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Pipe
Node
Loop
6/29/2012
Pipe Networks
The equations to solve Pipe network must
satisfy the following condition:
The net flow into any junction must be zero
Q = 0
Hydraulic Analysis
After completing all preliminary studies and
layout drawing of the network, one of the
methods of hydraulic analysis is used to
Size the pipes and
Assign the pressures and velocities
required.
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Qin = Qout
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or
Q = 0
7
6.
Around any loop in the grid, the sum of head losses must
equal to zero:
hf = 0
loop
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7.
h f 0.0
loop
is satisfied.
Notes:
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Q = Qo +
(2)
n = 2 Darcy, Manning
n = 1.85 Hazen William
from 1 & 2
hf = kQ = k (Qo + )
n
n(n 1) n 2 2
n
n 1
= k Qo + nQo +
Qo + ....
2
hf = kQ n = k Qon + nQon 1
loop
kQ n = kQon + nkQ (n 1) = 0
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10
kQ on
nkQ o(n 1 )
h
h
n
Q
F
o
h f = k Q1.85
(n = 1.85) , then
hf
185
.
hf
Q
(n = 2) , then
=
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h f
2
hf
Q
11
Example
Solve the following pipe network using Hazen William Method CHW =100
63 L/s
1
24
.6
11.4
12
39
4
2
37.8 L/s
pipe
305m 150mm
25.2
305m 150mm
610m 200mm
457m 150mm
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153m
200mm
25.2 L/s
12
hf =
10.7 L
1.852
Q
C HW = 100, Q = in L/s
1.852
4.87
C HW
D
1.852
10.7 L
Q
hf =
1.852
4.87
1000
C HW
D
h f = {K }Q1.852
hF
0.28
1 =
=
= 0.24
hF 1.85(0.64)
n
Qo
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hF
0.45
2 =
=
= 0.57
hF 1.85(0.43)
n
Qo
1 =
hF
0.18
=
= 0.15
hF 1.85(0.64)
n
Qo
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1 =
hF
(0.07 )
=
= 0.09
hF 1.85(0.42)
n
Qo
General Notes
Occasionally the assumed direction of flow will be incorrect. In such
cases the method will produce corrections larger than the original
flow and in subsequent calculations the direction will be reversed.
Even when the initial flow assumptions are poor, the convergence
will usually be rapid. Only in unusual cases will more than three
iterations be necessary.
The method is applicable to the design of new system or to
evaluation of proposed changes in an existing system.
The pressure calculation in the above example assumes points are at
equal elevations. If they are not, the elevation difference must be
includes in the calculation.
The balanced network must then be reviewed to assure that the
velocity and pressure criteria are satisfied. If some lines do not meet
the
suggested criteria, it would be necessary to increase the
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15
diameters of these pipes and repeat the calculations.
Summary
Assigning clockwise flows and their associated head
losses are positive, the procedure is as follows:
Assume values of Q to satisfy Q = 0.
Calculate HL from Q using hf = K1Q2 .
If hf = 0, then the solution is correct.
If hf 0, then apply a correction factor, Q, to all
Q and repeat from step (2).
For practical purposes, the calculation is usually
terminated when hf < 0.01 m or Q < 1 L/s.
A reasonably efficient value of Q for rapid
convergence is given by;
Q =
H
H
2
L
L
L
L
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Q
16
Example
The following example contains nodes with different
elevations and pressure heads.
Neglecting minor loses in the pipes, determine:
The flows in the pipes.
The pressure heads at the nodes.
