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LOSS COEFFICIENT
The most common method used to determine these head losses or pressure drops is to specify the loss
p
hLminor
= 1 2
coefficient, which is defined as KL =
V 2 /2g
2 V
The actual value of is strongly dependent on the geometry of the component considered. It may also be
dependent on the fluid properties. That is,
KL = (geometry, Re)
where
Re =
V D
is the pipe Reynolds number. For many practical applications the Reynolds number is large enough so
that the flow through the component is dominated by inertia effects, with viscous effects being of secondary
importance. This is true because of the relatively large accelerations and decelerations experienced by the
fluid as it flows along a rather curved, variable area 1perhaps even torturous2 path through the component
1see Fig. 8.212. In a flow that is dominated by inertia effects rather than viscous effects, it is usually found
that pressure drops and head losses correlate directly with the dynamic pressure. This is the reason why
the friction factor for very large Reynolds number, fully developed pipe flow is independent of the Reynolds
number. The same condition is found to be true for flow through pipe components. Thus, in most cases of
practical interest the loss coefficients for components are a function of geometry only.
expansion graph.png
Figure 1: Loss co-efficient for sudden expansion
contraction graph.png
Figure 2: Loss co-efficient for sudden contraction
p1 p2
V 2 V22
+ 1
(1)
g
2g
3
Consider a control volume of liquid between sections 1 and 2. Resolving the forces acting on the liquid inside
the control volume, we get
Fx = p1 A1 p2 A2 + p0 (A2 A1 )(2)
wher p is pressure of the liquid eddies in the area A2 A1 .
Experimentally it is known that p=p1 .
Hence
Fx = (p1 p2 )A2 (3)
Momentum of liquid/sec at section 1 = A1 V12
Momentum of liquid/sec at section 1 = A2 V22
From continuity equation
A1 V1 = A2 V2 (4)
Change of momentum of liquid/sec
= A2 V22 A1 V12 = A2 (V22 V1 V2 )(5)
(after substituting (4) in change in momentum equation) Now from Newtons Second Law,
F =
dp
dt
p1 p2
) = (V22 V1 V2 )
Dividing By g
(
or
p1 p2
V 2 V1 V2
)=( 2
)
g
g
p1
p2
V 2 V1 V2
=( 2
)(6)
g g
g
p1
p2
or
he =
V22 V1 V2
V2
V2
)+ 1 2
g
2g
2g
Thus
he =
(V1 V2 )2
2g
1
1)2
Cc
PROBLEMS
Problem 1
Water flows at a rate of 0.04m3 /sec in a 0.12-m-diameter pipe that contains a sudden contraction to a 0.06m-diameter pipe. Determine the pressure drop across the contraction section. How much of this pressure
difference is due to losses and how much is due to kinetic energy changes
1.png
Figure 5: Problem 1
Given data:
D1 = 0.12m
D2 = 0.06m
Q = 0.04m3 /sec
where Q is the flow rate
1
1
V2
p1 + V12 + gz1 = p2 + V22 + gz2 + KL 2 ..(1)
2
2
2g
where
z1 = z2
and
V1 =
Q
0.04m3 /s
m
=
= 3.54
2
A1
s
4 (0.12m)
V2 =
Q
0.04m3 /s
m
=
= 14.1
2
A2
s
4 (0.06m)
and
A2
=
A1
D2
D1
2
=
0.06
0.12
2
= 0.25
from graph when the ratios of area is 0.25 then KL = 0.4 Hence from equation 1 we have
p1 p2 =
1
1
KL V22 + V22 V12 = 999kg/m3 0.4(14.1m/s)2 + (14.1m/s)2 (3.54m/s)2
2
2
or
N
N
+ 93.0 103 2 = 133kP a
2
m
m
This represents a 39.7 Kpa drop losses and a 93 kPa drop due to increase in Kinetic energy
p1 p2 = 39.7 103
2.png
Figure 6: Problem 2
Problem 2
At a sudden enlargement of water main from 240mm to 480mm diameter,the hydraulic gradient rises by
10mm.Calculate the rate of flow.
