COMPUTATION FORMS

for the class in

Practical

Astronomy

at the Observatory of

Columbia University,

New

York.

INSTKUCTOK

STUDENT
CLASS OF

COPYRIGHT

1897, BY

HERMAN

S.

DAVIS

&tUvWW

iiiJ''^'

57910

^
jj

rd

Gf&Ul-

INTRODUCTION.

In the preparation of this pamphlet the aim has been to

provide a skeleton merely of the formulas and forms for

computation of such matters as are treated of

nomy

II

mer Class

The

in

only

Geodesy.

lu'cr.-i.sai

y books

in addition to these

which the student must provide himself are

1.

2.

Forms

with

The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac,

Bremiker's

and for
3.

in Astro-

and the Practical Astronomy portion of the Sum-

(or s(niie other)

Six-place Logarithm Table,

collateral study one of the following

Doolittle

Treatise on Practical Astronomy, as applied to

Geodesy and Navigation.

4.

Chauvenet: A Manual of

Spherical and Practical Astronomy.

5.

Campbell: A Handbook

Astronomy.

6.

Greene: An

As

book

of Practical

Introduction to Spherical and Practical Astronomy.

for general reference

Young

is

recommended

General Astronomy,

of the contents of which a

good knowledge

is

supposed to

have been obtained previous to entering the Class for \^hich

these

Forms have been prepared.

,;

CtfC

Memorandum

of Constants.

Station

LATITUDE,

<1>

LONGITUDE,

Longitude of Standard,

>^.

Sin

<}>

Cosec

<t>

Cos

<t>

Sec

<1>

Tan

Cotan

<|>

<|>

Transit Instrument: Thread Intervals.

WIRES

INTERVALS

II

III

IV

V
Algebraical signs are applicable

when

ONE DIVISION OF THE AXIS-LEVEL

LOGARITHM

DEFINITIONS and REMARKS.

the apparent change in a

Colliniation or line of
of a telescope
caused by the progressive is a straight line passing through the optimotion of light combined with the motion cal centre of the object glass and the axis

Aberration

is

star's position

of the earth

Annual

of rotation and _L to that axis.

itself.

......

is

the effect produced by

the earth's motion around the sun.

Diurnal

is

the effect produced by

the earth's motion on

The

constant in the transit instrument

amount

body

is its

of displacement of the

of the threads' or of

from the

its axis.

altitude of a heavenly

C
the

'

'

is

mean

the middle thread

'

line of colliniation.

See

Correction.

'error.'

angular distance above the horizon measCulmination. The transit of a heavenured on a vertical circle passing through ly body over the meridian, or highest point
that body. Single
means one, sep- of altitude for the day.
arate altitude though usually in sextant
The declination of a heavenly body is
work this term is applied to the mean of
several altitudes measured in quick suc- its angular distance north or south of the
cession.
Double
means twice the real equator measured on an hour circle passmeasured
D
altitude, and is not used as the dual or ing through that body.
south is
8.
plural of single altitude.' Equal
s north of the equator is
;

'

are altitudes

measured when the sun

is at

Dip of the horizon is the angle of deequal heights above the eastern horizon
pression of the visible sea-horizon below
and the western horizon. Circuinmeridthe true horizon, due to the elevation of
ian
s are when the object is near the
the eye of the observer above sea-level.
meridian.

The apparent place

tion in

of a star

is

I^et

X=

then

d
d

the posi-

which the star would be seen by an

=
=

height of the eye in feet

dip, in seconds of arc

58^''82 \/jt:

which

is

subtractive from an observed altitude.

observer at the centre of the earth.

Eccentricity.
D. pp. 180 and 196.
The azimuth ofan object is the distance
Ch. II, pp. 37 and 117,
Ca. p. 47.
from the north point of the horizon to the
foot of the vertical circle passing through
The ecliptic is a great circle of the celthat body. A... is measured on the horiestial sphere formed by a plane passing
zon and usually in the direction S-W-N-K. through the eye of the observer (or centre
Chronograph. D. p. 211. Ch. II, I 71 of the earth ) and coincident with the
plane of the earth's orbit.
Ca. p. 60.
G. p. 32.

