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Date of birth
15 AUGUST 1992
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Title
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Academic Session :
2014/2015
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920815-10-5922
NOTES :
SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
DR. NADIATULHUDA BINTI ZULKIFLI
NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Date : 25th JUNE 2015
Signature
Name
Date
:
:
:
JUNE 2015
ii
I declare that this report entitled Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation in Gigabit Passive
Optical Network is the result of my own research except as cited in the references.
The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in
candidature of any other degree.
Signature
Name
Date
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
Dalam teknologi komunikasi kita pada masa kini, permintaan jalur lebar tinggi
daripada pelanggan atau pengguna adalah sangat tinggi kerana perkhidmatan baru
seperti televisyen (IPTV) dan video atas permintaan (VoD) melalui internet bersamasama dengan akses Internet Berkelajuan Tinggi (HIS). Gigabit Rangkaian Optik
(GPON) kebanyakannya digunakan untuk generasi akan datang fiber to-the-home
(FTTH). Ini adalah kerana ia boleh menyampaikan pelbagai perkhidmatan dengan
Kualiti yang dikehendaki Perkhidmatan (QoS). Fenomena ini membuatkan masa
penghantaran yang besar antara Terminal Optical Line (ONT) dan Unit Rangkaian
optik (ONU). Oleh itu, berlaku ketidakcekapan dalam protocol Peruntukan Bandwidth
Dinamik (DBA). Dalam usaha untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan ini, algoritma
dicadangkan juga mempertimbangkan semua Kualiti Perkhidmatan (QoS) telah direka.
Algoritma ini di simulasikan dengan menggunakan NS-2 simulator. Keputusan
simulasi menunjukkan bahawa algoritma ini memenuhi QoS daripada GPON.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PAGE
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
viii
ix
x
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Background of the study
1.3
Problem statement
1.4
Objective of the study
1.5
Scope of work
1.6
Outline of thesis
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Gigabit passive optical network fundamental
2.2.1
Operating wavelength
2.2.2
Forward error correction (FEC)
2.2.3
Security
2.2.4
Protection
2.2.5
Transmission containers (T-CONT)
2.2.6
Dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA)
2.2.7
Quality of Services (QoS) in GPON
network
2.2.8
Transmission delay and jitter
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
7
7
9
9
vii
2.2.9
2.2.10
Error rates
Throughput
10
10
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Introduction of the methodology
3.3
Design assumptions
3.4
Project schedule
11
11
11
13
15
16
16
16
18
19
19
19
20
REFERENCES
21
viii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
3.1
3.2
3.3
TITLE
Bandwidth estimation for single residential customer
Gantt chart of the project schedule for semester 1
Gantt chart of the project schedule for semester 2
PAGE
13
15
15
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2
4.3
TITLE
Passive optical network architecture
Priorities of bandwidth allocation
Dynamic bandwidth allocation process
SNR versus power at the transmitter with and without SR
module
Flow chart of methodology
Flowchart of DBA scheduling algorithm
Average delay in a frame cycle for each T-CONTs
Average delay in two frame cycle for each T-CONTs
Average delay in four frame cycle of each T-CONTs
PAGE
5
7
8
9
12
14
17
17
18
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BER
CO
Central Office
DBA
FEC
GPON
NSR
Non-Status Reporting
ODN
OLT
ONT
ONU
PON
QoS
Quality of Services
T-CONT
Transmission Containers
TDM
SNR
SR
Square Root
VoIP
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
This section discusses the introduction of the research. The aim of the study
was to design an algorithm in order to improve allocation bandwidth in Gigabit
Passive Optical Network (GPON). In this chapter, there are six subsection which are
introduction, background of study, statement of the problem, objective of the study,
scope of the study and outline of the thesis.
1.2
The number of people who rely on the internet in their daily lives increase day
by day. This is because the internet is a necessity in peoples live. This phenomenon
causes internet traffic patterns and application congested between end-users and the
local exchange. Thus, the internet speed will be slow. In order to overcome this
phenomenon in our technology nowadays, Passive Optical Network (PON) is widely
used. PON is a telecommunication network which using point-to-multipoint fiber send
to the premises. In PON topology, Optical Distribution Network (ODN) is between
Optical Line Terminal (OLT) at the central office and multiple number of Optical
Network Unit (ONU) near end users.
1.3
Problem statement
2
downstream direction, OLT sends packet data and control data to the a shared network.
