.4887E05
50.90
50.90
50.90
4.76
47.64
5.1115E05
47.63
47.64
47.63
4.76
47.64
5.1297E05
47.63
47.64
47.63
5.09
50.90
2.508E05
50.90
50.90
50.90
5.35
53.47
4.2839E06
53.47
53.47
53.47
5.35
53.47
4.2657E06
53.47
53.47
53.47
5.34
53.37
5.0777E06
53.37
53.37
53.37
4.53
45.26
7.0002E05
45.26
45.26
45.26
5.34
53.37
5.0526E06
53.37
53.37
53.37
5.15
51.51
2.0002E05
51.51
51.51
51.51

39

Clus.1El.5
StiffSand

Clus.1El.6
StiffSand

Clus.1El.7
SiltyClay

Clus.1El.8
SiltyClay

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86

6.37
6.19
6.95
6.57
6.10
5.87
6.17
6.77
9.06
8.04
7.56
8.48
8.17
8.02
8.77
8.36
7.88
7.69
8.01
8.62
10.91
9.80
9.41
10.31
9.97
9.84
10.59
10.15
9.67
9.51
9.86
10.46
12.33
11.31
12.81
12.21
11.89
12.35
12.01
11.60
11.75
12.36
12.68
12.49
14.10
13.15

4.90
5.15
5.09
4.76
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.34
4.53
5.34
5.15
4.90
5.15
5.09
4.76
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.34
4.53
5.34
5.15
4.90
5.15
5.09
4.76
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
4.53
5.34
5.34
4.90
5.15
5.15
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.09
4.76
4.53
5.34

48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
45.26
53.37

40

4.0189E05
1.9973E05
2.4938E05
5.1047E05
5.098E05
2.4856E05
4.2576E06
4.2662E06
5.1615E06
7.0808E05
5.0908E06
2.0288E05
4.0684E05
2.0198E05
2.5326E05
5.174E05
5.1501E05
2.5071E05
4.3056E06
4.3306E06
5.2139E06
7.1895E05
5.1757E06
2.0562E05
4.1287E05
2.0511E05
2.5625E05
5.2459E05
5.2318E05
2.548E05
4.3734E06
4.3865E06
7.2064E05
5.2156E06
5.1872E06
4.137E05
2.0591E05
2.0553E05
5.2554E05
2.5649E05
4.3914E06
4.3818E06
2.5538E05
5.2441E05
7.0918E05
5.1728E06

48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
45.26
53.37

48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
45.26
53.37

48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
45.26
53.37

Clus.1El.9
SiltyClay

Clus.1El.10
SiltyClay

Clus.1El.1
SiltyClay

87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132

14.65
14.01
13.71
14.18
13.80
13.42
13.60
14.20
14.50
14.28
15.86
15.00
16.50
15.81
15.54
16.01
15.59
15.24
15.45
16.05
16.32
16.06
17.62
16.84
18.35
17.61
17.37
17.83
17.38
17.06
17.29
17.90
18.14
17.85
20.19
19.38
18.69
19.66
19.41
19.19
19.96
19.64
19.16
18.88
19.14
19.74

5.34
4.90
5.15
5.15
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.09
4.76
4.53
5.34
5.34
4.90
5.15
5.15
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.09
4.76
4.53
5.34
5.34
4.90
5.15
5.15
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.09
4.76
5.34
4.53
5.34
5.15
4.90
5.15
5.09
4.76
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35

53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

41

5.085E06
4.0739E05
2.0324E05
2.0212E05
5.1841E05
2.538E05
4.3383E06
4.3081E06
2.5059E05
5.1536E05
6.9245E05
5.0616E06
4.956E06
3.977E05
1.9849E05
1.972E05
5.0631E05
2.4811E05
4.2376E06
4.2019E06
2.444E05
5.0301E05
6.7465E05
4.9309E06
4.8169E06
3.8724E05
1.9326E05
1.9184E05
4.9336E05
2.4174E05
4.1251E06
4.0858E06
2.3769E05
4.8965E05
4.7049E06
6.5755E05
4.7929E06
1.87E05
3.7727E05
1.8809E05
2.32E05
4.7752E05
4.8039E05
2.3514E05
4.0126E06
3.9827E06

