BOTANY 105

08/09/16
A. INTRODUCTION
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Tree of Life:
o Clade: phylogenetic group of
organisms sharing a characteristic
Eukaryotes:
o Linear DNA bound to histones
(protein where DNA strand coil; for
a shorter chromatin)
While for Prok: DNA is
thread like spread in the
cytoplasm
o Mitosis: division of somatic cell;
but do not totally separate with
each
other
(because
of
plasmodesmata
&
symplast
making them multicellular)
o Membrane bound organelles
o Mitochondria
(product
of
endosymbiosis)
Endosymbiosis: eukaryotic
organism
engulfing
a
prokaryotic organism (same
with chloroplast)
Green chloroplast modified: brown, red,
etc.
Green algae : chlorophyll A only
True plants: with chlorophyll A & B

GREEN ALGAE
A. Chlorophyta
B. Streptophyta
a. Zygnematales: closest relative to
plants based on protein contents
(2016 pub)
b. Charales: closest relative of land
plants (embryophytes)
c. Coleochatales
EMBRYOPHYTES (land plants)
A. Bryophytes / Non-Tracheophytes
No xylem & phloem (nonvascular)
Also with conducting tissue but are not
similar with tracheids and vessels;
conducting tissue are not lignified
Groups:
1. Hornworts
2. Mosses
3. Liverworts
B. Tracheophytes (vascular plants)
1. Spore-bearing plants (Monilophytes)
2. seed-producing plants (gymnosperm &
angiosperm)

GREEN PLANTS
Characteristics:
o Eukaryotic
o Cellulosic cell wall (also with
polysaccharides)
o Autotrophic: ability to synthesize
energy-rich molecules (source of
energy)
Photosynthetic:
from
suns energy; exhibited by
plants
Chemosynthetic: for some
organisms
o Chloroplast
Presence of thylakoids
Thylakoids: doublemembraned;
compartment where
light
gathering
reactions/photosynth
esis occurs
Grana system: inside are
chlorophyll pigments (CA &
CB)
Chloroplast
modifications:
Chromoplast:
carotenoids
Etioplast: inactive
chloroplast; it will
only be activated in
the presence of sun
(observed
when
thylakoids
are
becoming green
Proteinoplast/prot
eoplast:
protein
storage
Elioplast:
fat
storage
Proplastids:
plastids
in
the
meristem
o Multicellular
(no
plants
are
unicellular!)
o Starch:
stored
energy-rich
molecules or photosynthates
Alternation of Generation:

A. Bryophytes:
o Dominant gametophyte stage
o If they produce sporophyte, it is
still dependent on gametophyte
(the sporo still attached to the
gameto)
B. Ferns, Flowering Plants, Cone-bearers
o Dominant
sporophyte
stage
(independent
of
their
gametophyte)
Other Acquired
Plants:

Characteristic

of

Green

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

1. Lycophytes: unique leaves & roots
Microphyll (leaf with singlestrand of vascular tissue
2. Psilophytes: fused three-lobed sporangia
called synangium
3. Sphenophytes: ribbed stems; reduced
whorled leaves;
Equisetum (horsetail) :
nodes are easily cut
4. Ferns: rolling and unrolling of young
leaves called crozier or fiddlehead

1.
2.
3.
4.

SEEDS
o Where embryo is found
o Naked in conifers and ginkgos
o In angiosperm, enveloped in tissue
(fruit)
o Conifers,
ginkgos,
cycads,
&
angiosperms
Conifers: needle-like leaves
Ginkgos: fan-shaped leaves
Cycads: round seeds
Angiosperm:
flowers;
fruit-bearing;
double fertilization

Double fertilization: pollen will

produce 2 sperm nuclei:
sperm
nucleus
+
egg
nucleus = embryo (2n)
sperm nucleus + polar
nucles = endosperm (3n)

Unique Features of Green Plants

Chloroplast
o Chlorphyll a (primitive) & b
o Thylakoid stacked in grana
o Starch

I.