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17
Assume T= 150C
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18
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19
First Iteration
Loop (1)
Pipe
L
(m)
D
(m)
Q
(m3/s)
hf
(m)
hf/Q
(m/m3/s)
AB
600
0.25
0.12
0.0157
11.48
95.64
BE
200
0.10
0.01
0.0205
3.38
338.06
EF
600
0.15
-0.06
0.0171
-40.25
670.77
FA
200
0.20
-0.10
0.0162
-8.34
83.42
-33.73
1187.89
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33.73
=
= 0.01419 m 3 /s = 14.20 L/s
2(1187.89)
20
First Iteration
Loop (2)
Pipe
L
(m)
D
(m)
Q
(m3/s)
hf
(m)
hf/Q
(m/m3/s)
BC
600
0.15
0.05
0.0173
28.29
565.81
CD
200
0.10
0.01
0.0205
3.38
338.05
DE
600
0.15
-0.02
0.0189
-4.94
246.78
EB
200
0.10
-0.01
0.0205
-3.38
338.05
23.35
1488.7
=
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23.35
= 0.00784 m 3 /s = 7.842 L/s
2(1488.7)
21
14.20
Second Iteration
14.20
14.20
7.84
Loop (1)
14.20
hf
(m)
hf/Q
(m/m3/s)
0.1342
0.0156
14.27
106.08
0.10
0.03204
0.0186
31.48
982.60
600
0.15
-0.0458
0.0174
-23.89
521.61
200
0.20
-0.0858
0.0163
-6.21
72.33
15.65
1682.62
Pipe
L
(m)
D
(m)
Q
(m3/s)
AB
600
0.25
BE
200
EF
FA
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15.65
=
= 0.00465 m 3 /s = 4.65 L/s
2(1682.62)
22
7.84
Second Iteration
14.20
7.84
7.84
Loop (2)
7.84
Pipe
L
(m)
D
(m)
Q
(m3/s)
hf
(m)
hf/Q
(m/m3/s)
BC
600
0.15
0.04216
0.0176
20.37
483.24
CD
200
0.10
0.00216
0.0261
0.20
93.23
DE
600
0.15
-0.02784
0.0182
-9.22
331.23
EB
200
0.10
-0.03204
0.0186
-31.48
982.60
-20.13
1890.60
=
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20.13
= 0.00532 m 3 /s = 5.32 L/s
2(1890.3)
23
Third Iteration
Loop (1)
Pipe
L
(m)
D
(m)
Q
(m3/s)
hf
(m)
hf/Q
(m/m3/s)
AB
600
0.25
0.1296
0.0156
13.30
102.67
BE
200
0.10
0.02207
0.0190
15.30
693.08
EF
600
0.15
-0.05045
0.0173
-28.78
570.54
FA
200
0.20
-0.09045
0.0163
-6.87
75.97
-7.05
1442.26
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7.05
=
= 0.00244 m 3 /s = 2.44 L/s
2(1442.26)
24
Third Iteration
Loop (2)
Pipe
L
(m)
D
(m)
Q
(m3/s)
hf
(m)
hf/Q
(m/m3/s)
BC
600
0.15
0.04748
0.0174
25.61
539.30
CD
200
0.10
0.00748
0.0212
1.96
262.11
DE
600
0.15
-0.02252
0.0186
-6.17
274.07
EB
200
0.10
-0.02207
0.0190
-15.30
693.08
6.1
1768.56
=
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6 .1
= 0.00172 m 3 /s = 1.72 L/s
2(1768.56)
25
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26
Q
(l/s)
V
(m/s)
hf
(m)
13.79
AB
131.99
2.689
13.79
BE
26.23
3.340
21.35
FE
48.01
2.717
26.16
AF
88.01
2.801
6.52
BC
45.76
2.589
23.85
CD
5.76
0.733
1.21
ED
24.24
1.372
7.09
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6.52
23.85
1.21
21.35
26.16
7.09
27
p/+Z
(m)
Z
(m)
P/
(m)
13.79
70
30
40
56.21
25
31.21
32.36
20
12.36
21.35
6.52
31.15
20
11.15
37.32
22
15.32
63.48
25
38.48
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23.85
26.16
1.21
7.09
28
Example
For the square loop shown, find the discharge in all the pipes.
All pipes are 1 km long and 300 mm in diameter, with a friction
factor of 0.0163. Assume that minor losses can be neglected.
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29
Solution:
Assume values of Q to satisfy continuity equations all
at nodes.
The head loss is calculated using; HL = K1Q2
HL = hf + hLm
But minor losses can be neglected: hLm = 0
Thus
HL = hf
30
L V2
HL = hf =
D 2g
1000
V2
H L = 0.0163 x
x
0.3 2 x 9.81
H L = 2.77
Q2
A
= 2.77 x
Q2
2
x 0.3
4
H L = 554Q 2
H L = K' Q 2
K ' = 554
First trial
Pipe
Q (L/s)
HL (m)
HL/Q
AB
60
2.0
0.033
BC
40
0.886
0.0222
CD
AD
-40
-0.886
0.0222
2.00
0.0774
31
Q =
2
HL
=
= 12.92 L / s
HL
2
x
0
.
0774
2
Q
Second trial
Pipe
Q (L/s)
HL (m)
HL/Q
AB
47.08
1.23
0.0261
BC
27.08
0.407
0.015
CD
-12.92
-0.092
0.007
AD
-52.92
-1.555
0.0294
-0.0107
0.07775
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Pipe
Discharge
(L/s)
AB
47
BC
27
CD
-13
AD
-53
32