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Learning Outcome 01
Lesson 01
SO- 01 Reasons for alternative
energy sources
Classes of Energy
POTENTIAL
Stored energy
or energy of
position
Gravitational, Stored
Mechanical, Nuclear,
Chemical
KINETIC
Energy of
motion
Motion, Electrical,
Sound, Radiant,
Thermal
Courtesy of NEED
Renewable Energy
1. ..2..3.
..
Fossil Fuels
Non-renewable
Accounts for
approximately
87% of the energy
consumed world
wide
Data on left
shows break
down of energy
consumed in the
year 2004
Created by the
decompisition of
organisms over time
with the assistance
of pressure and
heat.
Composed primarily
of carbons and
hydrocarbons
A barrel is equal to
44 - 45 gallons.
Typical products
from a barrel of
crude oil are broken
down on the left.
Looking ahead at
worldwide energy
consumption projections,
ns,
the predictions show a
steady increase upwards.
s.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_are_fossil_fuels_exhaustible_natural_resources
Day after day, the sun shines, the wind blows, and
the rivers flow
It is essentially
impossible to say.
Not all reserves have
been found.
Shifts in technology
constantly change
the supply and
demand of each
fossil fuel.
Earth is warming.
Earth's average temperature
has risen by 1.4F over the
past century, and is projected
to rise another 2 F or more
over the next 100 years.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab6jV4VBWZE
NASA
Class Discussion
Any Solution?
1- Alternative renewable energy
sources.
2- Reducing pollution
3- Life style change.
4- Energy efficiency
5- Awareness.
Is this achievable?
Yes- why?
No- Why?
reduce consumption
have near zero population growth
shift to renewable energy
reduce greenhouse gas emissions
reduce environmental pollution
reduce military expenditures.
What do you do as an individual?
Sustainable
(nondepletable)
found everywhere
across the world in
different types
nonpolluting
Can create large
number of jobs
Minimal effect on
global warming
variability
low density
higher initial cost
visual pollution, odor
from biomass,
Wildlife from wind
turbines
hydroelectric energy
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Heating
Transportation
Biofuel: gasoline
Conclusion
Nobody really has an accurate date as to when the
fossil fuels will be depleted, a lot depends on how
well we can manage what little we have left, and
how fast we can make the transition into alternate
sources
World Population
Learning Outcome 01
Lesson 02
SO- 02 Population growth and energy conservation
LIFESTYLE
Carpooling
AC Temperature reduction
(winter)
AC Temperature increase
(summer)
Shorter showers
Recycling materials
Global Warming
Climate Change 101 with Bill Nye
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtW2rrLHs08
Learning Outcome 01
Lesson 03
SO- 03
Explain global warming and the effect of greenhouse gases.
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Example of the
Greenhouse Effect
So what is a
greenhouse? How
does it work?
What has this got
to do with global
warming then??
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Difference
GLOBAL WARMING
is the increase of the Earths
average surface temperature due
to a build-up of greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere.
Climate
is the weather experienced by a
place over many years.
CLIMATE CHANGE
is a broader term that refers to
long-term changes in climate,
including average temperature
and precipitation.
Without
With
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Contribution
Source(s)
From burning coal and oil, and the removal of
vegetation
From air conditioners, refrigerators and aerosols
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CO
O2 Measurements Before 1958
8 - Antarctica
CO2 Atmospheric
Measurements
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Temperature
(Northern Hemisphere)
Year
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
CO2 Concentrations
Year
24
26
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Warmer
oceans
Area of Ice
30
Shrinking
Sea Ice
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Portage Glacier
GLOBAL WARMING: Sea Life
Alaska
GLOBAL WARMINGS NEGATIVE IMPACT ON SEA
LIFE
Coral Reef Bleaching
Change in temperature and elevated sea level cause
loss of algae in the coral.
Coral appears white, or bleached.
Result is mass death of sea animals, which are
dependent on the coral reef.
1914
2004
Rising of
Sea level
Average sea level around the world has been rising for
many years. In this graph, the shaded band shows the
likely range of sea level
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Wilder
Weather
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And Hurricanes
will become
more frequent,
intense and will
happen in
places that
currently do not
suffer them!
41
Colorado River
Arizona
June 2002
Dec 2003
42
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Tropical Diseases
It increases temperature
providing an ideal
breeding environment for
mosquitoes.