Given
D1 = 240mm
D2 = 480mm
Note: The Rise of Hydraulic gradient refers to the difference
p1
p2
+ z1
+ z2 = 10mm = 0.01m
g
g
The term Hydraulic gradient refers to
p
+z
g
(V1 V2 )2
....(2)
2g
(4V2 V2 )2
9V 2
= 2
2g
2g
p1
+ z1
g
p2
+ z2
g
6V22
= 0.01
2g
or
V2 = 0.181m/s
therefore the rate of flow
Q = A2 V 2 =
(Answer)
Problem 3
In an 80mm diameter pipeline oil of specific gravity 0.8 is flowing at the rate of 6.0125m3 /s.A sudden
expansion takes place in a such diameter that maximum pressure rise is obtained. Find:
Loss of energy in sudden contraction
Differential gauge length indicated by an oil-mercury manometer connected between the two pipes
3.png
Figure 7: Problem 3
Given: Diameter of small pipe D1 = 80mm = 0.08m
Diameter of larger pipe is D2
Specific gravity of oil ,S = 0.8
Discharge Q = 0.0125m3 /s
Loss of energy in sudden contraction
Velocity of flow
V1 =
0.0125
Q
=
= 2.49m/s
2
Area
4 0.08
0.11312
4
Loss of energy in sudden expansion
he =
(2.49 1.244)2
(V1 V2 )2
=
= 0.029m
2g
2 9.81
(of oil)
p1
(V1 )2
p2
(V2 )2
+
+ z1 =
+
+ z2 + he
g
2g
g
2g
( z1 = z2 (as pipe is horizontal)
p2 p1
(V1 )2
(V2 )2
2.492
1.2442
=
he =
0.079 = 0.158
g
2g
2g
2 9.81 2 9.81
of oil Let h be the reading of the U-tube oil-mercury manometer where limbs are connected across the
expanded transition
p2 p1
Sm
=h
1
g
So
9
0.158
= 0.009875m
16
or 9.875mm(Answer)
10
Problem 4
When a sudden contraction is introduced in a horizontal pipeline from 500mm diameter to 250mm diameter,the pressure changes from 105KN/m2 to 69KN/m2 .If the co-efficient of contraction is assumed to be
0.65,calculate the flow rate
Following this if there is sudden enlargement from 250mm to 500mm and if the pressure at the 250mm
section is 69KN/mm2 ,what is the pressure at the 500mm enlarged portion?
4.png
Figure 8: Problem 4
Given D1 = 500mm = 0.5m Area ,
A1 =
D2 = 250mm = 0.25m Area ,
A2 =
2
0.5 = 0.1963m3
4
0.252 = 0.04908m3
4
V22
= 138 + V22 + 0.2899V22
16
72 = 1.2899V22
V22
= 1.2274V22
16
V2 = 7.66m/s
Hence rate of flow Q = A2 V2 = 0.04908 7.66 = 0.376m3 /s(Answer)
Pressure at the enlarged section p4
(V3 )2
p4
(V4 )2
p3
+
+ z3 =
+
+ z4 + he
g
2g
g
2g
( z3 = z4 ) (as pipe is horizontal)
p3 = 69KN/m2
V3 = V2 = 7.66m/s
V4 = V1 =
he =
7.66
V2
=
= 1.915m/s
4
4
(V3 V4 )2
(7.66 1.915)2
=
m = 1.68m
2g
2 9.81
p4
+ 0.187 + 1.68
9.81
or
p4 = 80kN/mm2
(Answer)
12
Problem 5
In a laboratory,you have been assigned the task of developing a crude flow meter for measuring the flow
in a 400mm diameter water pipe system.You are to install a 200mm diameter section of pipe and a water
manometer to measure the pressure drop at the sudden contraction.Derive an expression for the theoretical
calibration constant k in
Q = k h
where Q is the volume flow rate in L/min and h is the manometer deflection in mm.
5.png
Figure 9: Problem 5
Given data:
D1 = 400mm
D2 = 200mm
and also KL = 0.4
Applying Bernoullis equation between 1 and 2 we get
p1
V2
p2
V2
+ 1 + gz1
+ 2 + gz2 = hL
2
where terms have their usual meaning and hL is the loss due to contraction. and
hL = KL
V22
2
V22
V2
V2
1 + KL 2 )
2
2
2
V1 D12 = V2 D22 = Q
4
4
"
#
4
D1
V12
(1 + KL ) 1
p =
2
D1
"
D1
D1
4
(1 + KL ) 1
gh =
2
Q2
2 2
4 D1
"
D1
D1
13
4
#
(1 + KL ) 1
or
Q2
gh = 8 2 4
D1
"
D1
D1
4
(1 + KL ) 1
Q = k h
that is
v
u
g 2 D14
u
k = u 4
t D1
(1
+
K
)
1
L
D1
14