Referencebooks:

DigitalSignalProcessing:APracticalApproach

byIfeachor &Jervis
DigitalSignalProcessing:Principles,Algorithms&
Applications
b P ki &Menolakis
byProakis
&M
l ki

Syllabus:
IntroductiontoDigitalSignalProcessing(DSP): Digitalsignalsandsystems:
O
ti
i di it l i
l
i th
fDSP
l t di it l
Operationsindigitalsignalprocessing,thescopeofDSP,analogtodigital
conversion,frequencyDomainEffectsofSampling:Periodicrepetitionsin
frequencydomainduetosamplingintimedomain,recoveryofcontinuous
g
p
g
timesignalfromitssamples(reconstruction),roleofantialiasingand
reconstructionfilters,examplesofaliasedsignals(showhowwaveformis
distorted),impulseresponse,finiteimpulseresponse(FIR)andinfinite
impulseresponse(IIR)ofdiscretetimesystems,differenceequation.
Di
DiscreteTransformations:
t T
f
ti
Di
DiscreteFourierseries,theDiscreteTimeFourier
t F i i th Di
t Ti F i
Transform,discreteFouriertransform(DFT)andfastFouriertransform(FFT):
Forwardandinversetransforms;coefficientordering;timeandfrequency
resolution;periodicextension,zeropaddingandmoduloMreduction;
;p
,
p
g
;
propertiesoftheDFT,circularconvolution;CooleyTukey decomposition,
recursiveapplication,radix2FFTs,timeandfrequencydecimation,
computationalcomplexity.
IIRfil
IIRfilters
specifications,designusingimpulseinvariant,bilinearz
ifi i
d i i i
l i
i
bi li

transformation,leastsquaremethods,linearphase,Butterworth,Chebychev ,
InverseChebychev ,Besselandellipticfilters,finiteprecisioneffectsin
p
g g
implementingdigitalfilters.

Signal (Proakis 1.1)

A signal is defined as any physical quantity that contains
some kind of information or data and varies with time,
space or any other independent variable or variables.
variables
Mathematically, we describe a signal as a function of
one or more independent variables. Ex. ECG, Audio,
Image, video etc.
System (Proakis 1.1)
1 1)
A system may be defined as a physical device that
performs an operation on a signal.
signal Ex.
Ex Filter.
Filter

Signal processing (Proakis 1.1)

Si
l processing
i
i a method
th d off extracting
t ti
i f
ti
Signal
is
information
from the signal which in turn depends on the type of
g
signal
and the nature of information it carries . Thus
signal processing is concerned with representing signals
in mathematical terms and extracting the information by
carrying
i outt the
th algorithmic
l ith i operations
ti
on the
th signal.
i
l
Advantages
g of DSP over ASP (Ifeachor 1.1)
Guaranteedaccuracy.
Perfectreproducibility.
Nodriftinperformancewithtemperatureorage.
AdvancedsemiconductortechnologymadeDSPreliable,
smallsize,lowcost,lowpowerconsuming,andhigh
speedy.

 Greaterflexibility,reprogrammable,reconfigurable.

Superiorperformance complexalgorithmscanbe
Superiorperformance,complexalgorithmscanbe
implementedwhichisnotpossiblewithASP.
LimitationsofDSP
Speedandcost:canbeexpensive,especiallyforlarge
p
p
p
y
g
bandwidthsignals.
Designtime:DSPdesigncanbetimeconsumingifthe
necessaryresourcesarenotavailable.
l bl
Finitewordlengthproblem:Inrealtimesituation,
DSPalgorithmsareimplementedusingsomelimited
bits.

Applications
pp
The main applications of DSP are audio signal
processing, audio compression, digital image processing, video
compression,
speech
speech
digital
i
h processing,
i
h recognition,
iti
di it l
communications, RADAR, SONAR, seismology and biomedici
ne. Specific examples are speech compression and
transmission in digital mobile phones, room correction of
sound in hifi and sound reinforcement applications, weather
forecasting, economic forecasting, seismic data processing,
analysis and control of industrial processes, medical
imaging
such
as
CATscans
and MRI,
MRI MP3 compression,
compression computer graphics,
graphics image
manipulation, hifi loudspeaker crossovers and equalization,
and audio effects for use with electric guitar amplifiers.