Definitions

The

and Remarks.

The mean place

celestial equator is a great circle of

the celestial sphere formed

by a plane

of a star at any instant

position referred to the

is its

mean

equa-

through the eye of the observer (or centre tor and ecliptic of that instant.
See Precession' for references.
of the earth) and _L to the earth's axis.
'

Error

The

The meridian

vs. correction.

A given quantity
A given quantity -fError

its

error

the correct,

that hour circle whi^h

It

therefore, J_ to the horizon as well as

a correction= the correct,

is,

= Correction.

to the equator.

The

zero-m^eridian

is

the meridian of that place which has been

ho-ri'zon

is

a great circle of the

as the origin from

reckon terrestrial longitude.
The meridian of the Observatory of
Greenwich is that usually adopted by the
English and American astronomers.

selected arbitrarily

formed by a plane through

which
the eye of the observer and _L to the
celestial sphere

plumb-line.

The hour angle of a heavenly body is

the angle at the pole between the meridian and the hour circle through the body.
measured on the equator from
o to 360 or from o'' to 24'' in either direction
but -\- when toward the west.

This

is

passes through the zenith and nadir.

Micrometer.
Ch. II, p.

D. page 176
Ca. p. 48,

59.

97.

\
I

59-60.

is

Hour

to

The nadir is
line

the point where the plumbproduced below the horizon pierces

the celestial sphere.

ara great circles passing

circles

through the north and south poles of the

The north point is where the meridian
celestial sphere, hence J_ to the equator. intersects the northern horizon.

See a

Latitude.

later

Form.

See 'Precession.'

Nutation.

logarithm when representing a negaObliquity of the ecliptic \s\\\^ L between

number should have an ^ written after the planes of the equator and ecliptic. It
thus, 9.30 1030,^.
Only novices use the is about 23>^ and continually varies.

tive
it,

negative characteristics, experienced computers use

9.

as given in tables of

trigonometric functions.

The
body

{diurnal) parallax of a heavenly

is

the

at the

body subtended by

that radius of the earth which passes thro'

The longitude

of a place on the earth is the eye of the obsen^er. This Z diminangular distance from the 'zero-mer- ishes as the altitude of the body increases.
-|- when
idian' measured on the equator
Horizontal
is the parallax when the
towards the west.
\ or Z.
heavenly body is seen in the horizon.

its

The celestial longitude of a heavenly

body is the arc of the ecliptic intercepted
between the vernal equinox and the foot
of a great circle JL to the ecliptic and passing through the body.

Polar distance
declination.

I,

the complement of the

= 90

8.

D. p. 558, chapter x.
Ca. chapter v.
chapter xi.

Precession.

Ch.

is

Definitions

Prime

See 'Vertical

vertical.

and Remarks.

circle.'

Ch.
D. page 57S,

Proper motion.
Ch.

chapter

II,

Ca. page 6i-

i8_;

G. page

iv.

42.

334-

^.

See later Form.

Time.

Ca. page 38.

p. 620.

I,

D. page

Sextant.

D. page 267.
Transit instruvient.
chronometer is the (daily
chap.
viii. G. p. 23.
Ca.
II, chap. V.
Ch.
chronometeror) hourly change in the
Hence, if the chronometer is
correction.
The vernal equinox is that point of inand if losing, +.
gaining, the rate is
tersection of the equator and the ecliptic
through which the sun appears to pass in
Refraction. The usual formula is
the spring about March 20"" in going
J/X
X T^ X T^
from the south to the north of the equator.
the primes being to distinguish these letters from the tabular ones

The

rate of a

r=

these factors of J/diflfer so little from

unity that in the Table we have put

lait

B=
By

B^

\\

T=T\

t=:t'-i;

substitution of these

we

accurate enough for sextant

get,

quite

work and

far

Th3
is

IB \-T

Ch.

D. p. 174.

Vernier.

