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WindingFactor|PitchFactor|DistributionFactor
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Beforeknowingabout,windingfactor,weshouldknowaboutpitchfactoranddistributionfactor,aswindingfactoristhe
product of pitch factor and distribution factor. If winding factor is denoted by Kw, pitch factor and distribution factor are
denotedbyKpandKdrespectively,then,kw=kpkd.
Thepitchfactoranddistributionfactorareexplainedbelowonebyone.

PitchFactor
Inshortpitchedcoil,theinducedemfoftwocoilsidesisvectoricallyaddedtoget,resultantemfofthecoil.Inshortpitched
coil,thephaseanglebetweentheemfsinducedintwooppositecoilsidesislessthan180(electrical).Butweknownthat,in
fullpitchedcoil,thephaseanglebetweentheemfsinducedintwocoilsidesisexactly180(electrical).

Hence,theresultantemfofafullpitchedcoilisjustarithmeticsumoftheemfsinducedinbothsidesofthecoil.Wewellknow
that, vector sum or phasor sum of two quantities, is always less than their arithmetic sum. Pitch factor is the measure of
resultantemfofshortpitchedcoilincomparisonwithresultantemfoffullpitchedcoil.
Hence,itmustbetheratioofphasorsumofinducedemfspercoiltothearithmeticsumofinducedemfspercoil.Hence,it
mustbelessthanunity.
Letsacoilisshortpitchedbyanangle(electricaldegree).EmfinducedpercoilsideisE.Thearithmeticsumofinducedemfs
is2E.Thatmeans,2E,istheinducedvoltageacrossthecoilterminals,ifthecoilwouldhavebeenfullpitched.

Now,cometotheshortpitchedcoil.Fromthefigurebelowitisclearthat,resultantemfoftheshortpitchedcoil

Now,asperdefinitionofpitchedfactor,

Thispitchfactorisforthefundamentalcomponentofemf.Thefluxwavemayconsistsofspacefieldharmonicsalso,which
give rise to the corresponding time harmonics in the generated voltage wave form. A 3 rd harmonic component of the flux
wave,maybeimaginedasproducedby3polesascomparedtoonepoleforthefundamentalcomponent.
Intheviewofthis,thechordinganglefortherthharmonicbecomesrtimesthechordingangleforthefundamentalcomponent
andpitchfactorfortherthharmonicisgivenas,

Therthharmonicbecomeszero,if,

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In3phasealternator,the3 rdharmonicissuppressedbystarordeltaconnectionasinthecaseof3phasetransformer.Total
attentionisgivenfordesigninga3phasealternatorwindingdesign,for5 thand7 thharmonics.

For5 thharmonic

For7 thharmonic

Hencebyadoptingasuitablechordingangleof=30,wemakemostoptimizeddesignarmaturewindingofalternator.

DistributionFactor

Ifallthecoilsideofanyonephaseunderonepolearebunchedinoneslot,thewindingobtainedisknownasconcentrated
windingandthetotalemfinducedisequaltoarithmeticsumoftheemfsinducedinallthecoilsofonephaseunderonepole.
Butinpracticalcases,forobtainingsmoothsinusoidalvoltagewaveform,armaturewindingofalternatorisnotconcentrated
butdistributedamongthedifferentslotstoformpolargroupsundereachpole.Indistributedwinding,coilsidesperphaseare
displacedfromeachotherbyanangleequaltotheangulardisplacementoftheadjacentslots.Hence,theinducedemfpercoil
sidearenotanangleequaltotheangulardisplacementoftheslots.
So,theresultantemfofthewindingisthephasorsumoftheinducedemfpercoilside.Asitisphasorsum,mustbelessthan
arithmeticsumoftheseinducedemfs.
Resultantemfwouldbearithmeticsum,ifthewindingwouldhavebeenaconcentratedone.
As per definition, distribution factor, is measure of resultant emf of a distributed winding in compared to a concentrated
winding.
Itisexpressedasratioofthephasorsumoftheemfsinducedinallthecoilsdistributedinanumberofslotsunderonepoleto
thearithmeticsumoftheemfsinduced.Distributionfactoris,

Aspitchfactor,distributionfactorisalsoalwayslessthanunity.
Letnumberofslotsperpoleisn.
Numberofslotsperpoleperphaseism.
InducedemfpercoilsideisEc .
Angulardisplacementbetweentheslots,

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TheemfsinducedindifferentcoilsofonephaseunderonepolearerepresentedbyAC,DC,DE,EFandsoon.Theyareequalin
magnitudebutdifferfromeachotherbyanangle.
IfbisectorsaredrawnonAC,CD,DE,EF.TheywouldmeetatcommonpointO.
Emfinducedineachcoilside,

Astheslotperpoleperphaseism,thetotalarithmeticsumofallinducedemfspercoilsidesperpoleperphase,

TheresultantemfwouldbeAB,asrepresentedbythefigure,
Hence,theresultantemf

misalsoknownasthephasespreadinelectricaldegree.
ThedistributionfactorKdgivenbyequationisforthefundamentalcomponentofemf.
Ifthefluxdistributioncontainsspaceharmonicstheslotangularpitchonthefundamentalscale,wouldbecomerfortherth
harmoniccomponentandthusthedistributionfactorfortherthharmonicwouldbe.

Therefore,windingfactor

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