Each Optical Network Unit (ONU) will only send packets that addressed to it. While in
upstream direction, OLT control transmission from all ONTs. Packet data from ONU
can only reach the OLT, but not to the other ONUs. The problems occur when multiple
ONUs transmit packet data to OLT at the same time, collision may happen due to their
have to share the same optical fiber from the splitter back to OLT. Therefore, Dynamic
Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) is used as the technique for improved efficiency of PON
upstream bandwidth. Thus, purpose of this project is to design a good algorithm in
order to face the increasing demand from subscribers in the future.
1.4
1.5
Scope of work
1.6
Outline of thesis
This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter is about the introduction
of the title, objectives and problem statement of this entire project. While in Chapter
2, literature review that has done is discussed. In this chapter, it explains about Gigabit
Passive Optical Network (GPON) and dynamic bandwidth allocation. Other than that,
the algorithm that already designed also will be discussed. Chapter 3 introduces the
methodology used. It discussed on the DBA algorithm that support QoS together with
3
software used for simulation. Result from the simulation will be discussed in Chapter
4. Finally is Chapter 5 which is conclusion part and the addition of future work that
can be done to improve this project.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
The aim of this chapter is to review the journals and thesis that have been
studied. It will discuss briefly about the allocation bandwidth for the upstream
direction in GPON. In this chapter also will discuss about the quality of services in
GPON network.
2.2
6
2.2.1
Operating wavelength
Operating wavelength range for GPON is about 1350 nm for the upstream
direction while 1500 nm for downstream direction. Besides, for RF video distribution
wavelength range used for downstream is 1550-1560 nm [3]. Multiple access
techniques format is used to allocate time slots to each user. Which it divided the
bandwidth to each users depending on the priority.
2.2.2
Next is the forward error correction (FEC). FEC is technically used in the
communication channel so that errors can be detected and corrected. With FEC,
redundant information will transmit together with the original information [3]. By
using the FEC technique, error correction can be done without retransmission. Based
on [4], the effective optical gain for this FEC depending on two factors which are the
slope of the BER curve and bit-error distribution in the link.
2.2.3
Security
2.2.4
Protection
This protection is to enhance the reliability of the GPON access network [3].
Protection switching consists of automatic switching and forced switching. Where
automatic switching is triggered by fault detection like loss of signal and frames. While
forced switching is activated by administrative events like fiber replacement.
7
2.2.5
2.2.6
8
will receive up to 100Mbit/s. Required capacity used is 3.2Gbit/s, nearly 3 times more
than GPON upstream network capacity. With a good DBA, these data rates can be
supported and fulfill the users satisfaction [1][8].
Figure 2.3 shows a process how the dynamic bandwidth allocation works. In
order OLT knows the traffic status of T-CONTs, it has to determine the quantity of
traffic allocate to an ONU first [2][9]. DBA block or DBA algorithm logic will collect
the information from DBA reports. From here, DBA block will know how much
information the end-users needed. Then, it will send the algorithm result in a form
of a BW map to the ONUs. Based on BW map, each ONU will send upstream burst
data based on their time slot and utilized the bandwidth. A research by [10], Square
Root (SR) module is applied. Its performance with and without SR module is observed.
Which by using SR module, it can improve Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of GPON as
shown in Figure 2.4. In this research also states that by using SR module will increase
the transmission length as well as the transmission speed of the GPON network itself.
Figure 2.4: SNR versus power at the transmitter with and without SR module [10]
2.2.7
Quality of services is the overall performance of the network seen by the endusers. Quantitative measure of QoS that often be considered such as error rates,
bandwidth, throughput, transmission delay and jitter. It is important for the traffic
transport with special requirement. A good network has to consider all the quality of
services.
2.2.8
Jitter is the delay in sending packet data varies over time. For an example,
video streaming will cause a lot of jitter. This is because the large size of the data
transferred and un- estimated time for packet data to be transferred. While delay is the
amount of signal takes to reach its destination. The lower delay means that the packet
data send very quickly. Like in [11], a comparison between status reporting (SR) and
non-status reporting (NSR) is done. From the study conducted, it shows that status
reporting is more efficient by using bandwidth. For non-status reporting, it will give a
better Qos for the real time services.