EMBRYOPHYTA (Land Plants)

a. They developed an embryo
Embryo:
developing
organism inside a protective
maternal tissue (evolution
of maternal care)
b. Alternation of Generation
o Why does land plants need to
undergo AG?
To
avoid
dessication
because its water that
makes
them
turgid
to
support the body
If water is available,
gametophyte stage is
favored because it is
needed by the sperm to
swim
inside
the
archegonium towards the
egg cell
During
dry
season,
sporophyte generation is
favored
because
sporophyte
is
able
to
produce
spore
and
distribute
it
to
the
environment
These spores can be
dormant (protected
by
sporopollenin);
will germinate again
in the presence of
water
c. Internalization of water
Acquired cuticle in response to
dessication; thus absorption of
water can only be absorbed by
roots
Development
of
tracheary
elements (with lignified walls)
o Tracheary
elements:
phenolic
compounds
deposited to their walls to
be rigid

II.
1.

2.

3.
4.

Development of xylem
o Xylem: also lignified for
mechanical support; usually
in the middle in roots and
primitive stem; center to
surrounding for support
Exaptation:
adaptive trait had
gained other function
d. Protection from UV light
Function of cuticle
e. Need for structural support
From creeping upright; thus,
additional support is needed
secondary xylem, periderm and
specialized epidermis
In aquatic environment, additional
support is not needed because
water pressure already provides
support
MAJOR
PLANT
GROUPS
OF
EMBRYOPHYTES
Division Bryophyta
Mosses: all are leafy
Liverworts:
o 2 classes:
Thallose:
form
dorsoventrally
flattened
Leafy: leafy form
***thallus:
n
(gametophyte
body) ; in algae
Hornworts: all are thalloid
Division Pteridophyta
Ferns & fern allies
o Equisetum (fern ally)
Division Coniferophyta
Division Magnoliophyta
Flowering plants
Monocots/ dicots

Photosynthetic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

Engulfed by eukaryotic organism
Became chloroplast
Became colonial
Became filamentous
multicellular parenchymatous
pseudoparenchymatous

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms

changed the earth:
o Changed climates
o Altered soil
o Allowed all other multicellular life
to evolve
08/11/16
-

PLANT TERRESTRIALIZATION

Terrestrialization: colonization of land habitat

from sea by plants and animals

Photosynthetic organisms made the

atmosphere rich in O2; thus
Formation of soil

Plasmodesmata: connection
between 2 adjacent cells Evidence that
of
Symplast: cytoplasm
multicellularit
y

Also true for animals: tight junctions

Chlorobionta
(greenplants)

Why study plants?

-

3rd most important event in the history

of life on Earth
o Origin
o Development of multicellularity

T
eEmbryophyta
r(Land Plants)

r
e
s
t
r
i
a
l Life in the Precambrian
Evidences: migration from aquatic
terrestrial
o Widespread occurrence of
Precambrian cyanobacteria in
better, preserved ,
nonterrestrial environments;
o Cyanobacteria are common on
stressed land surfaces today

In the beginning.
o Green algae: 1st plants; still
thrive in a range of aquatic
habitats today
Not all members are
members of Kingdom
Plantae: only the
multicellular green algae
are members

Significant Points:
1. ~480 to 430 mya: freshwater, green,
filamentous algae invaded the land
Probably isomorphic :
To protect their
alternation of generations
gametes for their
Probably heterotrichous
population to
cont. grow
2. Selection favors individuals more
able to
withstand periods without submergence
(e.g. at pond, on wet mud)
Lower forms of plants have a
dessication tolerance not found in
higher land plants: attributed to lea
protein (observed in bryophytes;
believed to be an ancestral trait)

2.
3.

4.

Problems needed to be addressed

by land plants:
1. Stability in substrate
o Stay in one are from absorbed
nutrients
o Anchorage

o Rhizoids:
like holdfast of algae
(but not for absorption
processes)
similar with roothairs
simple or unicellular /
branching
non-vascularized
in Bryophytes, not
designed with
absorption because it is
not provided with cuticle
; thus, they can easily be
dessicated ; bidirectional

Roots:
Should protect their
body from dessication;
Cuticle: thus, they
cannot absorb nutrients
directly from
environment