II, p.

vertical circle is a great circle passing

through the zenith and

The prime

_L to

the horizon.

vertical is that vertical circle

which passes through the east and west

easier to calculate mentally,

r= J/-f- J/X

\-

T\

right ascension of a heavenly

points.

body

the arc of the equator intercepted be-

tween the vernal equinox and the foot of

the hour circle through that body.
It is
reckoned always eastwardly from the vernal equinox, from o'^ to 2^.

The zenith is the point where the plumb

line

produced pierces the

celestial sphere

The

zenith distance

above the horizon.

angular distance from

the zenith measured on the vertical circle
90 h
passing through the object.
of an object

is its

X,

ABBREVIATIONS
D.

Doolittle

Ch. := Chauvetiet

Ca.

Campbell

G.

Greene.

Fundamental Formulas of the Z-P-S Triangle.

Given the spherical triangle whose vertices are

and the star

zenith, the pole,

This

(or sun).

is

at the

known

as

the Z-P-S-triangle.
Let the side

= 90
= 90
S2 = 90 h
Hour angle
/ p =
Parallactic angle
^ S = q
L 1 = 1
ZP
PS

c^

By

the theorem

The

sines of the sides of a spherical

triangle are proportional to the sines of the angles opposite

we have
cos h sin Z
cos h sin S
cos 8 sin S

By drawing a great

PZ

at the point

A SZK

sin 8
sin

Draw

<j>

to the

=
=
=

sin 8 sin

find

t
t

cos
cos

(1)

(2)
(3)

perpendicular to

SPK, we
<j)

-|-\-

sin h sin 8

-|-

<}>

cos
cos
cos

find
8

ZR

to the

cos
cos t
cos h cos Z
cos 8 cos S

(4)

<()

<j>

= 90

first

a great circle through S and the

'

(5)
(6)

north point

and from the

'

de-

A SPR

cos

= sin
A SZR

SR

Likewise, in the

cos

cos

</>

sin ^ cos

cos Z

SR

= sin 8

cos

= cos h cos Z.

Equate these two values and there

cos

8
<j)

cos ^ sin Z

through

sin h

sin

signated as R, then will

we

sin

sin

K, and applying Napier's Rule

and then
sin h

circle

=
=
=

cos

<|)

results

sin

4)

cos

<})

cos

cos

(7)

and by analogy,
cos 8 cos S

cos

<j>

cos

=
=

sin

<|>

cos h

sin h cos 8

sin h cos Z

(8)

cos h sin 8 cos S

(9)

LATITUDE.
I.

face

is

The astronomical

latitude of a point

on the earth's sur-

the angle formed with the plane of the equator by a

plumb-line at the given point.

II.

Celestial

latitude

north or south of the

pendicular to the
III.

is

The

the distance of a heavenly body

is

ecliptic

ecliptic.

measured on a great
symbol

Its

circle per-

is p.

geocentric latitude of a point on the earth's surface

the angle formed with the plane of the equator by a line join-

ing the point with the earth's centre.

IV.

The

normal

is

made with

the angle

is

<|>^.

the plane of the equator

to the surface at this point.

The geodetic
the difference,

latitude
<j)

The astronomical
assumed

symbol

geodetic or geographical latitude of a point on the

earth's surface
b}'

Its

4>^,

symbol

is

<j>.

is

always greater than the geocentric;

is

the

latitude

to be eqiial

Its

'

reduction of the latitude.'

and the geographical are usually

localities

where

this

assumption

is

not

true are exceptional, but do exist.

The

latitude determined

the geodetic.

by the methods of these Forms

is

Latitude by "Single Altitudes" of the Sun.

Given the fundamental equation,

sin

to solve for the value of

Assume the

quantities

= sin

?>

sin

-4-

cos

d and

D such that
d sin D = sin
d cos /) = cos

cos
first

(4)

cos

if

= D

= sin h

<\,

cos

we have
sin

D.

assumed equation by the second, we get

tan

From

cos

cos

substitution in the fundamental equation,

Dividing the

</>.

By

</>

D = tan

sec

these two derived equations are obtained the numerical values of

and

and, therefore,
<|)

=D

REFERENCES
Chauvenet, Vol.
Doolittle,

Page

Campbell, Page

I,

236,

7.

I.