53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

Clus.1El.12
SiltyClay

Clus.1El.13
GreySiltyClay

Clus.1El.14
GreySiltyClay

Clus.1El.15
GreySiltyClay

133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178

22.04
21.15
20.53
21.49
21.21
21.02
21.78
21.43
20.95
20.70
20.99
21.59
23.88
22.91
22.38
23.31
23.01
22.85
23.60
23.21
22.74
22.52
22.83
23.44
25.73
24.67
24.23
25.14
24.81
24.67
25.42
25.00
24.52
24.34
24.68
25.28
27.20
26.13
27.63
27.05
26.72
27.18
26.87
26.44
26.57
27.18

5.34
4.53
5.34
5.15
4.90
5.15
5.09
4.76
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.34
4.53
5.34
5.15
4.90
5.15
5.09
4.76
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.34
4.53
5.34
5.15
4.90
5.15
5.09
4.76
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
4.53
5.34
5.34
4.90
5.15
5.15
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

42

4.6433E06
6.4628E05
4.6894E06
1.8403E05
3.7078E05
1.8459E05
2.2873E05
4.7E05
4.7146E05
2.3035E05
3.936E06
3.9209E06
4.6069E06
6.4054E05
4.6353E06
1.8243E05
3.674E05
1.8278E05
2.2687E05
4.6599E05
4.6691E05
2.2788E05
3.8967E06
3.8872E06
4.5762E06
6.3635E05
4.6011E06
1.8123E05
3.6496E05
1.8152E05
2.254E05
4.6298E05
4.6375E05
2.2625E05
3.8696E06
3.8614E06
6.2757E05
4.5676E06
4.5078E06
3.6054E05
1.7976E05
1.7899E05
4.585E05
2.2428E05
3.8364E06
3.8159E06

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

Clus.1El.16
GreySiltyClay

Clus.1El.17
GreySiltyClay

Clus.1El.18
GreySiltyClay

Clus.1El.19
GreySiltyClay

179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224

27.52
27.34
28.96
27.97
29.47
28.85
28.54
29.01
28.65
28.26
28.42
29.02
29.34
29.13
30.73
29.82
31.32
30.65
30.37
30.84
30.44
30.08
30.26
30.87
31.16
30.92
32.49
31.66
33.16
32.45
32.20
32.66
32.23
31.90
32.11
32.71
32.98
32.70
34.25
33.51
35.01
34.25
34.02
34.49
34.02
33.72

5.09
4.76
4.53
5.34
5.34
4.90
5.15
5.15
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.09
4.76
4.53
5.34
5.34
4.90
5.15
5.15
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.09
4.76
4.53
5.34
5.34
4.90
5.15
5.15
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.09
4.76
4.53
5.34
5.34
4.90
5.15
5.15
4.76
5.09

50.90
47.64
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90

43

2.2205E05
4.5633E05
6.1364E05
4.4893E06
4.4008E06
3.5269E05
1.7608E05
1.7496E05
4.4893E05
2.2006E05
3.7601E06
3.7294E06
2.1687E05
4.4596E05
6.0056E05
4.3817E06
4.3074E06
3.4489E05
1.7201E05
1.7112E05
4.3881E05
2.1487E05
3.6715E06
3.6467E06
2.1228E05
4.3654E05
5.8841E05
4.2903E06
4.2104E06
3.3777E05
1.6846E05
1.6748E05
4.2996E05
2.1048E05
3.595E06
3.5681E06
2.0765E05
4.2741E05
5.7411E05
4.19E06
4.1006E06
3.2944E05
1.6434E05
1.6323E05
4.1965E05
2.0551E05

50.90
47.63
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90

50.90
47.64
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90

50.90
47.63
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90

Clus.1El.20
GreySiltyClay

Clus.1El.21
GreySiltyClay

Clus.1El.22
GreySiltyClay

Clus.1El.23
GreySiltyClay

225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240

33.96
34.56
34.80
34.49
36.85
36.01
35.35
36.32
36.06
35.85
36.62
36.28
35.80
35.54
35.80
36.41

5.35
5.35
5.09
4.76
5.34
4.53
5.34
5.15
4.90
5.15
5.09
4.76
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35

53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

3.5068E06
3.4762E06
2.0233E05
4.1675E05
3.993E06
5.5984E05
4.081E06
1.5899E05
3.2105E05
1.601E05
1.9708E05
4.0617E05
4.0908E05
2.0023E05
3.4153E06
3.3849E06

53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63
53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252

38.70
37.78
37.20
38.14
37.86
37.68
38.44
38.07
37.59
37.36
37.65
38.25

5.34
4.53
5.34
5.15
4.90
5.15
5.09
4.76
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