Dengue fever
Malaria
Yellow fever
Global
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Use less:
50
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Renewables
Compared with natural gas, which emits between 0.6 and 2 pounds
of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt-hour (CO2e/kWh), and
coal, which emits between 1.4 and 3.6 pounds of CO2e/kWh, wind
emits only 0.02 to 0.04 pounds of CO2e/kWh, solar 0.07 to 0.2.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_greenhousegas_emissions_of_energy_sources
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Simple Things To Do
Turn off your computer or the TV
when youre not using it.
Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy.
Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds, shades, or
curtains.
Turn off the lights when you leave a room.
Use LED bulbs.
U
Wind Power
Solar Power
Fuel-Efficiency
Be Bulb Smart
Use LED
Incandescent
Whats the
difference?
Simple Things To Do
Compact
Fluorescent
up the heat.
500 lbs.
of coal
Recycle.
Summary
Greenhouse Effect
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcrNilVolew
Global Warming for Kids
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veLJSKXZJbw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqxMzKLYrZ4
Greenhouse Effect for Kids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_sJzVe9P_8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=b
uAiehw0Q1c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJwayalLpYY&list=PL9AA81
3BD0BCCA974
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Learning Outcome 01
Lesson 04
SO- 04
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Kyoto Protocol
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Kyoto Protocol
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXdmqXG3ITU
Carbon Credit
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReOj12UAus4
EU Carbon Credit
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJrFSLfaeeE
Carbon credit, does it work?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKQ8GW6iblQ
Clean development mechanism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4x-gpPEqjE8
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Flexibility Mechanisms
Flexibility Mechanisms
Buying carbon credit from countries that are producing less CO2
than their shares
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Exempted countries
Exempted countries
India and China, which have ratified the Kyoto
protocol, are not obligated to reduce greenhouse
gas production at the moment as they are
developing countries.
This means, they weren't seen as the main culprits
for emissions during the period of industrialization
thought to be the cause for the global warming of
today.
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12
13
Contents
Learning Outcome 01
Non-renewable fuels
Non-renewable fuels are fuels that cannot be easily
made or renewed. Examples are:
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kws5m2pxS2s
Lesson 05
SO 05
Characteristics of renewable energy
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Geothermal
Wind
Tidal
Hydro-electricity
Biomass
Solar
Websites/Bibliography
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Advantages
Is easily combustible
Has a high heating value
Is able to be transported easily
Disadvantages
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Is a non-renewable resource
Pollution
Combustion of oil produces greenhouse gases
Sources of oil are becoming more difficult to find
Cost of oil can be high (relative to demand)
Prep by Dr. Kamel Adref
Tidal
Wind
Solar
Hydroelectric
Biomass
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIj8EuEJ8FY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1EIhowgtgA
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal
Most groundwater can be considered a source
of geothermal energy
Groundwater at a depth of 100m is 13oC or 55oF
In summer heat can be transferred to the cool
water
In winter heat can be transferred from the water
to the air
Geothermal Energy
Disadvantages are:
Earths crust must be thin
Hot rocks and water must be close to earths
surface.
Sometimes hot water pumped to the surface
contains pollutants (sulphur)
Emissions of gases
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Wind Power
Wind Energy
Advantages
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22
Tidal Power
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ohDG7RqQ9I
Tidal Power harnesses the energy from the seas tide.
Originating from the gravitational pull of the moon.
Water held in or out of bay behind a built dam until significant
difference in level will force water in or out running turbines
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Advantages are:
Renewable
Limited CO2 emissions; in construction of
equipment
The energy in water is 832 times that in air
Disadvantages are:
Can restrict shipping
May impact on marine life
Do not produce a lot of electricity
Barrages can change the flow of water and,
consequently, the habitat for birds and other
wildlife.
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Biomass
Biomass
31
Biomass
Use
Firewood
Organic wastes (e.g. manure, peat)
Crops grown to be converted into liquid fuels
Traditional (firewood)
biodegradable waste (manure, crop residue, sewage) used
for heating and cooking and can be used to generate biofuel
energy crops (corn, sugarcane, switchgrass, hemp, willow, palm
oil, rapeseed) breakdown to biofuel
35
Biomass Energy
Advantages are:
Carbon neutral
CO2 ultimately released in energy generation is recently captured and so ideally does not
change total atmospheric levels
Carbon leaks can result in a net increase in CO2 levels
Sequestration in soil can result in a net decrease in CO2 levels
Renewable
Carbon Neutral: no net CO2 emissions (ideally), Emits
less SO2 and NOx than fossil fuels
The use of waste materials reduce landfill disposal
and makes more space for everything else.