206,

164.

be always taken <90,

algebraic sign being deter-

mined by the sign of tan D.

243.
)

77, | 89.
I

Z? is to
its

310,

2.

Greene, Page 82,

Young,

Page

As

determined by its cos.

and
be either -|- or
that sign must be used which
gives the most reasonable
it

119-121.

103.

7 is

may

<l>.

3.

The

sign of

always

t is

<^6'^.

immaterial as

^
Latitude by "Single Altitudes" of the Sun.

Watch Comparisons.

Chron

Watch

BEFORE OBSSERVING.
h

ON / ARC

....

CHRON.

WATCH

HI

OFF ARC
/

//

AFTER OBS ERVING.

WATCH

CHRON,

Index Correction.
//

44-h
4-f-

4-

Yz
1

Watch
Hourly

^"^^

Watch

SLOW
rate of watch

Algebraic
of means

sum

'^*^-^

SLOW

Barometer

inches.

Attached Therm.

Watch

correction at ^
time of observation J

External Therm.

D ate

Station

Sextant No.

Observer

Recorder

Object

DOUBLE ALTITUDE

TU^^

Latitude by "Single Altitudes" of the Sun.

ooiyn:PTJT.i^Tionsrs.
Obs. Doub. Altitude

Observed Watch time

Index Correction

Watch Correction

Eccentricity

Clock Correction

Red" from Stand,

Corr'd Doub. Alt.

Observed

h'

Alt.,

Mean time

Refraction, r

Semi-diameter,

to

Mean

of obs.

Equation of time

Apparent time of obs.

Parallax in Altitude

Hour angle,
Corrected Alt,

make

//

plus

if

t (time)
sun west of meridiau

Decl. Gr.

(in arc)

Mn. noon

Hourly- change

sec

tan

I
Inten-al of time

0'^

at obser\'ation

tan

Eq. of Time, Gr. Mn. noc)n

cosec

Hourly change

Interval of time

sin

Eq. of Time at observation

Mean

Refraction,

Factor,

J/

sin

li

cos

1
j

/
71/

D (ever < 90)

Sum, r

Latitude, Z>

Latitude by "Single Altitudes" of the Sun.

nsroTES.

Latitude by "Circummeridian" Altitudes of the Sun.

From

the fundamental equation,

sin h

we get

= sin

sin h^

sin

</>

cos

-I-

sin h ^= 2 cos

4>

cos

cos

cos

<A

sin^

(4)

and
i 2 sin""^ % t
5 -^ 93 h^
cos t
by substituting
iif
o and where h is the
where h^ is the meridian altitude, i. e. the altitude when /
sin h^ y
For brevity write
sin h
in
observed altitude at hour angle t.
Remember that h-^ is a constant on any parh r=f[y).
which it is seen that
By Maclaurin's theorem, and after substitution of the
ticular day of observation.
obtained by differentiating sin h
sin h^ y
values of dh/dy, d^h/dy\
h ^= h^ y sec h^ -{- % y'^ tan h^ sec^ h^ 4"
we have
Restoring the value of y and substituting the value of (sin h-^ sin h
we get
-^

h^

//-{-

cos

</)

(cos

cos
cos

sec

X
X

sec h^

/^i)^

Yz t

cosec

2 sin* >^ t

cossc

i^^

sin''^

tan

/z^

-f

h A^ Qpt D -}h^
where in
For brevity this may be written
Since the mean of several measured altitudes
and ?/ are given in the Tables.
h^=^ h -\- Qni^ DiIq -\may be used, this becomes
where
mQ= \_m^\-m.^-\-... wj/r and n^^= \_n^-{-n.2 -{-... n^']/r. r no. of observations.

Then

4,

=8

90

-h

[h -f (Cwq

D;/^)]

Watch Comparisons.

Watch

Chron
BEFORE OBSSERVING.

ON/ ARC //

....

AFTER OBSI:rving.

WATCH

CHRON.

Index Correction.

WATCH

CHRON.