10
2.2.9
Error rates
The error rate is the noise or interference that occurs in the communication
channel. Bit error rate (BER) is the number of bit error divided by the total number of
transferring bits. In [12], a method of calculating bit-error rate of data transmission in
GPON network is presented.
2.2.10 Throughput
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
This section discusses the methodology of the project. This chapter is divided
into two subsections that are introduction of the methodology and Gantt chart.
3.2
12
Figure 3.1 shows the flow of overall methodology used. After getting the tittle
of the project, research on Passive Optical Network is done. In GPON, the problem
occurs normally on the upstream direction. In order to solve this problem, DBA
algorithm is designed by using NS-2 simulator. This algorithm will allocate or divide
the bandwidth so that it meet the QoS specification needed.
13
3.3
Design assumptions
14
The process will be continued as shown in Figure 3.2 continuously for TCONT 2 until T-CONT 4. Excessive bandwidth means the internet usage that exceeds
a reasonable level for the service purchased. While shortage bandwidth means that
running out of bandwidth and requested bandwidth is the bandwidth needed for every
usage. T-CONT 2 guarantees a fixed bandwidth allocation for not time sensitive
application like VoIP. For T-CONT 3 has a mix of minimum guaranteed bandwidth
plus additional non guaranteed like video streaming. Last but not least, is T-CONT 4
which best effort traffic like data.
15
Table 3.2: Gantt chart of the project schedule for semester 1
3.4
Project schedule
Table 3.2 shows a Gantt chart of the project schedule for semester one while
Table 3.3 shows project schedule for semester two. For semester one, a briefing
is held for choosing the area specialisation for the project. After getting the title,
the work started with the literature review and understand the algorithm. For the
second semester, work continued with basic learning about the software used, run the
algorithm until the hardbound thesis is submitted.
Table 3.3: Gantt chart of the project schedule for semester 2
CHAPTER 4
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Result
17
Figure 4.1: Average delay in a frame cycle for each T-CONTs [14]
Figure 4.1 shows that average delay in a frame cycle for each T-CONTs. As
mentioned before, delay time is being considered in this report. From the Figure 4.1,
it shows that T-CONT 1 has the lowest average packet delay which is 0.5ms. This
indicates that the data send in a short period. It also shows that T-CONT 1 has high
priority compared to the other T-CONTs [14].
Figure 4.2: Average delay in two frame cycle for each T-CONTs [14]
18
Figure 4.2 shows that the average delay in two frame cycle for T-CONT 2, TCONT 3 and T-CONT 4. The difference between average delay in a frame cycle with
two frame cycle is very little [14].
Figure 4.3: Average delay in four frame cycle of each T-CONTs [14]
Figure 4.3 shows that the average delay in four cycles of T-CONt 2 until TCONT 4. The average packet delay increases for this four cycle. As an example for
T-CONT 2, it increase from 0.7ms to 1.1ms [14].
4.3
Summary
In this chapter, the results shown and discussed are based on the previous study
[14]. This is because the actual result cannot be shown as there are some error in DBA
algorithm designed. Based on the results, it shows that the average packet delay meets
the requirements. The lowest average packet delay for T-CONT 1 as it has the highest
priority, followed by T-CONT 2, T-CONT 3 and T-CONT 4. It can be concluded that
it meets the subscriber satisfaction.
CHAPTER 5
5.1
Introduction
This section concludes all the work that had been done and discusses the
recommendation for future work.
5.2
Conclusion
20
this algorithm the expected result does not appear. The way to know how the average
packet delay improved or not is by comparing the value from the previous research.
5.3
Recommendation
In all works, there are many things need to be improved and can be improved.
First of all, the DBA algorithm can be run by using the proper software such as OPNET
simulator. Not just that, the analysis of the average delay for each T-CONTs can be
improved from time to time as the demands of high bandwidth from consumers or
end-users which can consider T-CONT 1 until T-CONT 5.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
I. Cale and A. Salihovic, Gigabit Passive Optical Network - GPON, pp. 679
684, 2007.
4.
5.
T. Q. Vinh, J.-H. Park, Y.-C. Kim, and K.-O. Kim, An FPGA Implementation
of 30Gbps Security Module for GPON Systems, Eighth IEEE International
Conference on Computer and Information Technology, pp. 868872, July
2008.
6.
C.-H. Chang, Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation MAC Protocols for GigabitCapable Passive Optical Networks, no. July, 2008.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
22
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation in GPON Networks.
12.
13.
14.