Disadvantages are:
Land use/land conversion
Usual problems associated with intensive agriculture
Soil depletion and possible decrease in agricultural
food productivity
May cause bad odor
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Prep by Dr. Kamel Adref
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Requires storage space
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity is a way of capturing the energy
gravity has on water.
A hydro-electric plant consists of a high reservoir
and a low reservoir.
A dam is usually built to keep the water in the top
reservoir there.
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40
Solar Power
They 1st were made in 1973.
The sun can be used directly to produce the
energy for electricity.
It is used commonly to power small objects like
calculators.
To harness the energy on a large scale, you need
Solar Panels or concentrated solar collectors (CSP)
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Solar Power
Light hits the solar cell and the silicon absorbs it.
It releases electrons which flow as an electrical
charge. However, its unreliable.
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How it works
Solar thermal power plants
Solar heating
Photovoltaic cells
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Ocean Energy
Wave Power. Wave energy is produced when electricity
generators are placed on the surface of the ocean. The
energy provided is most often used in desalination plants,
power plants and water pumps. Energy output is
determined by wave height, wave speed, wavelength, and
water density.
A lot of energy is involved in the motion of waves, currents
and tides in the ocean.
Difficult to harness
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http://www.volker-quaschning.de/articles/fundamentals4/index.php
Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 01
SO- 01
Content
Domestic solar thermal system
Solar Heating Systems
Passive solar heating
Direct gain
Indirect gain
Isolated
Concept
C
oncept
Principal of Operation
DIRECT-GAIN
INDIRECT-GAIN
Indirect: solar radiation reaching an area or mainly a wall
adjacent but not part of the living space.
Collects and stores the
solar energy in one part of
the house and use natural
heat transfer to distribute
heat to the rest of the
house.
Popular method is to use
a Trombe Wall which is a
massive black masonry
that acts as a solar
collector and a heat
storage medium.
Trombe Wall
Non vented: conduction
Vented: convection
Externally vented: to
dissipate heat at night
during summer.
Performance Depends on
Elements to be considered include window placement and size,
and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading.
Orienting the building to face the equator (south for the northern
hemisphere). Living areas should be facing south. Placing living
areas facing solar noon and sleeping quarters on the opposite
side.
Extending the building dimension along the east/west axis
Shading for summer: when shading windows, external shading is
more effective at reducing heat gain than internal window
covering.
Thermal imaging can be used to document areas of poor thermal
performance in a building for potential improvement and repair
Isolated
An isolated gain system has its
integral parts separate from the
main living area of a house.
Examples are a sunroom and a
convective loop through an air
collector to a storage system in
the house. The ability to isolate
the system from the primary
living areas is the point of
distinction for this type of
system
Heat can be moved to the living
space by natural or forced
convection.
Shading
Shading
Overhang gives shade in summer and permits direct solar radiation into
the structure in winter
Also using of movable shades for summer
Overhang
Thermosyphon systems
It consists of
Collector,
Tank,
Water,
Piping system
Expansion tank
As shown in figure
a consists of :
Solar collector
Pump
Tank
Air vent
P/T Relief valves
Controller.
Sensors
Expansion tank
Notice
The location of the heat exchanger in the tank
The location of the hot water outlet pipe from the
tank
The direction of the water through the collector
Principle of operation
Applications
Solar Heating
The heat is then transferred to the main body of water within the
tank.
Once the desired water temperature is reached, this water is ready
for use in the house, office or factory.
Solar Hot
Water
Comparison
Passive solar water heating systems are
typically less expensive than active systems,
but they're usually not as efficient.
However, indirect systems can be more
reliable and may last longer. They need less
maintenance.
Indirect systems disadvantages are the high
initial cost, the need for sun to be cost
effective and the need for freeze protection.
References
What benefits could solar thermal systems generate for your community
52
http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/buildings/
water_heaters_solar.html
http://www.volkerquaschning.de/articles/fundamentals4/index.
php
http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#c
ool
Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 02
Illustrate controllers and sensors in
domestic hot water systems (DHWS)
using a block diagram.