OFF ARC
/

//

+
+
+
+
4-

i
-

Yz
C

Watch
Hourly

-;
rate of

Watch
watch

At

T,^/

comp. to

accurate

'

T,,/

means

)
j

SLOW

Barometer
at

first

of

""^^

Hence, assumed watch error

From

Algebraic

sum
s

watch

watch

T^.

gains

Attached Therm.

BxTERNAi. Therm.

10^^^

error' is

Error of assumed 'watch error'

inches.

Latitude by "Circummeridian" Altitudes of the Sun.

A" is a factor introduced to take account

Computation of C and D requires the use

of the rate of the watch while observing. of an approximate latitude.

This

may be

obtained by reducing the highest observ-

Chauveriet, Vol.

I p. 241. Doolittle, \ 152.

ed altitude as if it were a meridian altitude.

Chauvenet, Vol.

Max. double
REFERENCES
Chauvenet, Vol.
Doolittle,

Index Corr.

Pages 233-53,

I,

Pages 238-255,

167-75.

150-152.

r
Campbell, Page

79,

alt.

-\-

-{-

altitude

alt.

observed
Parallax

| 91.

Assumed merid.
Greene, Page 84,

Doolittle, f 141.

+ Eccen.

Corrected doub.

Max.

I ^ 161.

alt.

122-124.

Assumed zenith dist.

Declination,

Approx. latitude,

Date

Observer

DOUBLE ALTITUDE

L.

^'

vSkxtant

Station

RE CORDER

No

ObjecX

TIME

^ observed

-*-

Latitude by "Circummeridian" Altitudes of the Sun.

Eq. of Time, Gr. Aj)p. noon

Mean

Hourly change

Factor,

Refraction, iJ/

B
|

Longitude

Eq. of time local

n.,E

a; 3p.

Equation of time,

Sum, r

/2 OO OO.O

O'^Culmin. app.time
]

noon

Decl, Gr. App.

Chron. error (ix^ mear time

I

0'* culm, by chrori.,T,

Approx. watch

Approx. culm.,

emor

Hourly change

Interval of time

0'^

at /fzw^

of obs.

T,,.

Error of 'approx.

w atch error'

Obs. Doub. Altitude

Index Correction

Culm, by watch, T,

Eccentricity
ni

Log.

K
Corr'd Doub. Alt.

Cos./.^

Cos

Observed

h^

Alt.,

Sec/z
Refraction, r

Log. C

Semi-diameter,

Log. mo
Parallax in Altitude

Cwo

Log.

C^o

=+

Corrected Alt., h

(C^o

Tin,)

Log. C^
Tan/-!

Log.
i

;^o

Reduced
C

altitude h^

= go -

Log. Do
D;/o

= 4Latitude,

/i.

<}>

Latitude by ''Circum meridian'' Altitudes of the Sun.

TIME.
I.

sidereal day

idian.

the interval between two successive

is

equinox over the upper branch of the mer-

transits of the vernal

This day begins at differing intervals from noon accord-

ing to the time of the year.

The

any meridian

sidereal time at

vernal equinox at that meridian.

II.

An

apparent solar day

is

It is

the hour angle of the

is

counted from

to

o''

24*^.

the interval between two suc-

cessive transits of the real sun over the upper branch of the

meridian

day counts from midnight.

this

The appaient time

any meridian

at

and

real sun at that meridian,

the

first series

III.

is

is

the hour angle of the

counted twice from

o'^

to 12^

being A. M., and the second series P. M.

A mean

solar day

is

the interval between two successive

transits of the 'second fictitious sun,' i.e. the

'mean

sun,' over

the upper branch of the meridian. This day begins at midnight.

The fnean time at any meridian

mean sun at that meridian.

is

the hour angle of the

'

The equation 0/ time

is

the quantity which must be added

algebraically to the apparent time to produce the

Standard time

the

is

same

as

mean

mean

time,

time, except that

it is

constant for each lune of 15 in longitude reckoning from the

meridian of Greenwich.
IV.

V.

The

day

is

reckoned from midnight to midnight.

The astronomical day

behind the
to

civil

civil

day,

i. e.

noon of the following

it

is

from noon to noon and

runs from noon of the same

civil

day.

is

12''

civil

day

Conversion of Time.

