20/9/2016 THENUTRITIONANDFEEDINGOFFARMEDFISHANDSHRIMPATRAININGMANUAL2.

NUTRIENTSOURCESANDCOMPOSITION

GCP/RLA/075/ITA
FieldDocument5/E

THE NUTRITION AND FEEDING

OF FARMED FISH AND SHRIMP A TRAINING MANUAL
2. NUTRIENT SOURCES AND
COMPOSITION

CONTENTS

GOVERNMENTCOOPERATIVEPROGRAMME

THENUTRITIONANDFEEDINGOFFARMEDFISHANDSHRIMPATRAININGMANUAL
2.NUTRIENTSOURCESANDCOMPOSITION
By
AlbertG.J.Tacon
AreportpreparedfortheFAOTrustFundGCP/RLA/075/ITAProjectSupporttotheRegional
AquacultureActivitiesforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean
FOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONS
Brasilia,Brazil
September1987
Thisreportwaspreparedduringthecourseoftheprojectidentifiedonthetitlepage.Theconclusions
andrecommendationsgiveninthereportarethoseconsideredappropriateatthetimeofits
preparation.Theymaybemodifiedinthelightoffurtherknowledgegainedatsubsequentstagesof
theproject.
Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthisdocumentdonotimplythe
expressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheUnitedNationsortheFoodandAgriculture
OrganizationoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalorconstitutionalstatusofanycountry,
territoryorseaarea,orconcerningthedelimitationoffrontiers.
PREPARATIONOFTHISDOCUMENT
ThisdocumentisbasedontheoriginallecturetextspresentedbyDr.A.G.J.Tacontothetraineesof
theFourthSeniorAquaculturistsTrainingCourseinPirassununga,Brazil,from23Juneto9July1986
(basedattheCentrodePesquisaeTreinamentoemAquicultura,CEPTA),andhasbeenrevisedand
updatedasatrainingmanualtoformthebasisofanintensivefiveweeksubregionaltrainingcourse
onthenutritionandfeedingoffarmedfishandshrimptobeimplementedbytheFAOTrustFund
GCP/RLA/075/ITAProjectwithintheLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegion.Theaimofthistraining
courseistocreateacoreofseniorinstructorsandresearcherswithintheRegionwhointurnwillbe
abletoconducttheirownnationalaquaculturenutritionandfeedingtrainingprogrammes,andadvise
farmersandresearchersalikeonallaspectsofpracticalfeedtechnology.
Althoughnumeroustrainingmanualsexistonthenutritionandfeedingoffarmedfishandshrimp,
thesehavetendedtodealalmostexclusivelywithintensiveorcompletedietfeeding,withlittleorno
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mentionofsemiintensivefeedingmethods.Sincethemajorityoffinfishandshrimpaquaculture
productioniscurrentlyrealisedwithinsemiintensivefarmingsystems,clearlyemphasismustalsobe
giventosemiintensivefeedingmethodssuchasfertilization,composting,andsupplementarydiet
feeding.Alltoooftenitisbelievedthattheonlyeconomicwayoffeedingfishorshrimpisbyusinga
highqualitycompletepelleteddietitisnot,andfarmersandresearchersalikeshouldnotbe
misguidedtobelieveso.Furthermore,thepresentmanualcriticallyassessestheknownnutrient
requirementsofthemajorculturedaquaculturespecies,themethodologyusedbyresearchersforthe
measurementofdietarynutrientrequirementsandforconductingfeedingtrials,reviewsthesemi
intensiveandintensivefeedingstrategiesemployedinotherpartsoftheworld,andattemptstoopen
avenuesforthedevelopmentofanappliedaquaculturenutritionandfeedingresearchstrategytosuit
theneedsanddesiresoftheLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegion.Thetrainingmanualispresented
infourpartspart1dealswiththeessentialnutrients,part2dealswithnutrientsources,part3deals
withintensivefeedingmethods,andpart4dealswithsemiintensivefeedingmethods.
ABSTRACT
Theprinciplesoffeedandfertilizeranalysisaredescribed,andthechemical
compositionofvariouspotentialfeedingredientsandfertilizerspresentedincluding
thecerealgrainsandbyproducts,oilbearingseedsandbyproducts,grainlegumes,
greenfoddercrops,rootsandtubers,fruits,aquaticmacrophytes,miscellaneousplant
feedstuffs,singlecellproteins,animalbyproducts,invertebrates,chemicalfertilizers,
andorganicmanures.Informationisalsopresentedonthemajordietaryfeed
additives,includingfeedantioxidants,binders,pigments,anddietaryfeeding
stimulants.Inaddition,aglossaryofnutritionfeedmillingtermsandfeedingredient
definitionsispresented.