A. Temperature sensors
Collector
The temperature sensor is
placed at the outflow of the
collector array. This will give the
highest temperature available
Tank
The temperature sensor is
placed near the exit of the heat
exchanger.
Thermal loop
A temperature gauge is placed
on the piping with flow going to the
collectors (flow in). Another
temperature gauge is placed
within the piping with flow coming
from the collectors (flow out).
E. Valves
C. Flow sensors
D. Pumps
For the thermal loop, a pump
is placed between the exit of
the heat exchanger in the
tank and the inlet of the
collector array.
Control Process
This system has a differential
controller that senses temperature
differences between water leaving the
solar collector and the exit of the heat
exchanger (close to the coldest water
in the tank)
When the water in the collector is
about 15-20 F warmer than the water
in the tank, the pump is turned on by
the controller
When the temperature difference
drops to about 3-5 F, the pump is
turned off. In this way, the water
always gains heat from the collector
when the pump operates.
When pump is turned on. When
pump is turned off
Tc Collector Temperature
Tt Tank Temperature
Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 03
Describe the components of a typical solar
thermal steam turbine power plant using a
block diagram
Types of
Collectors
CSP Plants
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=1&v=GxHQHcpCWa8
Direct systems: The heat transfer fluid is the same thermal energy storage fluid
(No heat exchanger) The working medium is the molten salt. It has to be kept above 220oC
Used in Compact linear Fresnel reflector and thermal tower because they dont required fluid
coupling since the receiver is not moving https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6NLoo8k8DI
Some terms
Heat transfer fluid (HTF): fluid that collects heat
from the solar collectors
Thermal storage fluid (TSF): fluid in which the
thermal energy is stored, i.e. the fluid that is
heated and kept in hot storage tank
Heat transfer fluid is the same as heat storage
fluid in direct systems
Heat transfer fluid and the heat storage fluid are
different in indirect systems
CSP
Plants: Indirect Systems
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJb5TPUHILo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTSZSJnlKUY
Indirect systems: The heat transfer fluid (synthetic oil) is different from the
thermal energy storage fluid (molten salt). Usually used with parabolic trough
(With heat exchanger between the heat transfer fluid and the storage medium).
Used in parabolic trough systems since there is fluid coupling (flexible hoses and
connections) as the absorber is moving with the reflector
The heat transfer fluid (HTF) , usually molten salt, is pumped from the cold
storage tank to the solar collector(s).
HTF flows through the solar collector(s) and gain heat and reaches high
temperature. Part of it goes to be stored in the hot storage tank and part goes
to the boiler where it gives its heat to the water to convert water to steam.
After the boiler. part of the fluid is stored in cold storage tank and part
continues the cycle to the solar collector again.
Note that the HTF is the same thermal energy storage fluid in this
cycle.
Note that during the discharge of the stored heat, the solar
collector(s) loop is eliminated.
CSP Plants
Indirect System
Note: The HTF is different from the thermal energy storage fluid.
Note: during the discharge period, the solar collector(S) loop is eliminated.
Direct vs Indirect
Freezing and local temperature (day and night) is taken
into consideration in terms of choosing the transfer
medium. For freezing environment during night, the
synthetic oil is preferred and thus indirect systems are
more suitable for cold environments.
Oil freezing temperature is low while molten salt
freezing temperature is from 130-220oC.
Oil may vaporize at high temperatures but salt can be
used under normal atmospheric pressure. That is why
indirect systems runs at lower temperatures than
direct systems.
Line-Focused
parabolic trough
linear Fresnel
Point-Focused
solar tower
parabolic dish
17
1. Parabolic Trough
Parabolic Trough
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1-zjbRqYXk
Why parabola?
18
19
Solar Tracking
20
22
24
Thermal Solar-Tower
Concentrating thermal power Solar tower.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEduOpO-8GA
29
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1-zjbRqYXk
Heliostats
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wM2Vqw1YjY
3. Parabolic Dish
34
Solar Dish
Tracking
system
35
Stirling Engine
Videos
37
Technology Fundamentals
Most techniques for generating electricity from
heat need high temperatures to achieve
reasonable efficiencies.
