Sei sulla pagina 1di 2

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

APPROACH ANGLE | The angle between the drill stem and ground
surface at the surface entry point. Depending on the type of rig
being used, this angle may vary from 5 to 20 to the horizontal,
with 12 considered optimal.
AUSTENITIZING | Heating steel to the austenitizing temperature
(about) 1670 F and allowing time for the steel microstructure
to transform to austenite. Normally the first step in heat-treating
a steel drill stem component.
BACKREAMER | A tool attached to end of the drill string and pulled
through the bore to enlarge the hole, thereby facilitating pulling
back of the product pipe.
BENDING RADIUS | The BSR is the ratio of the box section modulus
to the pin section modulus. By calculating the BSR for a range of
connection IDs and ODs a balanced connection or one with a
BSR within a chosen range can be selected.
BENTONITE | Absorbent aluminum silicate clay formed from
volcanic ash. When thoroughly mixed with water, bentonite
breaks down into small particles called platelets. The platelets
plaster, or shingle, cover the wall of the borehole and form a
filter cake that cuts off the flow of water from the drilled hole
into the surrounding formation.
BIT SUB | The component that connects the bit to the component
immediately above.
BOX END | The half of a threaded connections having internal
(female) threads.
CROSSOVER SUB | A short component with different threads on
either end, used to convert sections of the drill stem from one
threaded connection to another.
CUTTINGS | Spoils particles, also known as drilling spoils, created
during the boring process. Use of proper drilling fluid will help to
suspend the cuttings, which reduces the risk of them getting
stuck during drilling or backreaming.
DRILLING FLUIDS | A mixture of water and solids (clay or polymer)
that keeps the drilled borehole open to facilitate installation of
the product pipe.
DRILL PIPE | A length of pipe, usually steel, to which threaded
connections called tool joints are attached.
DRILL ROD | A length of pipe, usually steel, to which threaded
connections are threaded on the pipe integrally.
DRILL STEM | All the components that are connected together and
form the assembly used to drill the bore, usually considered
from the bottom of the spindle drive or the swivel downward.
Also called "Drill String", although the latter term is often used to
refer to that part consisting only of normal weight drill pipe.
DUCKBILL | The drilling bit that is attached to the front of the
boring head. It mounts on the head at an angle. This angle is
what provides the steering capability while pushing the
drilling string.