3.9106E06
5.4672E05
3.9752E06
1.5543E05
3.1354E05
1.562E05
1.9291E05
3.9711E05
3.9913E05
1.9517E05
3.3312E06
3.31E06

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264

40.55
39.54
39.04
39.97
39.66
39.50
40.26
39.85
39.38
39.18
39.50
40.10

5.34
4.53
5.34
5.15
4.90
5.15
5.09
4.76
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

3.8092E06
5.3618E05
3.8948E06
1.5195E05
3.0709E05
1.5299E05
1.8831E05
3.8874E05
3.9134E05
1.9128E05
3.2616E06
3.2326E06

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

265
266
267
268

42.39
41.30
40.89
41.80

5.34
4.53
5.34
5.15

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51

3.67E06
5.2048E05
3.7859E06
1.4694E05

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51

44

Clus.1El.24
StiffSandA

Clus.1El.25
StiffSandA

Clus.1El.26
StiffSandA

269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276

41.46
41.33
42.08
41.64
41.16
41.00
41.34
41.95

4.90
5.15
5.09
4.76
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35

48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

2.9767E05
1.4835E05
1.8183E05
3.7649E05
3.8009E05
1.8588E05
3.1618E06
3.1224E06

48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288

43.83
42.79
44.29
43.70
43.37
43.84
43.51
43.09
43.24
43.84
44.17
43.98

4.53
5.34
5.34
4.90
5.15
5.15
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.09
4.76

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64

4.9064E05
3.6356E06
3.5023E06
2.8252E05
1.416E05
1.3995E05
3.6034E05
1.7755E05
3.0293E06
2.9838E06
1.7281E05
3.5604E05

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63

289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300

45.59
44.64
46.14
45.50
45.20
45.67
45.29
44.91
45.08
45.69
45.99
45.77

4.53
5.34
5.34
4.90
5.15
5.15
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.09
4.76

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64

4.6973E05
3.4726E06
3.3447E06
2.7017E05
1.3531E05
1.3375E05
3.4469E05
1.6967E05
2.8931E06
2.85E06
1.6516E05
3.4062E05

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63

301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312

47.36
46.48
47.98
47.30
47.03
47.49
47.08
46.73
46.93
47.53
47.81
47.56

4.53
5.34
5.34
4.90
5.15
5.15
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.09
4.76

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64

4.4917E05
3.3153E06
3.196E06
2.5815E05
1.2921E05
1.2774E05
3.2943E05
1.6206E05
2.7613E06
2.7208E06
1.5785E05
3.2564E05

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63

45


Clus.1El.27
StiffSandA

Clus.1El.28
StiffSandA

Clus.1El.29
StiffSandA

Clus.1El.30
StiffSandA

313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324

49.12
48.33
49.83
49.10
48.85
49.32
48.87
48.55
48.77
49.38
49.63
49.34

4.53
5.34
5.34
4.90
5.15
5.15
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35
5.09
4.76

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64

4.3172E05
3.171E06
3.0689E06
2.478E05
1.2384E05
1.226E05
3.1614E05
1.5522E05
2.6445E06
2.6101E06
1.5163E05
3.1293E05

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63

325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336

51.67
50.88
50.17
51.15
50.90
50.68
51.45
51.13
50.66
50.37
50.62
51.23

5.34
4.53
5.34
5.15
4.90
5.15
5.09
4.76
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