True organs (with 3

tissue system: dermal,
ground, vascular)
Minimize water loss
Prevent damage caused by UV
rays
o Cuticle: composition
Phenolic compounds
that does not allow
movement of water
Made of cutin, waxes, &
pectin
Structure in several
layers:
Waxes: vary
dependent on
taxa
Cutin layer
Permits gas exchange that
minimizes water loss
o Cuticle cannot permit gas
exchange, thus pores are
developed to allow gas
exchange
o Air pores in Marchantia
(liverwort)
Permanent open pores
(with no guard cells)
Present in moist
environment
o Stomata in Anthoceros
(hornworts)
Regulated opening by
guard cells that
surround the stomatal
pore
Elevated sporophyte
(with cuticle): thus
opening needed to be
regulated
o Stomata in Angiosperms
Limited Water Supply
Water responsible for turgidity
Mosses:
o Not in close contact with the
ground, thus developed
rhizoids
o Rhizoids: resembles tracheary
cells but are not lignified;
ventrally located
o Thus, they need a conducting
system
No lignified
o Elongated cells in caulid:
walls
Hydroid: xylem-like ;
conduct water
Leptoid: phloem-like;
for photosynthesis

5.

Ferns: greater in height

o Xylem already developed; like
hydroids with lignin (lignin
provide vertical conduction of
water + support)

6. Develop support tissues

Secondary xylem
Periderm

ADAPTATIONS to addressed the

problems
1. Modification of the Life Cycle
(sporophyte, seeds)
2. Organ diversification (roots and leaves)
3. Appearance of complex phenolic
compounds (lignin, flavonoids)
o Lignin: Emphasize on xylem
leading to vascularization
o Sporophyte: spores only
o Seed:
Protect the embryo
Which is also dependent
on water
Protected by seed coat,
sporopollenin
o Leafy liverwort + some mosses
are one cell thick
o Flavonoids: for defense in
response to pathogenic attacks

4. Vascularization

5. Acculumation of new compounds

(cutin, suberin)
Cutin & suberin to prevent
dessication + UV
Cuticle: upper surface of epidermis
Suberin: cork cells; deposited in
phellem cells (developed in periderm
which replaces the epidermis);
replaces the function of cuticle
6. Development of Specialized Cells
Trichomes:
o
supplements cuticle; reduces
SA exposed to heat/dessication
o Can also secretory, glandular
for defense mechanisms of
plants producing irritants to
prevent pathogens
7. Establishment of symbiotic
interaction
E.g. Rhizoids can house microrrhizal
fungi
o Inc. the SA of the rhizoid & also
contribute to absorption of
water
E.g. nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root
nodules
HIGHLIGHT IN PLANT EVOLUTION
1. Ordovician (~472 MYA):Additional
liverwort
cryptopores (fossilized spores)
mechanical
o Liverwort first to invade
the land*
support
st
2. Silurian (~425 MYA): 1 land plants
(cuticle, gametangia, vascular tissues);
fern allies
3. Devonian (~400 MYA): seedless
vascular plants (true ferns)
4. Late Devonian (~360 MYA): seed plant embryo with food & a coat
5. Evolution of gymnosperms: coexist
with ferns
6. Evolution of angiosperms*

Evolutionary trends: GREEN ALGAE TO

LAND PLANTS
I.
Apormophic: a derived/specialized
characteristics
o Cellulosic cell wall
o Chloroplast
Cont. chlorophyll a and b
Have thylakoids stacked
into a grana
Starch as stored
Plesiomorphic: primitive characteristics
II.
Synapomorphic (shared advanced
characteristics)
For Charophytes & Land Plants

o
o

Plasmodesmata: evidence of
multicellularity

single cell -mitosis->

multicellular
Grow by means of a single
apical cell
With specialized made &
female gametangia
Charales: antheridia &
oogonia
Land Plants: archegonia and
antheridia
Parenchyma (at nodal part of
Chara)

2. Seedless (nonvascular) seeds

(vascular)
All NV are spore-bearers except fern and
fern allies but seedless
3. Motile sperm pollen
4. Naked seeds (gymnosperms) seeds
in flowers (angiosperms)
STELLAR EVOLUTION

Necessary to support increase diameter

and height of the plant body
Became progressively more complex with
time

CHAROPHYTA

Oogonia vs Antherium
o Oogonia: helical covering
o Antheridia: no helical covering
Chara believed to be the closest relative
of land plants based on morphology
but a 2016 article said that
Zygnematales are the closest relative of
land plants based on observed protein
and gene expression