Classification of Collectors
Line focused: parabolic trough and CLFR
Point focused: Solar tower and parabolic dish
Tracking
Single axis: parabolic trough and CLFR
Two axis: Solar tower (heliostats) and parabolic
dish
Classification of Systems
Direct systems
Indirect systems
Review early slides
55
Useful sites
Useful sites
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dEoncyjR1U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sLej0oD1Ak
*Pros and Cons of Concentrated Solar Power
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=73S
NIuZ333s
SolarReserve Concentrated Solar Power Technology Animation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIGH71TdUew
*Shams 1 CSP Plant
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBS8XMtNJYo
*How does it work: Shams
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=1&v=GxHQH
cpCWa8
Coal Power Plant
http://www.slideshare.net/engineeringzhaw/03032015-2martinselignovatec
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pP48pAb8sec
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6PP6lDjoa8
Power Plant Fundamentals
http://www.mpoweruk.com/semiconductors.htm
Electropedia- amazing site- highly recommended
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJ-YpM8bjlw
Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 04
SO 04
Describe heat storage methods and
mediums.
Energy storage
is the capture of energy produced at one time
for use at a later time.
radiation,
chemical
gravitational potential
electricity,
elevated temperature (sensible energy),
Latent energy
Kinetic energy
compressed air,
mechanical springs
rotating flywheels,
pumped water (pumped-storage hydroelectricity) (most common
worldwide, efficiency above 80%)
Heat (hot water, or heated rocks or gravel, molten salts or
concrete slabs)
Ice (use off peak energy at night (usually at cheap rate) to create
ice, which is then stored and used to provide air conditioning in
large buildings during summer days)
Charged electric batteries, (electric vehicles) or
electrolytic production of hydrogen (chemical) and then methane
pumped hydro-storage
given a location with morphological potential (e.g. ground height potential) and environmental
potential (e.g. wind kinetic energy) a hydro-storage solution may be most appropriate
HTF is
water
Steam Accumulators
The purpose of a steam accumulator is to release steam
when the demand is greater than the boiler's ability to
supply at that time (peak demand), and to accept steam
when demand is low.
Also response time of boiler is high, why?
Steam accumulator provides clean dry steam
instantaneously, to meet a peak demand
allows the boiler to fire up to its maximum continuous
rating for maximum efficiency
Why not just store steam as a vapor?
http://www2.spiraxsarco.com/resources/stea
m-engineering-tutorials/the-boilerhouse/steam-accumulators.asp
Steam Accumulators
Charging
The tank is under high pressure
and about half-filled with cold
water and steam is blown in via
a perforated pipe near the
bottom of the drum.
Some of the steam
condenses and heats the water.
The remainder fills the space
above the water level.
When the accumulator is fully
charged the condensed steam
will have raised the water level
in the drum to about threequarters full and
the temperature and pressure
will also have risen.
Steam Accumulators
Discharge
Syn. Oil
Collector field
NaNO3-KNO3
Molten salt storage
H2O
Conventional steam turbine
Discharging
Direct systems: The heat transfer fluid is the thermal energy storage fluid
(No heat exchanger) The working medium is the molten salt. It has to be kept above 220oC
Used in Compact linear Fresnel reflector and thermal tower because they dont required fluid
coupling since the not moving
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6NLoo8k8DI
CSP
Plants: Indirect Systems
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJb5TPUHILo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTSZSJnlKUY
Indirect systems: The heat transfer fluid (synthetic oil) is different from the
thermal energy storage fluid (molten salt). Usually used with parabolic trough
(With heat exchanger between the heat transfer fluid and the storage medium).
Used in parabolic trough systems since there is fluid coupling as the absorber is
moving with the reflector
Direct vs Indirect
Freezing and local temperature (day and night) into
consideration in terms of choosing the transfer
medium
Oil freezing temperature is low while molten salt
freezing temperature is from 120-220oC.
Oil may vaporize at high temperatures but salt can be
used under normal atmospheric pressure
Indirect systems are more suitable for cold
environments and non fixed absorbers like parabolic
trough
Direct systems is usually associated with fixed receivers
(solar power tower or LCFR)
Separated
ammonia
ammonia
ammonia
water
Water
Ammonia
solution
Ammonia
absorbed
in water
The thermal match between the storage system and working fluid are
maximized when steam production, which is an isothermal process,
is coupled with an isothermal storage process (PCM). Being that
latent heat storage is isothermal, it is deemed advantageous to use
this type of system for the evaporation of steam. Since the
preheating and superheating stages are sensible heat processes,
they benefit when coupled with sensible heat storage systems
water
Separated
water
Separate
d water
Water
Ammonia
solution
Ammonia
absorbed
in water
Advantages of PCM
constant temperature during a phase change
changes are capable of storing and releasing
large quantities of thermal energy as they
change from solid to liquid and vice versa.