ApplicationareasofDSP
I

i
Imageprocessing
patternrecognition,roboticvision,image

,
,
p,
enhancement,facsimile,satelliteweathermap,
animation

Instrumentation/control
spectrumanalysis,positionandratecontrol.Noise
reduction,datacompression
Speech/audio
speechrecognition,speechsynthesis,texttospeech,
digitalaudio,equalization
g
, q
Military
Securecommunication,radarprocessing,sonar
pr0cessing,missileguidance

 Telecommunications
Echocancellation,adaptiveequalization,spread
Echocancellation adaptiveequalization spread
spectrum,videoconferencing,datacommunication
Biomedical
Patientmonitoring,scanners,EEGbrainmapper,ECG
analysis,Xraystorage/enhancement
Consumerapplications
Digitalcellularmobilephones,UMTS,HDTV,digital
cameras,internetphone,musicandvideo,digital
answermachine,fax,modem,voicemailsystem.Play

hi f d
i il
Pl
station,activesuspensionincars.

x(t)

Input
filter

ADCwith
sample
dh ld
andhold

Digital
processor

DAC

Output
filter

TypicalrealtimeDSPsystem(Jervis2.1)
Theanaloginputfilterisusedtobandlimittheanalog
h
l
fl
d b dl
h
l
inputsignaltoreducealiasing.
ForwidebandwidthsignalsorslowADC,asampleand
ForwidebandwidthsignalsorslowADC asampleand
holdcircuitisused.
Afterdigitalprocessingintheprocessor,theDAC
convertstheprocessedsignalbackintoanalogform.
h
d i
lb ki
l f
TheoutputfiltersmoothesouttheoutputoftheDAC
andremovesunwantedhighfrequencycomponents.
andremovesunwantedhighfrequencycomponents
Microprocessor(MotorolaMC68000),DPS(Texas
InstrumentsTMS320C6416,MotorolaDSP5600)are
theheartofthesystem.
h h
f h

(t)
y(t)

KeyDSPOperations
ey S Ope at o s
Convolution
Correlation
Filtering
Transformation
Modulation

Convolution
Aconvolutionisanintegralthatexpressestheamount

p
ofoverlapofonefunction
asitisshiftedoveranother
function .

Three-Steps of Linear Convolution

o a y g e , o to obta
Foranygivenn,howtoobtain
y ( n)

M 1

k 0

h(k ) x(n k ) h(k ) x(n k ),

Step1:timereversalofeithersignal(e.g.,f(k)f(k) )
Step2:shiftf(k) bynsamplestoobtainf(nk)
Step3:multiplyh(k) andf(nk) foreachk andthentake

thesummationoverk
Note
You need to change variable n to get the whole sequence.

EE465:IntroductiontoDigitalImageProcessing

13

1DLinearConvolution
f(n)=[1234]

h(n)=[11]

4
1

3
2
1

o
1

o
origin

EE465:IntroductiontoDigitalImageProcessing

14

Step1:TimeReversal
h(k)=[11]

h(k)=[11]

o
1

EE465:IntroductiontoDigitalImageProcessing

15

Step2:Shift
h(k)h(1k)
h(2k)

11 n=0
11

n=1
n=2
4
3

f(k) [
f(k)=[1234]
]

1
o
EE465:IntroductiontoDigitalImageProcessing

16

Step3:MultiplyandAdd
g(2)=1
g(0)=1
g(1)=1
1

11
11 n=0

o
n
n=2
n=12
4

3
2

f(k) [
f(k)=[1234]
]

1
o
EE465:IntroductiontoDigitalImageProcessing

17

FinalResult
f(n)=[1234]

h(n)=[11]

g(n)=[11114]
IfthelengthsoftwoinputsignalsareN1 andN2 respectively,
thelengthoftheoutputsignalwillbeN1+N21.

EE465:IntroductiontoDigitalImageProcessing

18

Correlation
Crosscorrelationisameasureofthesimilaritiesor

sharedpropertiesbetweentwosignals.
h d
b
l
Applications:detection/recoveryofsignals
buriedinnoise patternmatching delay
buriedinnoise,patternmatching,delay
measurementetc
Autocorrelationfunctioninvolvesonlyonesignaland
Auto correlationfunctioninvolvesonlyonesignaland
providesinformationaboutthestructureofthesignal
oritsbehaviorinthetimedomain.
Applications:identifyinghiddenperiodicities

Auto Correlation example

AutoCorrelationexample

Autoco
orrelation

Am
mplitude

Sinwave of frequency
q
y 1000Hz [[FS=8000Hz]]
1
0
-1

200

3
4
Time, [s]
Autocorrelation function of the sinewave

1000

1200

1000
0
-1000

400

600
lags
g

800

Filtering
Filteringistheprocessofremovingtheunwantedpart

ofasignal.
Filteringistheconvolutionofthesignalandthefilters

impulseresponse

Discretetransformation
Conversionofsignalfromtimedomaintofrequency

domainandviceversa.
DFT
FFT
DCT
WaveletTransform
W l tT
f

Modulation
ASK
PSK
FSK
PCM