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Duct or pipe
Slides to accompany lectures in
2012 by D. W. Herrin
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY 40506-0503
Tel: 859-218-0609
dherrin@engr.uky.edu
Types of Mufflers
Types of Mufflers
3. Combination reactive and dissipative muffler:
2. Reactive muffler:
Perforated tubes
Sound is attenuated by reflection and
cancellation of sound waves
Sound is attenuated by reflection
and cancellation of sound
waves + absorption of sound
Compressor discharge details
40 mm
Wi
Wr
Wt
Muffler
Anechoic
Termination
TL (dB) = 10 log10
SPL2
Muffler
Wi
Wt
TL of muffler
Lengths of pipes
Termination (baffled vs. unbaffled)
Source impedance
Example TL and IL
Outlet Pipe
Source
Su Su
Source
24
12
Zt
P
(sound pressure
reaction)
20
10
TL and IL (dB)
Any acoustic
system
12
0
-10
200
400
600
800
1000
-20
Input or load
impedance
-30
Insertion Loss
-40
z=
Transmission Loss
P
= r + jx
Su
Termination z
impedance t
Pt
= rt + jxt
Sut
-50
Frequency (Hz)
Pipe resonances
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
Summary 1
Named for:
Hermann von Helmholtz, 1821-1894, German
physicist, physician, anatomist, and physiologist.
Major work: Book, On the Sensations of Tone as a
Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music, 1862.
K=
x
L
SB
M
x + Kx = PSB
o c 2 S B2
x = j uB
x=
uB
j
F = PSB
"
K%
j $ M ' uB = PSB
#
&
" 1 %"
P
K%
zB =
= j $ 2 '$ M '
SB uB
&
# SB & #
M = o S B L
10
fn =
Damping due to viscosity in the
neck are neglected
z B 0 when =
c
2
SB
343
=
LV
2
(0.02 )2 4
(0.08)(355 10 6 )
f n = 182 Hz
K
SB
=c
M
LV
12
Network Interpretation
zB
V
z
Anechoic termination
z=
TL (dB)
15
35 Hz
zB =
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
! 1 $!
P
K$
= j # 2 &# M &
SB uB
%
" SB % "
13
z B 0 when =
K
SB
=c
M
LV
300
Frequency (Hz)
10
5
fn = 154 Hz
zB z A
zB + z A
zA
zB
zA
20
V = 0.001 m3
L = 25 mm
SB = 2 x 10-4 m2
S = 8 x 10-4 m2
(any system)
2
c 2S
TL (dB ) = 10 log10 1 +
L S B c 2 V
14
M1
K2
Original System
P = 1 Pa
M1
source
K1
Lp= 1 m
K1
First mode
tune
|x/F|
Original system
c
343
f1 =
= 171.5 Hz
f1
2 (1)
Second Mode
2 = L p =
c
343
f2 =
= 343 Hz
f2
1(1)
M2/M1=0.5
etc.
/1
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
1 = 2L p =
K 2 K1
=
M 2 M1
15
16
Anechoic termination
V = 750 cm3
L = 2.5 cm (L= 6.75 cm)
DB = 5 cm (SB= 19.6 cm2)
D = 10 cm (S = 78.5 cm2)
fn = 340 Hz
_____
* e.g., engine intake systems
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
17
18
TL = 10 log10
2
4(S S B )
SB
zB
j c
zB = o cot ( L c) = 0 when L c = n 2
SB
n c
n =
2L
"%
nc
nc
fn =
or L =
= n$ '
#4&
4L
4f
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
19
Summary 2
20
2
1
30
25
20
TL (dB)
n = 1, 3, 5...
15
10
5
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Frequency (Hz)
21
18
2
6
30
30
25
25
20
20
TL (dB)
TL (dB)
22
15
10
15
10
5
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
23
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
24
Two-Chamber Muffler
9
4
50
Source
TL (dB)
40
30
termination
Area change
Engine
Pump
Compressor
(intake or exhaust)
20
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Expansion chamber
Helmholtz Resonator
800
Frequency (Hz)
25
26
The sound pressure p and the particle velocity v are the acoustic state variables
p1, u1
!# p
1
"
$# S1u1
p2, u2
or
%# (
!
A B +# p2
& =*
-"
C
D
)
,
#$ S2 u2
'#
(x = 0)
u ( 0 ) = u1 =
(x = L)
[Ti ] =
Bi
Di 22
u ( L ) = u2 =
Solve for A, B
in terms of p1, u1
then put into
equations for p2, u2.
u1 = p2 ( j o c) sin ( kL ) + u2 cos ( kL )
p1 = p2 cos ( kL ) + u2 ( j o c) sin ( kL )
)
,
j o c
+ cos ( kL )
sin ( kL ) ."
&
S2
$" p1 &$ +
.$ p2 $
#
' =+
'
.#
%$ S1u1 $( + jS1 sin ( kL ) S1 cos ( kL ) .%$ S2 u2 ($
S2
.*+ o c
(note that the determinant A1D1-B1C1 = 1)
28
L
k,zc
(complex wave number and
complex characteristic impedance)
pn
p1
p1
= [Tn ][Ti ][T3 ][T2 ][T1 ] = Tsystem
v1
v1
vn
[T
system
Asystem
=
Csystem
!# p
1
"
$# S1u1
Bsystem
Dsystem
22
29
1 dp
jk o c dx
AB
o c
p2 ,u2
u ( x) =
p ( 0 ) = p1 = A + B
p1, u1
p1 = Ap2 + BS2 u2
any acoustic
component
A
B
(
%# * cos ( k ' L )
*
& =*
'# * jS1 sin ( k ' L )
*) zc
30
+
-!