A.

B.

standard to Sidereal.

Sidereal to Standard.

Station
Civil.

Station
AsTRON. Date

Date
m

Standard time, T^
{K
Local

-M

mean solar,

Sid. time of

m.

Sidereal time,

n. at)

the zero-meridian V^

V.

4-9^8565 A (Table III)

Sid. time of m. n.
at the Station,

4-9'8565

(Table III)

Interval from noon,

P.M.

+9^8565

IF

12 IF

A.M.

-98296(- F) [Table

Int. (Table III)

Int.

Sidereal time,
Astronomical
[Civil
[Civil

Date
Date

Date=

i^ if

\i

r
T

- V

from local m.

n.

Mean

12 is used,]
is

time,

II]

^-As

used.]

Standard time,

7;

Civil Date =

[Astron. Date
[Astron. Date

-|-

REFERENCES
I, Pages 52-64, ^ 37-53.
Pages 162-173, 89-95.
Campdelly Pages 6-10, ^ 4-12.
Greene, Pages 13-20, ^ 39-44, ^92.

Ckauvenet, Vol.

Doolittle,

'i

i"^

if later

if earlier

than noon,]
than noon.]

Conversion of Time.

Standard to Apparent.

Station

Station

Date

Civil.

Civil.

Standard time

Long, from Green.,

Apparent time,

interval since greenwich apparent noon

(in hours)

Eq. of time, Hourly change,

aE

T^g

Tg (in hours)

aE

mean noon

= Change

time elapsed since greenwich meau noon

Eq. of time, Gr.

Date

J",

Local mean time,

Apparent to Standard.

in Eq.

aE

noon

Eq. of time, Gr. app.

aE

Tg

= Change in Eq.

Required Eq. of time, E

Local

mean

time,

Apparent time,
Civil

T
T%

E
Local apparent time,

Mean time, T

Date

Standard time,
Civil

7"^

Date

= Longitude from the zero-meridian, usually that of Greenwich,

-j- if -^^st.

Table II and Table III are given at the end of the Atnerica^i Ephem,eris.

^
Time by "Single Altitudes" of the Sun,

:FOK.lN^TJILi^S.
From

the fundamental equation

sin

= sin

sin

sin

cos

-t-

cos

cos

<f)

(4)

we have
cos

cos

Subtract each

sin

6 sin*;*/*
^

cos

/>

member from unity, and substitute

cos i=:

2 sin'' }4

t,

Then
2 sin'^

= cos

/>

cos

cos a

Since, in general,

5 )

COS

sin

c os

(^

cos b

cos

<^

= 2 sin ^

a h- ^

6 )

cos

COS ^
sin >^

{a

b)

Olnefs Trig. Page

we have

sm>^t=

sin

[ t

>J

REFERENCES
I, Page 209, | 146
Page 216, ^ 122-124
Greene., Page 9, ^ 34
Young, ^116

Chauvenet, Vol.
Doolittle,

Campbell, Page

75, ^ 86.

-H

<!>

S )] sin

cos

cos

K
()>

[ t

( <!>

8 )]

30, g 59

r
Time-by "Single Altitudes" of the Sun.

Watch Comparisons.

Chron

Watch

BEFORE OBSERVING.
m

OFF ARC
/

AFTER OBSERVING.

WATCH

CHRON,
h

Index Correction.

WATCH

CHRON.

i.;

h-

su

'.-'

....................

V2

s
{

Watch

;-

Hourly

rate of

Watch

Watch

Algebraic
of means

sum
s

-^^"^
-

,
SLOW- ^

watch =

correction at

//

Barometkr
ATTACikfei)

inches.

Therm.

BxTKRNAi, Therm.

time of observation /

Date

Station

SkxtanT No.

Observer

Recorder

Object

DOUBLE ALTITUDE

TIME

Time-by

**^Sirtglc

Altitudes" of the Sun.

oo:]vi:F^TfT.^'i'ionsrs_
/

Obs. Doub. Altitude

Index Correction

//

Mean

Refraction, 7J/=^

Factor,

Eccentricity

Corr'd Doub. Alt.