Dicot : capacity to grow secondary xylem;

thus, in bundles
Monocot: distribute its vascular bundles

3 Types of Stele

Evolutionary trends: NON-VASCULAR

TO VASCULAR PLANTS
1.
Dominant gametophyte (Nonvascular)

Dominant sporophyte (vascular)

Angiosperms:
o Ovule: egg production & haploid
cells
o Anther: pollen grain production by
2 sperm nuclei

1. Protostele:
Earliest stele found in fossils
Composed of solid strand of vascular
tissue in which phloem either surrounds
the xylem or is interspersed to it
2. Siphonostele
Made up of Xylem and Phloem forming a
cylinder around a central core filled with
pith
3. Eustele
Appears to be the most complex of the
structure
Composed of distinct strands of P and X
separated by parenchyma tissue

EVOLUTION OF LEAVES

leaf-like structure and true leaves

appeared from mid-to-late Devonian
(~390-345 MYA)
there are 2 forms of true leaves
o microphyll: leaf with single strand
of vascular tissue
o megaphyll: leaf with more than
one strand of vascular tissue
1. MICROPHYLL
Associated with protostele
2 theories:
o Enation Theory: evolved from
spiny stems of early land plants
o Telome theory: reduction from
once forked side branches which
became a line
2. MEGAPHYLL
Neighboring branches develop webbing or
growth of tissue in between
Associated with siphonostele or eustele
In response to the massive reduction in
atmospheric CO2; thus, development of
greater SA to maximize CO2 absorption

o
o

Cryptogams & phanerogams: not considered

as a formal taxonomic category; used only
referring only to group of plants; for convenience
only

CRYPTOGAMS vs PHANEROGAMS
gamus : reproduction
CRYPTOGAMS
spore-bearing
Do not have visible
reproductive organs

PHANEROGAMS
seed-bearing
Visible reproductive
organs

08/18/16

True organs (with

tissue systems)
Sporophyte>
gametophyte

Lichens:

o formal categories: KPCOFGS

stomata of cryptogams are similar to
phanerograms:
o e.g. Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)
o but some stomata of cryptogams
have modifications:
1. Cryptospore: guard cells will
cover the stomatal pore
2. Phanerophore: stomatal pore
exposed; not covered by guard
cells

HISTORY OF BRYOLOGY

Archegonia &
antheridia are
hidden in the
embedded
structure
Do not have true
organs (except fern
and fern allies)
Gametophyte >
sporophyte (except
fern and fern allies)

Foliose
Fruticose: with fruiting bodies
E.g. Cladonia, Usnea

not considered plants; greenish to grayish

in color
3 groups:
o Crustose: upper epidermis

Bryophytes: generic term/name for the

three groups of lower plants:
1. Mosses
2. Liverworts
3. Hornworts
Bryology: study of lower forms of plants

ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMANS

moss
Organisms of moss-like appearance
E.g. Lichens, some vascular plants, algae
and some invertebrate animals
liverworts
Any organism thought to resemble a liver
With curative properties for liver ailments

18TH CENTURY
a. J.J. Pillenius: Historia Musserum
(1971)
o Illustrators & short descriptions of
mosses (morphology based)

o
b.
o

c.
o
o
o

d.
o
o
o

e.
o

o
o
TH

19

Mnilum and Polytrichum: included

unrelated organisms
P.A. Micheli
Presented names and accurate,
illustrations of several liverworts
& Anthoceros
C.C. Schimidel
Recognized the function of
liverwort
Sporangium: interpreted the
antheridium as the male organ
Recognized the function of elaters
Elaters: spiral-like cells
connected with sporangial
wall; sensitive to
dessication; detach the wall
rupturing the sporangium
spore dispersal
C. Linnaeus
Utilized the names that Dillenius
had proposed
Treated mosses closely related to
vascular plants
Lycopodium (CN: club-mosses) to
mosses & algae, ro hepatics
Algae: dorsally flattened;
ventrally flattened thallus
Hepatics
J. Hedwig : Species Muscorum
Structure and function of antheridia
and archegonia (M & F
gametangia) & sporophyte
(reproductive & vegetative)
Differentiated mosses and
liverworts
Bryophyte life cycle

e. W.P. Schimper:
o Morphology and anatomy of
mosses
f. P.G. Lorentz:
o Developmental anatomy of mosses
g. N. Dringhseim
o Agospory in mosses
h. E.A. Strasburger
o Haploid and diploid phases in the
life cycle of plants
20th CENTURY