w w w. d r i l l t u b e . c o m

EMI | Electromagnetic inspection is a full length scanning of a


tube, which employs a unit with a gamma ray wall thickness
measurement as well as a longitudinal and transverse field
that allows for the detection of material flaws and thin
wall conditions.
EXIT PIT | The area where the drill pipe exits the ground and
product line enters the borehole.
FAILURE | Improper performance of a component that prevents
completion of its intended function.
FATIGUE | The progressive localized permanent structural damage
that occurs when a material undergoes repeated, fluctuating
stress cycles. As fatigue damage accumulates at a point, a
fatigue crack or cracks can form. Under continued stress cycles,
these cracks can grow until failure occurs. In drill stem
components, stress cycles occur when the components is bent
or buckled, then rotated. They also result from vibration.
FORGING (UPSETTING) | Plastically deforming metal into desired
shapes with compressive forces.
FRAC-OUT | Under certain conditions, the drilling fluid can build a
large pressure in the borehole. If the pressure exceeds that
which can be supported by the soil overburden pressure, the
ground will fracture and create a path for the drilling fluids to
escape to the surface.
GALLING | The deforming of metal from one surface to another as
the two surfaces slide over one another while being pressed
together. Galling is sometimes a problem in rotary shouldered
connections.
INSPECTION | The process of examining and checking materials
and articles for possible defects or for deviation from
established standards.
MAGNETIC PARTICLE | A nondestructive inspection method for
locating discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. It utilizes
flux leakage that forms magnetic poles to attract finely divided
magnetic particles, which mark the discontinuity.
MAKE-UP | To screw a connection together.
MUD | Drilling fluids.
NORMALIZED AND TEMPERED | A term to describe material that
has been heat treated by first normalizing, then tempering.
NORMALIZING | Hardening a ferrous alloy by heat treating it to
the austenitizing temperature then alloying it to cool slowly.
PIN END | The half of a threaded connection having external
(male) threads.
PITCH | The inclination of the drill head with respect to horizontal.
POINTS | A measure indicating the inclination (or pitch) of the
drilling head. One hundred points is equal to 45.
POLYMER | Natural synthetic compounds of high molecular weight.
A polymer, when used in conjunction with bentonite in the
drilling fluid, enhances viscosity (fluid thickness) and gel
strength (suspension property), lowers filtration rate (escaping
of fluids), and increases lubricity. Recommended when boring in
clay or shale.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS
PRODUCT LINE | The installed pipe pulled back during the
HDD operation.
QUENCHING | Hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it to the
austenitizing temperature, then cooling it rapidly enough to
transform all or much of the austenite to martensite.
QUENCHED AND TEMPERED | A term to describe material that
has been heat-treated by first quenching, then tempering.
The preferred method for heat-treating most ferrous drill
stem components.
RADIUS OF CURVATURE | The curved portion of the borehole is
defined by its radius of curvature. The greater the borehole
radius of curvature, the greater the total borehole length. The
benefit of a higher radius of curvature (reduced stress on the
drilling pipe and pipeline product) must be balanced against the
additional cost of drilling a longer borehole.
REJECTABLE COMPONENT | A drill stem component which fails to
meet or exceed the acceptance criteria outlined in this standard
after undergoing all or part of the specified inspection program.
ROLL | The rotational position of the drill head as it relates to a
clock face. Twelve oclock refers to the slanted face of the drill
head when it faces straight up.
ROTARY SHOULDERED CONNECTION | At threaded connections
used on drill stem components characterized by course, tapered
threads and make-up shoulders.
SAVER SUB | A sub that screws onto a high-cost drill stem
component. Repeated make-breaks are made on the saver
sub, protecting the threads on the high-cost component
from damage.
SEA (SPECIAL END AREA) | See magnetic particle.
SHEAR WAVE | Employs a pulsed beam of high frequency sound
which is transmitted into the part being inspected and reflected
back by discontinuities in the material.
SHOULDER | On a rotary shouldered connection, the parts of pin
and box that abruptly stop further thread engagement when the
connections is made up (screwed together).
SONDE | An electronic device that fits inside the drill head and
transmits a signal used for locating purposes. Also referred to as
a transmitter or probe.
STEP-OFF DISTANCE | The horizontal distance between the entry
hole and beginning of the horizontal section of the borehole.
This is usually determined by the open area available for setting
up the drilling equipment and type of product to be installed.
STRIKE ALERT | A warning system that is set off by contact with an
electrical power source.
SWIVEL | Attaches between the backreamer and product being
pulled back to keep the product from twisting.
TEMPERING | Reheating a quenched-hardened or normalized
ferrous alloy to a temperature below the transformation range
and then cooling.

w w w. d r i l l t u b e . c o m

TENSILE FAILURE | A failure mode in which the applied tension on


a component exceeds the product of its cross-sectional area
times the actual yield strength of that component.
THRUST | The rig capacity to push the drill stem into the ground
without rotating.
TOOL JOINT | A heavy bar with a rotary shouldered connections pin
or box on one end. The other end is attached to a joint of drill
pipe. Tool Joints provide a means for connecting drill pipe, a
robust place to attach make-up wrenches.
TORSIONAL FAILURE | A failure mode in which a part of the drill
stem is plastically deformed beyond specified acceptance limits
due to the application of torsion loading.
TORQUE | The rotational force applied to the drill stem joints.
UT INSPECTION | Inspection method using multiple sound waves
to look for fatigue cracks and wall thickness variations.
VISUAL INSPECTION | Inspection method for visually examining
rotary shouldered connections and tubes.
YIELD STRENGTH | The stress level above which a material
changes from predominantly elastic to predominantly plastic
strain behavior.
WETTING AGENT | A substance that reduces the surface tension of
a liquid, causing the liquid to spread across or penetrate more
easily the surface of a solid. A soap-based wetting agent reduces
the tendency of clay cuttings to stick together. It also reduces the
tendency of the boring tools to become stuck due to adhesion
to the clay cuttings downhole.

Potrebbero piacerti anche