2.9444E06
4.1555E05
3.0464E06
1.1779E05
2.383E05
1.1905E05
1.4561E05
3.0091E05
3.042E05
1.4924E05
2.541E06
2.5065E06

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348

53.52
52.64
52.02
52.97
52.70
52.51
53.27
52.92
52.44
52.19
52.47
53.07

5.34
4.53
5.34
5.15
4.90
5.15
5.09
4.76
4.76
5.09
5.35
5.35

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

2.8118E06
3.9823E05
2.9201E06
1.1266E05
2.2818E05
1.14E05
1.3921E05
2.8807E05
2.9154E05
1.4304E05
2.4326E06
2.3958E06

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.64
47.64
50.90
53.47
53.47

53.37
45.26
53.37
51.51
48.99
51.51
50.90
47.63
47.63
50.90
53.47
53.47

349
350
351
352
353
354
355

54.95
53.90
55.40
54.82
54.49
54.96
54.63

4.53
5.34
5.34
4.90
5.15
5.15
4.76

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64

3.7518E05
2.7843E06
2.677E06
2.1608E05
1.0835E05
1.0703E05
2.7565E05

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.64

45.26
53.37
53.37
48.99
51.51
51.51
47.63

46

Clus.1El.31
FineSand

Clus.1El.32
FineSand

Clus.1El.33
FineSand

Clus.1El.34
FineSand

356
357
358
359
360

54.20
54.35
54.95
55.28
55.10

5.09
5.35
5.35
5.09
4.76

50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64

1.3589E05
2.3184E06
2.282E06
1.321E05
2.7221E05

50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63

50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.64

50.90
53.47
53.47
50.90
47.63

361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372

98.37
99.88
99.88
99.07
99.54
99.54
98.81
99.42
99.90
99.90
99.42
98.81

4.46
5.27
4.46
4.65
4.90
4.65
4.71
5.04
5.04
4.71
4.45
4.45

44.63
52.74
44.63
46.49
49.01
46.49
47.10
50.37
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53

2.639E06
3.6235E07
2.711E06
2.1478E06
1.4327E06
2.1623E06
1.9616E06
1.0421E06
1.0456E06
1.9897E06
2.7295E06
2.7001E06

44.63
52.74
44.63
46.49
49.01
46.49
47.10
50.37
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53

44.63
52.74
44.63
46.49
49.01
46.49
47.10
50.37
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53

44.63
52.74
44.63
46.49
49.01
46.49
47.10
50.37
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53

373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384

98.04
98.03
96.63
97.71
97.71
97.27
98.05
98.05
97.60
97.04
97.04
97.61

5.27
4.46
4.46
4.90
4.65
4.65
5.04
4.71
4.45
4.45
4.71
5.04

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

3.4934E07
2.6081E06
2.4415E06
1.3661E06
2.0606E06
2.0208E06
1.0083E06
1.9171E06
2.5916E06
2.5234E06
1.8341E06
9.9079E07

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396

96.21
96.30
95.01
95.96
95.98
95.58
96.25
96.29
95.91
95.39
95.36
95.84

5.27
4.46
4.46
4.90
4.65
4.65
5.04
4.71
4.45
4.45
4.71
5.04

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

3.182E07
2.3933E06
2.1542E06
1.2376E06
1.8715E06
1.8132E06
9.2067E07
1.7557E06
2.3516E06
2.2535E06
1.6338E06
8.9383E07

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

397
398

94.40 5.27
94.70 4.46

52.74
44.63

2.7173E07
2.0901E06

52.74
44.63

52.74
44.63

52.74
44.63

47

Clus.1El.35
FineSand

Clus.1El.36
FineSand

Clus.1El.37
FineSand

399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408

93.50
94.26
94.35
93.98
94.50
94.62
94.34
93.85
93.76
94.12

4.46
4.90
4.65
4.65
5.04
4.71
4.45
4.45
4.71
5.04

44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

1.826E06
1.0596E06
1.6137E06
1.5484E06
7.9199E07
1.5241E06
2.0339E06
1.9261E06
1.3862E06
7.6035E07

44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420

92.60
93.20
92.09
92.62
92.81
92.46
92.79
93.03
92.87
92.42
92.23
92.44

5.27
4.46
4.46
4.90
4.65
4.65
5.04
4.71
4.45
4.45
4.71
5.04

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

2.1984E07
1.76E06
1.5251E06
8.704E07
1.3415E06
1.2835E06
6.4856E07
1.2685E06
1.7047E06
1.6093E06
1.1457E06
6.2028E07

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432

90.82
91.81
90.78
91.04
91.34
91.03
91.12
91.52
91.51
91.09
90.78
90.79

5.27
4.46
4.46
4.90
4.65
4.65
5.04
4.71
4.45
4.45
4.71
5.04

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

1.7978E07
1.4718E06
1.32E06
7.2374E07
1.1226E06
1.0863E06
5.3263E07
1.0517E06
1.4379E06
1.3773E06
9.7531E07
5.1622E07

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01
46.49
46.49
50.37
47.10
44.53
44.53
47.10
50.37

433
434
435
436

90.66
90.63
89.68
90.43

5.27
4.46
4.46
4.90

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01

1.7746E07
1.3009E06
1.2267E06
6.8624E07

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01

52.74
44.63
44.63
49.01

48

Figure 26: Different soil permeability

49