THE BRYOPHYTES

CENTURY

a. N.J. Necker
o Gemmae: vegetative part of
gametophyte
o Gemmae cup: cup-like structure
in gametophyte structure;
multicellular structure

One initial cell (apical cell) Mitosis (divide only;

not differentiated) producing multicellular body

Phylogenetic importance: forms a

monophyletic clade together with other
embryophytes
Diversity: second most diverse group of
land plants (20,000 species)
Role in ecosystem: made animal
terrestrialization possible (together with
Tracheophytes)
o Weathering process resulting to
formation of soil nutrient cycling
o Serve as houses for smaller
animals

Major Differences in Bryophytes

b. W. Hofuneisten
o Alternation of generation
o Basic affinities of bryophytes and
vascular archegoniates
c. F.J.A.N. Unger
o Function of sperm in bryophyte
d. C. Von Nageli
o Description of the apical cell in
bryophytes

Comprehensive manuals
Detailed research on many taxa
Phylogenetic system of classification of
mosses, based on sporophyte characters
(see pic)
Phylogeny of the hepatics
Artificial production of polyploids in
plants
Bryogeography : distribution of
Bryophytes & also the space and time
involved in the present distribution of
these organisms
Genetic analysis
Cytology of mosses

Bryophytes: Gametophyte stage

dominant over Sporophytic stage
o haploid dominance observed
o have extensive phenotypic
plasticity (capacity of a single
genotype to exhibit variable
phenotypes in different
environments)
e.g. Duranta
yellow color: in
presence of sunlight
green to dark color:
in low light

one genotype can express several

phenotypes
e.g. Bryophytes
Cu-rich: brownish to
reddish in colors;
thus, can serve as
biological inidicators
Poikilohydry and dessication
tolerance
Poikilohydry: rapid
equilibration of plants
water content to that of
surrounding environment;
thus, influences every
aspect of bryophyte biology
Bryophytes become
dormant during hot
weather
No control over
water
Dessication Tolerance:
ability of plant to avoid
dessication after being airdried at the cellular level;
not found in vascular plants
(thus, they need cuticle,
conducting tissue,
sporopollenin); primitive
charac.
Need for free water for
sexual reproduction
A residual feature of the
early land plants; a
constraint imposed by the
swimming sperm
Leads to frequent in
monoicious species and lack
of sporophyte production? In
dioicious species
Monoicious: for nonvascular plants ;
male and female
both in one plant;
both sperm and egg
in one gametophyte
Heavy reliance on asexual
reproduction due to difficulty
achieving fertilization, many
bryophytes have evolutionarily lost
functional sexually
E.g. liverwort: undergoes
fragmentation
Gemmae:
Since bryophyte grew from
an apical cell, somatic

mutation allows genetic

variation even within clones
E.g. some mosses:
ramets (see pic)
A. Division Anthocerophyta
(HORNWORTS) :
o ~ 150 species worldwide
B. Division Marchantiophyta
(LIVERWORTS)
o ~ 6,000 species
C. Division Bryophyta (MOSSES)
o ~12,800 species
08/23/16
DIVISION ANTHOCEROPHYTA (HORNWORTS)
Genera:
1. Anthoceros:
o Exposed to sun and shade
o On mineral soil, ditches, terraces,
irrigated sites
o Irregularly shaped; not bilaterally
symmetrical
o Compressed dark green smooth
surface
2. Dendroceros:
o Epiphytes (aerial) : usually found
in trunks
o ribbon shaped growth form
3. Phaeceros
o Mild climates
o Thallus flattened, with a rosette of
thalloid branches

Thallus of HORNWORTS (Anthoceros)

o dorsoventrally flattened commonly
forming a rosette
o
composed of thin walled cells
attached to the substratum by
smooth rhizoids
o Each of the cells of the thallus
contains a single large disc-shaped
chloroplast which frequently has a
pyrenoid body
o Pyrenoid body:
storage of photosynthates
storage of starch
associated always with
chloroplast

has mucilage-filled cavities

formed by breakdown of
group of cells; these cavities
are often invaded by bluegreen algae (Nostoc)
o sometimes has ventral pores
(slime pores) resembling stomata
in form
o sex organs although embedded in
the upper layers of the thallus
when mature formed from
superficial cells (see drawing)
o numerous antheridia often
originate with a single antheridial
chamber (see pic)
SPOROPHYTE is always a tapered horn
with no seta
o Sporangium is directly attached
to the thallus
o Sporophyte possesses a basal
intercalary meristem and has
indeterminate growth (see pic)
o Thallus calyptra which is part of
the gametophyte (n)
o Foot: point of attachment of
sporophyte to the gametophyte