Higher storage density than sensible heat
Smaller volume
Summary
Usually encapsulated in
capsules of high
melting point material
for improved heat
transfer characteristics
References
http://www.nrel.gov/csp/troughnet/thermal_ene
rgy_storage.html
400
LiNO3
350
For industrial
process heat
Enthalpy [J/g]
300
250
200
LiNO3-NaNO3
NaNO2
KNO3-LiNO3
http://freespace.virgin.net/m.eckert/new_page_
6.htm
Solar Thermal storage using PCM
NaNO3
150
100
KNO3-NaNO2-NaNO3
KNO3-NaNO3
50
0
100
KNO3
200
250
Temperature [C]
300
350
http://social.csptoday.com/technology/cspthermal-storage-increasing-options
Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 05
Sub-outcome 6: Design, simulate,
and analyze a at plate solar collector
Flat-plate collector
Glazed flat-plate collectors are insulated,
weatherproofed boxes that contain a dark absorber
plate under one or more glass or plastic covers.
Unglazed flat-plate collectors; typically used for solar
pool heating, have a dark absorber plate, made of
metal or plastic, without a cover or enclosure.
heavy insulation
High temperature capabilities
May be mounted in a sun-tracking system
Main Components
Main Components
Glass
Toughened glass (glazing) protects the absorber from the outside environment while allowing
through >90% of sunlight.
Absorber
A thin sheet of aluminum is coated with a highly selective material that is extremely efficient at
absorbing sunlight and converting it into usable heat. The aluminum sheet is welded to the
copper riser pipes.
Insulation
The insulation helps reduce heat loss from the sides and back of the collector. Made from ultralight weight insulating material (like foam) is chosen to greatly reduce the weight of the collector.
Back Sheet
An aluminum alloy sheet seals the back of the panel and adds to the rigidity of the collector.
Riser & Header Pipes
The header and riser pipes are brazed together to form a heat exchanger that the solar system
heat transfer fluid circulates through. The absorber sheet is welded to the riser pipes, thus
transfers heat to the heat transfer fluid.
Aluminum Frame
Extruded from high tensile aluminum alloy, the rails form the outer framework of the collector
and are designed with wings for easy mounting frame attachment.
Incident Radiation
Absorbed, reflected or transmitted
Fig. 3
Solar Irradiation
http://www.ita
canet.org/thesun-as-asource-ofenergy/part-3calculatingsolar-angles/
IiT
I DN cosT I dT I r
http://www.enhemsbuildings.fer.hr/_download/repository/EDPE13_%5BGulin,_Vasak,_Baotic%5D.pdf
Solar Irradiation
The energy rate per unit area striking the surface. The key equation
for this calculation is:
I iT I DN cos T I dT I r
Ii= total solar irradiation on surface , W/m2
IDN = direct normal radiation W/m2
equ.1
I iT
I DN cos T I dT I r
The first term constitutes around 85% of the total on clear days. The 2 other
terms should not be neglected. But in our analysis we neglect them because
they are very complicated to calculate
I iT
I DN cos T
equ.2
Solar Irradiation
While the solar radiation incident on the Earth's
atmosphere is relatively constant, the radiation at
the Earth's surface varies widely due to:
atmospheric effects, including absorption and
scattering;
local variations in the atmosphere, such as water
vapour, clouds, and pollution;
latitude of the location; and
the season of the year and
the time of day.
