Exercise 2.

9 (Solutions)

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Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12

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Increasing and Decreasing Function (Page 104)

Let f be defined on an interval ( a, b ) and let x1 , x2 ( a, b ) . Then
1. f is increasing on the interval ( a, b ) if f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 ) whenever x2 > x1
2. f is decreasing on the interval ( a, b ) if f ( x2 ) < f ( x1 ) whenever x2 > x1
Theorem (Page 105)
Let f be differentiable on the open interval (a, b) .
1- f is increasing on ( a, b ) if f ( x) > 0 for each x ( a, b ) .
2- f is decreasing on ( a, b ) if f ( x) < 0 for each x ( a, b ) .
First Derivative Test (Page 109)
Let f be differentiable in neighbourhood of c , where
f (c) = 0 .
1. The function has relative maxima at x = c if f ( x) > 0
before x = c and f ( x) < 0 after x = c .
2. The function has relative minima at x = c if f ( x) < 0
before x = c and f ( x) > 0 after x = c .

Second Derivative Test (Page 111)

Let f be differential function in a neighbourhood of c , where f (c) = 0 . Then
1- f has relative maxima at c if f (c) < 0 .
2- f has relative minima at c if f (c) > 0 .
Question # 1(i)
f ( x) = sin x
;
f ( x) = cos x
Put f ( x) = 0 cos x = 0

x [ , ]

cosx < 0
2nd quad.

x= ,
2 2

So we have sub-intervals , , , ,
2 2 2

f ( x) = cos x < 0 whenever x ,

2

So f is decreasing on the interval , .

2

f ( x) = cos x > 0 whenever x ,
2 2

cosx > 0

,
2

3rd quad.
cosx < 0

1st quad.

4th quad.
cosx > 0

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 2

So f is increasing on the interval , .
2 2

f ( x) = cos x > 0 whenever x ,

2

So f is decreasing on the interval , .

2
Question # 1(ii)
f ( x) = cos x

,
2 2

f ( x) = sin x
Put f ( x) = 0 sin x = 0

sin x = 0 x = 0

So we have sub-intervals ,0 and 0, .

2
2

Now f ( x) = sin x > 0 whenever x ,0

2

So f is increasing on ,0
2

f ( x) = sin x < 0 whenever x 0,

2

So f is decreasing on 0, .
2
Question # 1(iii)
f ( x) = 4 x 2
;
x [ 2, 2]
f ( x) = 2 x
Put f ( x) = 0 2 x = 0 x = 0
So we have subintervals ( 2,0 ) and ( 0, 2 )
f ( x) = 2 x > 0 whenever x ( 2,0 )
f is increasing on the interval ( 2,0 )
Also f ( x) = 2 x < 0 whenever x ( 0,2 )
f is decreasing on ( 0, 2 )
Question # 1(iv)
f ( x ) = x 2 + 3x + 2
f ( x) = 2 x + 3

x [ 4,1]

Put f ( x) = 0 2 x + 3 = 0 x =

3
2

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 3

3
3
So we have sub-intervals 4, and ,1
2

2
3
Now f ( x) = 2 x + 3 < 0 whenever x 4,
2

3
So f is decreasing on 4,
2

3
Also f ( x) > 0 whenever x ,1
2
3
Therefore f is increasing on ,1 .
2

Question # 2(i)
f ( x) = 1 x3
Diff. w.r.t x
f ( x) = 3x 2 . (i)
For stationary points, put f ( x) = 0
3x 2 = 0

x=0

Diff (i) w.r.t x

f ( x) = 6 x . (ii)
Now put x = 0 in (ii)
f (0) = 6(0) = 0
So second derivative test fails to determinate the extreme points.
Put x = 0 = in (i)
f ( x) = 3( ) 2 = 3 2 < 0
Put x = 0 + = in (i)
f ( x) = 3( ) 2 = 3 2 < 0
As f ( x) doest not change its sign before and after x = 0 .
Since at x = 0 , f ( x) = 1 therefore (0,1) is the point of inflexion.