The Sporophyte of Hornworts (anthoceros)

Shedding spores at the apex (facilitate

dispersal of the mature spores)
Differentiating new spores from the
intercalary meristem above the foot
Young sporophyte protected by the
thallus calyptra
The sporangium jacket (sporangial
wall/ protective wall of sporophyte) is
multistratose (have several layers of cells)
& frequently possesses a stomata
o Thallus: unistratose or one layer
of ccell
Sporophyte is provided with cuticle and
stomata inside: cylindric columella
(central column of cells) in the sporangium
The spores have hygroscopic
pseudoelaters
o Hygroscopic: prone to dessication

DIVISION MARCHANTIOPHYTA
(LIVERWORTS)
Growth Forms:
1. Leafy liverworts

2. Thallose growth form or Thalloid

liverwort

How liverworts gametophyte formed?

o They produced a protonema
o Protonema (filamentous juvenile
gametophyte) is usually reduced to
2 or 3 cells of the uniseriate germ
tube
o Protonema: filamentous juvenile
stage that precede the formation of
the gametophore
o Gametophyte is also anchored
with rhizoids (unicellular and are
not branched, although the tip is
sometimes knobbed)
o Protonemal phase produces no
gemmae (produced by the
gametophyte)
Gemmae: small vegetative
reproductive structure that
ultimately differentiates an
apical cell, producing a
gametophore
Gemmae apical cell
mitosis gametophyte
o Thallus air pores (thus, liverworts
are abundant only during the
presence of water in surface
because they are prone to
dessication)
1. LEAFY LIVERWORTS
o Have leaves in 2/3 (with
amphigastrial rows)
Succubous arrangement:
exposed basal part (inner
surface of leaves are seen)
Incubous arrangement:
hidden basal part; outer
surface shown
o Amphigastria: some liverworts
have 3rd row at the back; for
storage of water
o Phylids are unistratose; thus
prone to dessication
o Leaves are often lobed (*mosses
have no lobes at the tip)
o Leaves are unistratose and lack
a costa (all leafy liverworts)
o Leaf cells are commonly
isodiametric and frequently
possess trigones
Trigones: three-angled
structure; thickened bulging
cell wall that characterizes

the corners of some cells in

bryophytes
o Gametophore cells have oil
bodies
Oil bodies: associated with
dessication tolerance of
liverworts; taxonomically
significant
o Sex organs lack paraphyses
Paraphyses: filamentous
sterile structures intermixed
among the sex organs of
most mosses
o The jacket of the sporangium
never has stomata
sporangium
color black: no
photosynthetic
pigments; not
photosynthetic; thus
no stomata)
with seta
sporophyte usually opens by
4 longitudinal lines
(totally ruptured ; as
compared to hornworts
which only split at the tips)
one time dispersal (no
intercalary meristem)
o capsule inoperculate emerging
from an archegonial head
no operculum because
their manner of dispersal is
through splitting into
longitudinal lines
o no peristome teeth; within the
sporangium are sterile threadlike
hydoscopic cells with helical wall
thickenings called elaters
elaters: for dispersal if
exposed to dessication
o columella is absent
o the sporophyte generally persists
for a very brief period after the
spores are shed
o generally all spores in a
sporangium are shed at the same
time
o sporophyte usually produces a
colorless seta (thus, not
photosynthetic)
2 CLASSES OF LIVERWORTS:
a. Marchantiopsida (thallose)
b. Jungermanniopsida
o Metzgeriidae (mostly thallose)
o Jungermanniidae (mostly leafy)
ORDERS OF LIVERWORTS:

a. Takakiales: primitive leafy liverwort;

leaves divided into 2 or 3 segments;
rhizoids are absent; sporophytes unkown
b. Calobryales: primitive leafy liverwort;
leaves undivided; rhizoids absent; capsule
wall only one cell thick
c. Jungermanniales: leafy liverworts;
rhizoids present; capsule 2-10 cells thick
d. Metzgeriales: mostly thalloid liverworts;
thallus thin; capsule stalked
e. Sphaerocarpales: tiny thalloid;
antheridia and archegonia in sacs on the
upper surfaces
f. Marchantialles: thalloid liverworts;
thallus spongy; sporophytes are umbrellashaped receptacles or imbedded in thallus
DIVISION BRYOPHTA (MOSSES)