I DN . expB / sin E
equ.3
Therefore
I DN
Where
Eo= Normal solar radiation on the Earth surface neglecting the
existence of atmosphere W/m2
B the attenuation coefficient of solar radiation in the earth
atmosphere (table 1.). A quantity that characterizes how easily a
material or medium can be penetrated by a beam of light,
IDN the energy of solar radiation that falls at the right angle on
square meter of the earth (maximum 970 W/m2)
Eo
exp B / sin E
equ.4
- Solar altitude.
http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/propertiesof-sunlight/sun-position-calculator
Solar altitude
Example -1
Values of Eo , B, and
Calculate the Direct Normal irradiation IDN and total solar irradiation Ii on a
collector in the months of January and June at 12 noon assuming A collector
tilt of 30o
January
I DN
Eo
1209
985W / m 2
exp B / sin E exp 0.142 / sin 44
I iT
I DN cos T
985. cos 53
593W / m 2
June
I DN
Values of Eo and B
Average annual values
Values of and
for a collector Tilt 30o Time 12 noon
I iT
Eo
exp B / sin E
I DN cos T
1069
871W / m 2
exp 0.205 / sin 88
871. cos 30
754W / m 2
Example -2
Calculate the Direct Normal irradiation IDN and total solar irradiation Ii on a
collector in the months of March and August at 12 noon assuming A collector
tilt of 30o .
Ta4 Tc42 Ta Tc 2 Ta Tf
I iT .W c1.W c 2 .D a
Rrad
Rconv
Rcond
equ.5
Qa
A
I iT .W c1.W c 2 .D a
Ta4 Tc42 Ta Tc 2 Ta Tf
Rrad
Rconv
Rcond
equ.5
Qa = Ii.c1.c2.aAU.A.(Ta T )
Where
Qa is useful energy gain- W
Ta is the mean temperature of the absorber oC
equ.6
Qa
A
[ I iT .W c1.W c 2 .D a U t fi t f ].Fr
equ.7
Fr
Qa
Qmax
Qa
I iT .W c1.W c 2 .D a U t a t f
I iT .W c1.W c 2 .D a U t fi t f
Qmax
when
T fi
equ.8
Tf
Collector efficiency
U, W/m2.K
Unglazed
13-15
Single Glazed
6-7
Double Glazed
3-4
Absorptivity : the fraction of the incident radiation flux absorbed by the body.
K
http://www.solarmirror.com/fom/fom-serve/cache/43.html
Qa A
I iT
equ.9
Example-3
A flat plate single-glazed collector is available for a
solar-heating application. The transmittance of each
of the cover plates is 0.85, and the aluminum
absorber plate has an =0.93. Assume an ambient
temperature Tf = 15oC and Tfi=20oC.
Determine the collector efficiency in the month of
January at 12 noon assuming a collector tilt of 30o .
Qa
[ I iT .W c1.D a U t fi t f ].Fr
A
Qa
[593.0.85.0.93 620 15].0.9 395W m 2
A
Qa A 395
K
0.67
I iT
593
Qa = m.cp(To Ti)
Example-4
A flat plate double-glazed collector is available for a
solar-heating application. The transmittance of each
of the two cover plates is 0.87, and the aluminum
absorber plate has an =0.9. Assume an ambient
temperature Tf = 18oC and Tfi=20oC.
Determine the collector efficiency in the months
December at noon assuming a collector tilt of 30o .
Example-5
1- What is the daily energy required to heat a
domestic water tank containing 100 kg of water, if the
water is heated from 20oC to 60oC. ? Location :Abu
Dhabi. Month: January
Qreq/d = 100x4180x( 60-20)=16720000 J/d=16720. kJ/d
2- What is the size of the collector in example
A
heat required / d
rate of heat absorbed per unit area in a day
Qreq / d ( J / d )
16720000
A
1.175 | 1.2m 2
2
Qa / A(W / m ) u t 395 u10(hr ) u 60 u 60
I DN
Eo
exp B / sin E
Calculate
I iT I DN cos T
depend on the altitude, the day and
the time in the day, depends on the
same factors plus the tilt angle of the absorber
Calculate
Qa
A
[ I iT .W c1.W c 2 .D a U t fi t f ].Fr
Useful sites
http://isfh.de/institut_solarforschung/hocheff
izienter-flachkollektor.php?_l=1
Very good site, research, projects, teaching
http://www.iklimnet.com/save/glass_transmit
tance.html
http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/properties-of-sunlight/sun-positioncalculator
https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/sam/help/html-php/index.html?mt_solar_fraction.htm
Qa A
I iT
Qreq / d ( J / d )
Qa = m.cp(To Ti)
Calculate required absorber area
A
A
heat required / d
rate of heat absorbed per unit area in a day
Qreq / d ( J / d )
Qa / A(W / m 2 ) u t