Observed

Sum, r

h'

Alt.,

Refraction, r
Decl. Gr.

Semi-diameter,

Mn. noon

Hourly change

Interval of time

Parallax in Altitude

Corrected

Alt.,

0'^

^ fit

observation

I^atitude, ^

Declination,
90

- =
^
/z

Eq. of Time, Gr. App, noon

Hourly change

Interval of time

<

<+ (*-S)

Eq. of Time at observation

^-(<f.-5)

>< t (in arc)

t

Hour angle,
make

sin >4

[^4-

sin >2 [^

(in arc)
t

(time)

plus if suu west of meridian

(</. 5)]
(<^

~ 0]
sec
sec

</)

Apparent time of obs.

Equation of time

Mean time

of obs.

Chronometer time

sin y,t

Chron. correction

sin2 y,

Time by "Equal Altitudes" of the Sun.

Let

AS

= the Q'* declination at apparent (local) noon,

= the hourly change in Q"" from meridian to time of observation,
^

positive if sun

is

nioviag uorthward

ucgalivu

if

soulhwurd

= the elapsed time between a. m. and m. observations,

Tq = mean of the morning and afternoon chronometer times,
aT(, = a-\- d = the change produced in Tq by the change in 0'*
Then ^
aTq = hour angle (reckoned toward the easl) at a. m. observations
p.

5.

l-\-

A =^hour jingle (reckoned toward the wesl) at p. m,

}i /fA6 = sun's declination at morning observation,

^2 t
5

7"o

6 -{-

}^

IaS= sun's declination

observations

at afternoon observation.

Substitute these quantities in the fundamental equation

sin

= sin

sin

<t>

for

morning and afternoon observations

sin

/z

= sin

<f.sin(6 If >^

Expand each

i^ /

cos

separately,

A6) -f cos<^ cos(6 qi

coefficient of sin

A6

get finally

i^

4t

cos

(4)

and we have

AS) cos(>^

/*

aT;) for

""'^"i'^ft^.ioou

= tan

aTq

remembering that usually we may put

A 7;

>^ ^ A6

= sin A 7;

= cos a Tq

ATo"

The logarithms

cos

of these expressions; subtract the upper from the lower; transpose

and divide by the

We

/f

-I-

IT

sin

^^^*-,

15

A8 tan

(|

>^ t

of these fraction-coefficients,

AS tan
+ ___/^A^
t
15 tan

>^

designated as

and

"^"
midnight
B, are griven in

the Tabi.es.

REFERENCES
I, Page 198, \ 140-144
Page 230, ^ 137-139
Campbell, Page 71, ^ 82-84
Greene, Page 58,
94-95

Chauvenet, Vol.
Doolittle,

'i

Great care must be taken that the morning and afternoon observations be made on
the

same limb of the sun.

Time by "Equal Altitudes"

of the Sun.

Watch Comparisons.

Watch

Chron
BEFORE OB!SERVING.

ONARC^^

...

WATCH

CHRON.

OFF ARC
/

AFTER OBSERVING.

WATCH

CHRON.

Index Correction.

ui,

-h

44-

c
_

}4
1
lU

-^^^^

Watch

Watch

SLOW

Hourly rate of watch

Watch

correction at
time of observation

Algebraic
of means

sum

SLOW

Barometer

inches.

Attached Therm.
BxTERNAi. Therm.

1
J

Index Cc>rrection.

WaTpw

BEFORE OB;SERVING.
111

-^^^-^

Chron
h

Watch Comparisons.

WATCH

CHRON,

//

+
+

ON / ARC

OFF ARC
/

//

AFTER OBS ERVING.

CHRON.

//

4-

WATCH

44-

44-

)4

Hourly

Watch

Watch -'

"^^^"^

SLOW
rate c

f watch =

correc tion at
time of obseivation /
)

4-

Algebraic

sum

Watch

of

means

\
(

Barometer

inches.

ATTACHED Therm.

Extern A Therm.

I.

Time by "Equal Altitudes" of the Sun,

OBSJBi^"V"^Tioj:NrsDate

Sextant No.