Most studied Bryophytes

Worldwide:
o possibly 10,000 species
(Edinburgh, 2014)
o 12,800 species (Crosby et al.,
2000)
Phil: 763 species, 239 genera (Linis & Tan,
2013)
Mosses do not receive much attention
because most mosses are small and
inconspicuous
~through years, the number of moss
species has been reduced to 20-40%
Important roles of mosses:
o In reducing erosion along streams
o Water and nutrient cycling in
tropical forests, &
o Insulating the arctic permafrost
Mosses store a lot of water and release
them during dry season; short life span
Ecological roles of mosses:
o Primary pioneers on bare and
disturbed ground
Pioneer: initially colonized
uninhabitable environment
o Act as sponge (because they
absorb water and make it available
during dry conditions)
o Act as house for some plants and
animals
o Provide a moist foothold for many
other plants such as ferns and
orchids in mossy forest
Traditional use:
o As bedding material
o Padding material
o Packing material
o Sphagnum

Use:

is major component of peat

used as fuel and compost
As horticultural substrate
As nappies and surgical
dressings because of its
absorbent and antiseptic
properties
In WWI, sphagnum were
shipped to the battle fronts
for medical use
Commercial harvesting of
mosses (for making wreath
and decorations) is now a
serious conservation issue
Precise indicators: due to
adaptive features to all
kinds of climate, substrates
and habitats
Tortella tortuosa:
limestone
Andreae &
Racomitrium:
acidic / granite rocks
Sphagnum: acid
bogs
Tomentypnum: rich
ferns
Ditrichum
plumbicola &
Grimma atrata:
metaliferous rock
and soil
Dicranoweisia
cirrata: pollution
levels (polluted)
Anitrichia
certipendula:
unpolluted area
(pollution sensitive);
specifically air
pollution

GROWTH HABITS

Stems = caulid (caulidia)

o Classification:

Based on the position of gametangia and

on stem branching
o Classification:
Acrocarpous: archegonia
develops at the tip of the
main stem; erect stem
Pleurocarpous:
archegonia develops
laterally at short branches

Gametophyte Formation:

Mosses GAMETOPHYTE

Acrocarpous: caulid is
erect
Pleurocarpous: caulid is
creeping
Leaves = phyllidia
o Arranged spirally****
o Paraphyllia: small chlorophyllose
unistratose organs on the stem,
along leaf bases
Rhizoids
o Branching rhizoids; some are
multicellular

The protonema is generally extensive,

branched, filamentous phase of the life
cycle, cross walls are often oblique
o Oblique formation will give the
spiral arrangement of the phyllid
Rhizoids
o Brown in color due to pigmented
walls
o Always multicellular and resemble
protonema without chlorophyll and
pigmented walls; also branching
Protonema produces gemmae
Gametophyte is always leafy, generally
spirally arranged in 3 rows
Have diverse leaf shapes (taxonomically
significant); also differ in their costa:
o Costate
o Acostate: no costa
o Excurrent
o Percurrent
Leaves are unistratose except the costa
may be single, double or absent (thus
costa appear thicker because of layers of
cells)
Leaf cells elongated (vary in shape:
square, rhomboidal or linear)
Gametangia intersped with sterile
filaments (paraphyses)
The capsule opens through a lid called the
operculum
o Annulus: prone to dessication

Mosses SPOROPHYTE

Foot, seta, sporangium

Sporangium (capsule): with calyptra,
operculum and peristome teeth
Sporangium jacket: with stomata
o Phanerophore
o Cryptophore
Peristome teeth surround the operculum
(PT appeared barred)
Columellate capsule
Seta of mosses are longer than liverworts
With calyptra
o Polytrichaceae (haircap
moss)
Spores are shed from the sporangium over
an extended period