DC Biasing BJT

Chapter 4
DC Biasing
BiasingBJTs
Biasing
Biasing: The DC voltages applied to a transistor in

order to turn it on so that it can amplify the AC signal.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Operating Point
The DC input
establishes an
operating or
quiescent point
called the Q-point
point.


The Three States of Operation

Active or Linear Region Operation
BaseEmitter junction is forward biased
BaseCollector junction is reverse biased
Cutoff Region Operation
BaseEmitter junction is reverse biased
Saturation Region Operation
BaseEmitter junction is forward biased
BaseCollector junction is forward biased


DC Biasing Circuits
Fixed-bias circuit
Emitter-stabilized bias circuit
Collector-emitter loop
Voltage divider bias circuit
DC bias with voltage feedback


Fixed Bias


The BaseBase-Emitter Loop

From Kirchhoffs voltage
law:
+VCC IBRB VBE = 0
Solving for base current:

IB =
V CC V BE
RB


Collector--Emitter Loop
Collector
Collector current:
I C = I B
From Kirchhoffs voltage law:

VCE = VCC I C R C


Saturation
When the transistor is operating in saturation, current
through the transistor is at its maximum possible value.
I Csat
V CC
RC
VCE 0 V


Load Line Analysis

The end points of the load line are:
ICsat
IC = VCC / RC
VCE = 0 V
VCEcutoff
VCE = VCC
IC = 0 mA
The Q-point is the operating point:

where the value of RB sets the value of
IB
that sets the values of VCE and IC

Circuit Values Affect the QQ-Point
more

more



Emitter--Stabilized Bias Circuit

Emitter
Adding a resistor
(RE) to the emitter
circuit stabilizes
the bias circuit.


Base--Emitter Loop
Base
+ VCC - I E R E - VBE - I E R E = 0
Since IE = (
+ 1)IB:
VCC - I B R B - ( + 1)I B R E = 0
Solving for IB:

IB =
VCC - VBE
R B + ( + 1)R E


Collector
I R +V
+I R V
=0
E E
CE C C
CC
Since IE IC:
VCE = VCC I C (R C + R E )
Also:
VE = I E R E
VC = VCE + VE = VCC - I C R C
VB = VCC I R R B = VBE + VE


Improved Biased Stability

Stability refers to a circuit condition in which the currents and voltages
will remain fairly constant over a wide range of temperatures and
transistor Beta (
) values.
Adding RE to the emitter improves the stability of a transistor.


Saturation Level
The endpoints can be determined from the load line.

VCEcutoff:
ICsat:
VCE = VCC
I C = 0 mA

VCE = 0 V
IC =
VCC
RC + RE
Voltage Divider Bias
This is a very stable

bias circuit.
The currents and
voltages are nearly
independent of any
variations in .


Approximate Analysis
Where IB << I1 and I1 I2 :
VB =
R 2 VCC
R1 + R 2
Where RE > 10R2:

VE
RE
VE = VB VBE
IE =

VCE = VCC I C R C I E R E
IE IC
VCE = V CC I C (R C + R E )


Voltage Divider Bias Analysis

Transistor Saturation Level
V CC
I Csat = I Cmax =
RC + RE
Load Line Analysis

Cutoff:
Saturation:
VCE = VCC
I C = 0mA

VCC
IC =
RC + RE
VCE = 0V

DC Bias with Voltage Feedback

Another way to
improve the stability
of a bias circuit is to
add a feedback path
from collector to
base.
In this bias circuit
the Q-point is only
slightly dependent on
the transistor beta, .


Base--Emitter Loop
Base
VCC I C R C I B R B VBE I E R E = 0
Where IB << IC:

I' = I + I I
C C B
C
Knowing IC = IB and IE IC, the loop

equation becomes:
VCC I B R C I B R B VBE I B R E = 0
Solving for IB:

IB =
VCC VBE
R B + (R C + R E )


Collector
Applying Kirchoffs voltage law:
IE + VCE + ICRC VCC = 0
Since I
IC IC and IC = IB:
IC(RC + RE) + VCE VCC =0
Solving for VCE:
VCE = VCC IC(RC + RE)


Base--Emitter Bias Analysis

Base
Transistor Saturation Level
V CC
I Csat = I Cmax =
RC + RE
Load Line Analysis

Cutoff:
VCE = VCC
I C = 0 mA
Saturation:
V
CC
I =
C R +R
C
E
VCE = 0 V


Transistor Switching Networks

Transistors with only the DC source applied can be used
as electronic switches.


Switching Circuit Calculations

Saturation current:
I Csat =
VCC
RC
To ensure saturation:
IB >
I Csat
dc
Emitter-collector resistance
Emitterat saturation and cutoff:
R sat =
VCEsat
I Csat
R cutoff =
VCC
I CEO


Switching Time
Transistor switching times:
t on = t r + t d
t off = t s + t f


Troubleshooting Hints
Approximate voltages
VBE .7 V for silicon transistors
VCE 25% to 75% of VCC
Test for opens and shorts with an ohmmeter.
Test the solder joints.
Test the transistor with a transistor tester or a curve tracer.
Note that the load or the next stage affects the transistor operation.


PNP Transistors
The analysis for pnp transistor biasing circuits is the same
as that for npn transistor circuits. The only difference is that
the currents are flowing in the opposite direction.



DC Biasing BJT

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

DC Biasing BJT

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Chapter 4

Biasing: The DC voltages applied to a transistor in

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The Three States of Operation

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The BaseBase-Emitter Loop

Solving for base current:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

From Kirchhoffs voltage law:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Load Line Analysis

The Q-point is the operating point:

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Circuit Values Affect the QQ-Point

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Circuit Values Affect the QQ-Point

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Circuit Values Affect the QQ-Point

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Emitter--Stabilized Bias Circuit

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Solving for IB:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Improved Biased Stability

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The endpoints can be determined from the load line.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Voltage Divider Bias

This is a very stable

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Where RE > 10R2:

From Kirchhoffs voltage law:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Voltage Divider Bias Analysis

Load Line Analysis

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

DC Bias with Voltage Feedback

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Where IB << IC:

Knowing IC = IB and IE IC, the loop

Solving for IB:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e