Question # 2(ii)
f ( x) = x 2 x 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ( x) = 2 x 1 . (i)
For stationary points, put f ( x) = 0
2x 1 = 0

2x = 1

Diff (i) w.r.t x

f ( x) =

d
( 2 x 1) = 2
dx

x=

1
2

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 4

1
As f = 2 > 0
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1 1
Now f = 2 = 2
4 2
2
2 2
Thus f ( x) is minimum at x =

9
4

Question # 2(iii)
f ( x) = 5 x 2 6 x + 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ( x) = 10 x 6 . (i)
For stationary points, put f ( x) = 0
10 x 6 = 0

10 x = 6

x=

6
10

x=

3
5

Diff (i) w.r.t x

d
(10 x 6 ) = 10
dx
3
As f = 10 > 0
5
f ( x) =

Thus f ( x) is minimum at x =

3
5

3
3
3
9 18
And f = 5 6 + 2 = + 2
5 5
5
5
5

1
5

Question # 2(iv)
f ( x) = 3x 2
Diff. w.r.t x
f ( x) = 6 x .. (i)
For stationary points, put f ( x) = 0
6x = 0 x = 0
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ( x) = 6
At x = 0
f (0) = 6 > 0
f has minimum value at x = 0
And f (0) = 3(0) 2 = 0

For notes, MCQs, model/old papers visit: www.mathcity.org

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 5

Question # 2(vi)
f ( x) = 2 x3 2 x 2 36 x + 3
Diff. w.r.t x
d
f ( x) =
2 x3 2 x 2 36 x + 3 = 6 x 2 4 x 36 (i)
dx
For stationary points, put f ( x) = 0

6 x 2 4 x 36 = 0
3 x 2 2 x 12 = 0

ing by 2

2 4 4(3)(18)
2(3)

x =
=

2 4 + 216
6

2 220
6

2 2 55
6

1 55
3

Diff. (i) w.r.t x

d
6 x 2 4 x 36 = 12 x 4
dx
1 + 55
1 + 55
f
= 12

4
3
3

f ( x) =

Now

= 4 1 + 55 4 = 4 + 4 55 4

= 4 55 > 0

1 + 55
.
3
3
2
1 + 55
1 + 55
1 + 55
1 + 55
And f
= 2
2
36

+3
3
3
3
3

f ( x) has relative minima at x =

2
1 + 55
27

2
2
1 + 3 55 + 3 55 + 55 55 1 + 2 55 + 55 12 1 +
27
9

2
1 + 55
9

12 1 + 55 + 3

) (

2
2
166 + 58 55 56 + 2 55 12 1 + 55 + 3
27
9
332 116
112 4
=
+
55

55 12 12 55 + 3
27
27
9
9
247 220
1
=

55 =
247 + 220 55
27
27
27
1 55
1 55
Also f
= 12

4
3
3

) (

= 4 1 55 4 = 4 4 55 4 = 4 55 < 0
f ( x) has relative maxima at x =

1 + 55
.
3

55 + 3

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 6

1 + 55
1
=
And Since f
247 + 220 55

3
27

Therefore by replacing 55 by 55 , we have

1 55
1
=
f
247 220 55

3
27

Question # 2(vii)
f ( x) = x 4 4 x 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ( x) = 4 x3 8 x .. (i)
For critical points put f ( x) = 0
4 x3 8 x = 0

*Correction

4x x2 2 = 0

4 x = 0 or x 2 2 = 0
x = 0 or x 2 = 2 x = 2
Now diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ( x) = 12 x 2 8
For x = 2
f ( 2) = 12( 2)2 8 = 24 8 = 16 > 0
f has relative minima at x = 2

And f 2

) (

= 2

4 2

= 48 = 4

For x = 0
f (0) = 12(0) 8 = 8 < 0
f has relative maxima at x = 0
4

And f ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) 4 ( 0 ) = 0
For x = 2
f ( 2) = 12( 2) 2 8 = 24 8 = 16 > 0
f has relative minima at x = 2

And f

( 2) = ( 2)

( 2)

= 48 = 4

Question # 2(viii)
2
f ( x) = ( x 2 ) ( x 1)
=

(x

4 x + 4 ( x 1) = x3 4 x 2 + 4 x x 2 + 4 x 4

= x3 5 x 2 + 8 x 4
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ( x) = 3 x 2 10 x + 8

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 7

For critical (stationary) points, put f ( x) = 0

3 x 2 10 x + 8 = 0 3 x 2 6 x 4 x + 8 = 0
3 x ( x 2 ) 4 ( x 2 ) = 0 ( x 2 )( 3 x 4 ) = 0

( x 2) = 0

or ( 3 x 4 ) = 0
4
x = 2 or x =
3
Now diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ( x) = 6 x 10
For x = 2
f (2) = 6(2) 10 = 2 > 0
f has relative minima at x = 2
2

And f (2) = ( 2 2 ) ( 2 1) = 0
4
For x =
3
4
4
f = 6 10 = 8 10 = 2 < 0
3
3
4
f has relative maxima at x =
3
2
2
4
4
4
2 1
4 1
4