CONTENTS
1.PRINCIPLESOFFEEDANDFERTILIZERANALYSIS
1.1Feedanalysis
1.1.1Proteinandnonproteinnitrogencomposition
1.1.2Lipidandfattyacidcomposition
1.1.3Crudefibreanddigestiblecarbohydratecontent
1.1.4Ashandmineralcomposition
1.1.5Vitamincomposition
1.1.6Variabilityinchemicalcomposition
1.1.7Physicalcharacteristics
1.1.8Endogenousantinutritionalfactors
1.1.9Adventitioustoxicfactors
1.1.10Microbialcontamination
1.1.11Certificateofanalysisoffeedingstuffs
1.2Fertilizeranalysis
1.2.1Primarynutrients
1.2.2Secondaryandmicronutrients
1.2.3Variabilityinchemicalcomposition
1.2.4Contaminants
1.2.5Certificateofanalysisoffertilizers
2.GLOSSARYOFNUTRITION/FEEDMILLINGTERMSANDINGREDIENTDEFINITIONS
2.1GlossaryMiscellaneousfeedandnutritionterms
2.2GlossaryPart(s)ofparentfeedmaterial
2.3GlossaryProcess(es)andtreatment(s)towhichtheproducthasbeensubjectedbeforefeedingto
theanimal
2.4Feedingredientdefinitions
3.NUTRIENTSOURCESCOMPOSITIONOFFEEDSTUFFSANDFERTILIZERS
3.1Cerealgrainsandbyproducts
3.2Oilseedsandbyproducts
3.3Grainlegumes
3.4Rootcrops
3.5Fruits
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3.6Grass,greencrops,andmiscellaneousplantfeedstuffs
3.7Vascularaquaticplants
3.8Singlecellproteins
3.9Invertebratefoodorganisms
3.10Vertebrateanimalbyproducts
3.11Mineralsupplements
3.12Chemicalfertilizers
3.13Organicmanures
4.FEEDADDITIVES
4.1Preservatives
4.2Binders
4.3Feedingstimulants
4.4Foodcolourants
5.REFERENCES
LISTOFTABLES
Table

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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Proteinconversionfactorsusedinconvertingnitrogentoproteinlevelswithindifferent
foodstuffs
Endogenousantinutritionalfactorspresentinplantfoodstuffs
MAFF(1973)officialcertificateofanalysisfeedingstuffs
MAFF(1973)officialcertificateofanalysisfertilizers
Averageproximatecompositionofthemajorcerealgrainsandtheirbyproducts
Averageessentialaminoacid(EAA)compositionofthemajorcerealgrainsandtheirby
products
Majorfattyacidsofoilseeds
Averageproximatecompositionofthemajoroilseedsandtheirbyproducts
Averageessentialaminoacid(EAA)compositionofthemajoroilseedsandtheirbyproducts
Averagefattyacidcompositionofthemajoroilseedsandplantbyproductoils
Averageproximatecompositionofthemajorgrainlegumesandtheirbyproducts
Averageessentialaminoacid(EAA)compositionofthemajorgrainlegumes
Averageproximatecompositionofthemajorrootcropsandtheirbyproducts
Averageessentialaminoacid(EAA)compositionofthemajorrootcropsandtheirbyproducts
Averageproximatecompositionofthemajorediblefruitsandtheirbyproducts
Averageessentialaminoacid(EAA)compositionofthemajorfruitbyproducts
Averageproximatecompositionofgrass,greenfoddercropsandsomemiscellaneousplant
feedstuffs
Averageessentialaminoacid(EAA)compositionofthemajorgrassandgreenfoddercropsand
someselectedmiscellaneousplantfeedstuffs
Averageproximatecompositionofthemajoraquaticmacrophytesusedforaquaculturefeeding
Averageessentialaminoacid(EAA)compositionofsomeaquaticmacrophytes
Averageproximatecompositionofthesinglecellproteins
Averageessentialaminoacid(EAA)compositionofsinglecellproteins
Averageproximatecompositionofselectedinvertebratefoodorganisms
Averageessentialaminoacid(EAA)compositionofselectedinvertebratefoods
Averageproximatecompositionofselectedanimalbyproducts
Averageessentialaminoacid(EAA)compositionofselectedanimalbyproducts
Averagemajorfattyacidcompositionofselectedanimalfatsandoils
Elementalcompositionofsaltsinmineralmixtures

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29
30
31
32
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Elementalcompositionofthemajorchemicalfertilizersusedwithinaquaculturesystems
Averageelementalcompositionoforganicmanures
Commonlyusedfeedantioxidantsandantimicrobialpreservatives
MAFF(1973)permittedfoodcolourants
Carotenoidcontentofdifferentanimalandplantproducts
LISTOFILLUSTRATIONS

Figure

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3
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5
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Weendeproximateanalysisscheme
Classificationofendogenoustoxicfactorsoccuringinplantfoodstuffsofagricultural
importance
Thecerealgrain
Effectofvariousdietarysupplementsonthesatiationfoodintakeofrainbowtroutfeda
soybeanmealbasedtroutration
EffectofstainingArtemiasalinanaupliiwithdifferentcolouredfooddyesonthefeeding
efficiencyoflarvalsoleinglasstanks
Structureofsomeimportantcarotenoids

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