Bullets Fired from a rifled will have more energy than similar bullets

fired from a handgun. Why?

With a longer barrel, rifles can develop higher velocities at lower
pressures relative to a handgun, which requires more pressure (faster
burning powder) to develop high velocities in a short barrel. Rifle
rounds such as the .223 have a higher sectional density than handgun
rounds and will penetrate more deeply, and in this particular example .
223 has a tendency to yaw after hitting a target. Heavier bullets in the
more powerful .308 have more mass and retain more of their velocity
over longer distances and through light cover, obstructions, a tough
target, etc.
In a vacuum a 9mm and a 5.56 round fired at the same time would hit
the ground at the same time, a distance apart. In reality air resistance
takes over and the 9mm would likely hit the ground first due to the
higher ballistic coefficient of the 5.56 round (it more readily overcomes
air resistance).

Explain, Why bullets are slightly larger in diameter than a gun bore?
The bullet is SLIGHTLY larger, to make it really lock up with the rifling. If
it were the exact same as the hole, it wouldn't be any better than
smooth bore.
Explain, The purpose of cutting a spiral grooves inside the gunbore?
Lands are the raised portions between the grooves inside the barrel
after the spiral grooves are cut to produce the rifling. Spiral grooves
are cut into the inside of a gun bore so that it may cause a projectile to
rotate about its long axis and travel through a longer and truer
trajectory when fired.

State the principles of firearms Identification

The basis for firearms identification is founded on uniqueness: upon
close examination, virtually all objects can be distinguished from one
another, and the same is true for firearms. Fortunately for criminal
investigators, the uniqueness of each firearm transfers to the cartridge
case and bullet whenever the weapon is fired. This has been proven
through physical sciences including physics, metallurgy, metallography
and materials science.
The firearms surfaces (firing pin/striker, breach, barrel, etc.) that
contact the softer cartridge case and bullet contain random, unique,
microscopic irregularities that make it different from other firearms even those of the exact same model. These differences can be used to
identify or eliminate a weapon as being used in a crime, if a cartridge
case or bullet is recovered at the crime scene. This is done by
comparing the markings made on the cartridge cases or bullets when
fired, using the firearms examiners key tool: the comparison
microscope. In conjunction with this, the examiner has the ability to
explain how a firearm functions and what safety features a firearm
might have. This can have an impact on investigations of suicides,
unintentional shootings and accidental firearm discharge.
General Rifling Characteristics
There are several general characteristics associated with firearms that
can help lead the investigation. These include the caliber (bore
diameter) of the barrel, the number and dimension of the grooved
impressions inside a gun barrel, and the direction of the twist of these
rifling grooves (clockwise or counterclockwise).

To help stabilize the flightpath of a bullet, manufacturers cut spiral

grooves into the gun barrel. This pattern of grooves on the barrel
leaves corresponding raised and lowered areas on the surface of the
bullets fired from it. Measuring the number and width of these gross
impressions can help firearms examiners narrow the range of possible
weapons to a particular class of firearm.
Individual Characteristics
While general characteristics can lead investigators to conclude that
the bullet or cartridge was fired from a particular class of firearm, such
as a .45 caliber revolver, other more specific marks can help identify
the make and model of firearm that was used. These individual
characteristics can be marks produced by random imperfections during
manufacturing or irregularities caused by use, corrosion or damage.
Explain, why lead bullets need to be jacketed with copper.
Copper is used in the gilding metal, a copper-zinc alloy. This is a thin
jacket around the bullet (which is usually mainly made of lead). It's
purpose is to protect the barrel from fouling caused by the soft lead.
Bullets are actually slightly smaller than the bore of the barrel in the
gun. As the bullet moves down the barrel this causes the rifling in the
barrel to bite into the bullet and impart some spin onto it. If the hard
steel rifling was cutting into the extremely soft lead you'd get a lot of
lead left in the barrel, which is obviously not good. The gilding metal
jacket of the bullet acts as a sort of lubricant, it's hard and smooth
enough to not leave loads of crud in the barrel, but soft enough to
deform easily when it reaches the rifling.

How do determined the caliber of a gun?

When a bullet is submitted for comparison to a firearm, one of the first
examinations conducted will be to determine the bullet's caliber.
Caliber is a term used to indicate the diameter of a bullet in
hundredths of an inch. A bullet that is 30 hundredths of an inch (.30) in
diameter is called a 30 caliber bullet.

Enumerate the four divisions of ballistics and define each.

a. ) INTERIOR BALLISTICS traits of the motion of the

projectiles while still in the fi rearm, namely the studies of
combustion of the powder, pressure developed and velocity.
b. ) EXTERIOR BALLISTICS traits of the motion of the
projectiles after leaving the muzzle namely trajectory,
velocity, range penetration, etc.
c. ) TERMINAL BALLISTICS traits of the eff ects of the
projectile on impact on the target.
d. ) FORENSIC BALLISTIC the science of fi rearms
identifi cation by means of the ammunition fi red through
them.

Differentiate the following: Smooth-bore and Rifled-bore

Smooth-bore weapons have barrels with interiors that are perfectly

smooth. When the weapon fires, the smooth surface allows projectiles
to move quickly down the length of the barrel. Smooth-bore barrels are
well-suited for firing multiple projectiles at the same time. On the other

hand, rifled-bore weapons fire a single projectile. The interior of the

barrel has spiraling grooves cut into the metal. As the projectile moves
down the length of the barrel, the grooves grab the sides of the
projectile, imparting a spin in the process. This spin stabilizes the
projectile in flight and trajectory.

Define the following : Ballistics and Forensic Ballistics

Ballistics is the science of mechanics that deals with the launching,

flight, behavior, and effects of projectiles, especially bullets, gravity
bombs, rockets, or the like; the science or art of designing and
accelerating projectiles so as to achieve a desired performance.

Forensic ballistics is the examination of evidence relating to firearms

at a crime scene, including the effects and behavior of projectiles and
explosive devices. Aforensic ballistics expert matches bullets,
fragments, and other evidence with the weapons of alleged suspects or
others involved with a case.