And f = 2 1 = =
=

27
3
3
3
3 3
9 3

Question # 2(ix)
f ( x) = 5 + 3x x3
Diff. w.r.t x
f ( x) = 3 3 x 2 . (i)
For stationary points, put f ( x) = 0
3 3 x 2 = 0 3 x 2 = 3 x 2 = 1 x = 1
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ( x) = 6 x
For x = 1
f (1) = 6(1) = 6 < 0
f has relative maxima at x = 1

And f (1) = 5 + 3(1) (1)3 = 5 + 3 1 = 7

For x = 1
f (1) = 6(1) = 6 > 0
f has relative minima at x = 1 , and
f (1) = 5 + 3(1) (1)3 = 5 3 + 1 = 3

For notes, MCQs, model/old papers visit: www.mathcity.org

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 8

Question # 3
f ( x) = sin x + cos x
where x [ 0, 2 ]
Diff. w.r.t x
f ( x) = cos x sin x (i)
For stationary points, put f ( x) = 0
cos x sin x = 0
sin x
sin x = cos x
= 1 tan x = 1
cos x
5
x = tan 1 (1) x = ,
when x [ 0, 2 ]
4
4
Now diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ( x) = sin x cos x
For x =

1
1
1
f = sin cos =

= 2
< 0
4
4
4
2
2
2

f has relative maxima at x =

1
+
And f = sin + cos =
4
4
4
2
5
For x =
4
5
5
5
= sin
cos
f

4
4
4
1 1
1
=

=
2
2
2

5
f has relative minima at x =
4
5
5
5
And f = sin
+ cos

=
4
4
4

1
1
= 2
=
2
2

1
=
2

1
1
= 2
> 0
2
2

1
1
1

= 2
= 2
2
2
2

Question # 4
y =

( 2 )

ln x
x

Diff. w.r.t x
1
x ln x (1)
dy
d ln x
x
=
=

dx
dx x
x2
dy
1 ln x

=
.. (i)
dx
x2

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 9

For critical points, put

dy
=0
dx

1 ln x
= 0 1 ln x = 0 ln x = 1
x2
ln x = ln e x = e
ln e = 1
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
d dy
d 1 ln x
=

dx dx
dx x 2
1
x 2 (1 ln x ) ( 2 x )
2
x 2 x + 2 x ln x
d y
3 x + 2 x ln x
x

=
=
=
2
2 2
4
dx
(x )
x
x4
At x = e
d2y
3e + 2e ln e
=
2
dx x =e
e4
3e + 2e (1)
e
1
=
= 4 = 3 < 0
4
e
e
e
y has a maximum value at x = e .

Question # 5
y = xx
Taking log on both sides
ln y = ln x x ln y = x ln x
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d
ln y ) =
x ln x
(
dx
dx
1 dy
d
dx

= x ln x + ln x
y dx
dx
dx
1
= x + ln x (1)
x
dy
dy

= y (1 + ln x )

= x x (1 + ln x ) . (i)
dx
dx
dy
For critical point, put
=0
dx
x x (1 + ln x ) = 0 1 + ln x = 0 as x x 0
ln x = 1 ln x = ln e
ln e = 1
1
ln x = ln e1 x = e 1 x =
e
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
d dy
d x
=
x (1 + ln x )

dx dx
dx

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 10

d2y
d
d

= x x (1 + ln x ) + (1 + ln x ) x x
2
dx
dx
dx
1
= x x + (1 + ln x ) x x (1 + ln x ) from (i)
x
2
1
= x x + (1 + ln x )
x

1
At x =
e
2

d y
dx 2

x =1 e

1
=
e

1
e

2
1
1
1 e + 1 + ln e

1 e
= e + 1 + ln e1
e

2
1 e
= e + (1 1)
e

))
2

2
1 e
= e + (1 ln e )
e

1 e
= e > 0
e
1
y has a minimum value at x =
e

Error Analyst
Ubaid ur Rehman

Book:

2014-16

Govt. College, Attock

Exercise 2.9
Calculus and Analytic Geometry Mathematic 12
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.
Edition: May 2013.
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (Atiq@MathCity.org)
Available online at http://www.MathCity.org in PDF Format (Picture format to
view online).
Page Setup used: A4.
Printed: September 30, 2015.

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 11

Why is it happened?
Suppose a = b
2
a = ab

ing both sides by a

a b = ab b
2

ing b from both sides

( a + b )( a b ) = b ( a b )
a+b=b
b+b=b
2b = b
2 =1

ing by a b
a=b
ing by b

Reason:
Did you know that the cancellation law is stated as

ac = bc

a = b if c 0

In above case we have divided equation by

a b , which is zero as a = b .