-# p2
-" S u
S1
cos ( k ' L ) -$# 2 2
S2
-,
jzc
sin ( k ' L )
S2
%#
&
'#
Area Change
S1
p1 = p2
straight
tube
S1u1 = S2 u2
S2
area changes
1
#! p1
"
#$ S1u1
#% ( 1 0 +#! p2
& =*
-"
#' ) 0 1 ,#$ S2 u2
#%
&
#'
!
# cos ( kL )
!
$
[T ] = # 1 0 &## jS '
" 0 1 %
sin ( kL )
#
"# o c
!
#
cos ( kL )
[T ] = ##
jS '
sin ( kL )
#
#" o c
31
$
j o c
sin ( kL ) &
S'
&! 1 0 $
&
&#
cos ( kL ) &" 0 1 %
%&
$
j o c
sin ( kL ) &
S'
&
&
cos ( kL ) &
&%
32
18
S'
=9
S
!# p
1
"
#$ Su1
33
K=
x
L
SB
M
x + Kx = PSB
u
x= B
j
"
K%
j $ M ' uB = PSB
#
&
" 1 %"
P
K%
zB =
= j $ 2 '$ M '
SB uB
&
# SB & #
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
0
1
A B
C D
Wr
K
SB
=c
M
LV
Anechoic
Termination
Wt
TL (dB) = 10 log10
z B 0 when =
%#
&
#'
1
Damping due to viscosity in the
neck are neglected
35
+!# p
-" 2
-,#$ Su2
Wi
L is the equivalent length of
the neck (some air on either
end also moves).
Su1 = ( p2 zB ) + Su2
34
o c 2 S B2
M = o S B L
zB = pB SB uB = p2 SB uB
%# (
1
& =*
#' *) 1 zB
F = PSB
x = j uB
p1 = p2 = pB
Su1 = SB uB + Su2
Wi
Wt
2%
#! S
#
S B cC Sout
TL = 10 log10 " in A + out +
+
D &
c
Sin
Sin
#$ 4Sout
#'
36
Wi
Wr
#% ( A B +#! p2
& =*
-"
#' ) C D ,#$ S2 u2
#%
&
#'
Anechoic
Termination
Wt
#! p1
"
#$ S1u1
#" C0
p1 = p+a + pa
p+a pa
c
p2 = p+b
Wt =
2
p+b
S2
c
TL = 10 log
p
u2 = +b
c
ZT
#! A Z S + B ZT Z S + C + D ZT %#
IL = 20 log10 "
&
$# A0 Z S + B0 ZT Z S + C0 + D0 ZT #'
Wi
Wt
SPL2
Muffler
ZS
p2
Wi = +a S1
c
u1 =
38
Source Impedance
ZT
! A B $
&
" C D %
[T ] = #
37
SPL1
ZS
B0 $
&
D0 %&
[T0 ] = #
A B
C D
Attenuating
Element
(i.e. Load)
Acoustic
Source
Muffler
Reflected from
open end
Engine
Reflected from muffler
Source
ps
39
p1 p2
pL
ps
p
= L
zs + z L z L
zL
40
Source/Load Concept
Transfer Impedance
Incident Wave
uL
zs
Reflected from
muffler
Reflected from
Attenuating Element
Load
Source
zs , ps
Load
zL , pL
L2
L1
zt , pt
Muffler
Reflected Wave
u1 = u2
Transmitted Wave
ztr
p1
zs
p2
ps
ztr =
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
pL
p1 p2
Su
41
zL
IL = f (TL, zs , zt )
pt = f (TL, zs , zt , ps )
42
ps
p
= L = SuL
zs + z L z L
50
40
Source
IL (dB)
30
zs
20
Load
uL
10
0
ps
-10
-20
pL
ps = SuL zs + pL
zL
zs =
-30
0
200
400
600
Frequency (Hz)
800
43
1000
Load
SuL zL = Sus
uL
us
zs
pL
45
zT =
B0 $
&
D0 &%
B
p2
zT
p1 = ps S1u1zS
"
p %
= ps zS $ Cp2 + D 2 '
zT &
#
"
B
p %
p2 = ps zS $ Cp2 + D 2 '
zT
zT &
#
p2
1
=
ps A + 1 B + z C + zS D
S
zT
zT
Ap2 +
46
IL = 20 log
ps
Determined in same manner as prior slide
p2,no muffler
p2,muffler
=
A0 +
1
1
z
B0 + zS C0 + S D0
zT
zT
p2,muffler
1
=
1
z
ps
A + B + zS C + S D
zT
zT
!# A Z + B Z Z + C + D Z
%#
S
T S
T
IL = 20 log10 "
&
$# A0 Z S + B0 ZT Z S + C0 + D0 ZT '#
p2
1
=
ps A + 1 B + z C + zS D
0
0
S 0
0
zT
zT
47
p1 = Ap2 +
%#
&
#'
p2
p
S2 u2 = 2
S2 u2
zT
p2,no muffler
ZT
ZT
ZS
SPL2
!# p %# (
!
A B +# p2
1
"
& =*
-"
#$ S1u1 #' ) C D ,#$ S2 u2
p p
zS = s 1 p1 = ps S1u1zs
S1u1
pL
S (us uL )
Muffler
1
zs z L
= pL
zs + z L
zL
zs =
44
Source
ps pL
SuL
48
Summary 3
49