Station

Recorder

Observer

Object

DOUBLE ALTITUDE

TIME

OOl^IPXJT^TIOISrS.
A. M. Watch time
Watch correction

Eq. of Time, Gr. App. noon

Hourly change

Inter\^al of time

Eq. of Time at local

App. time of App.

A. M.

Chron. time

Watch time
Watch correction

;iX".ht

P.

M.

P,

M, Chron. time

^,^Z%ut

Mean time of local App.

Sum of Chron.

uoou or niiduight

Diff. is

Decl. Gr. App.

y^

noon

Honrh' change

Interv'aloftime

G"

at

noon or midn't

Daih' change in H.
diUo
1/24

Diff. in

7^3

Log A
Log AS
Tan ^

Log B
Log AS
Tan 5

Log a

Log

Middle Chron. time, T^

S

= Vs

Long, or (Long -f- 12'^) X a^s

H. Diff. for preceding noon

Sum

times

Elapsed time,

Sum =

= AS y^l^^S^S^^

Sum

= Chron.

Mean

...

TIME

time

time of App.

Chron. correction

n^Xikht

^
Time by ''Equal Altitudes"

nsroTES.

of the Sun.

From

the fundamental equation

sin

//

= sin

sin

<l>

-h cos

cos

cos

<^

(4)

we have
cos

Subtract each

cos ^

member from unity, and substitute

cos 1=2 sin^ )4 A

Then
2 sin^ }^

= cos

( .A

cos

cos a

Since, in general,

cos

sin

c os

cos b

= 2 sin j^

h-

<5'

6 )

COS

<A

COS
sin

cos

<

<A

[a

Olney's Trig. Page 30,

we have

sinKt=

sin

[ t

REFERENCES
I, Page 206,
Page 220, | 125
Greene, Page 9, ^ 34
Campbell, Page 74, | 85.

Chauvenet, Vol.
Doolittle,

>
<t

8 )]

cos

>J

145

sin

cos

K
<{>

[ t

<{>

8 )]

59

\
Time by "Single

Altitudes'* of a Star.

Watch Comparisons.

Chron

Watch

BEFORE OB;SERVING.
m

CHRON.

....

AFTER OBS ERVING.

WATGH

CHRON,

index Correction.

WATCH

4"

}4

Watch
Hourly

Watch

""^^

watch

SLOW
rate of watch

;;,

Algebraic
of means

sum

1
J

Barometer

inches.

Attached Therm.

correction at

BxTERNAi. Therm.

time of observation

Date

Station

Sextant No.

Observer

Recorder

Object

DOUBLE ALTrXUDE

V.

TIME

Time by "Single Altitudes"

of a Star.

oonvniPXJT^^Tionsrs.
Obs. Doub. Altitude

Index Correction

Mean

Refraction, 7)/

Factor,

Eccentricity

Corr'd Doub. Alt.

Sum, r
Observed

h^

Alt.,

Refraction, r

^'* Right Ascension

t'pbenieris part

i^''

Corrected Alt,

//

Latitude,

<^

Declination

><

Declination,

'^

ii

z*

(in arc)

(in arc)

Hour angle,

90-//=^

^+

t (time)
wet of meridian

make

"2^'

Right Ascension

'^

plus

if stitr

Sid. time of obs.,

(cf.-S)
SEE FORM 'sidereal TO MEAN TIME'

Sid. time Gr.

m.

n.,

V^^

Corr" for Long. (Table III)

%ii- u-^)^
sin >^[^--f

sin

Yzli

(0(</>

5)]

5)]

Sid.

time local va..

Sid. Interval,

Red'^ to

Mean

n.,

V=

mean time, Table

time of obs.,

7",

sec ^
sec

Standard time, T,
sin'-^

y.t^

sin

Chronometer time
Chron. correction

II

Time by

**

Single Altitudes" of a Star.

ISrOTIES.

9
8
3
1
1
-

6
7

T^^BXjE
BesseCs Correction
Bessel's

Mean
Refr.

Alt.

h'
20 0'
10

20
30
40
53
21
(O

20
30
40
53

15^3

Refraction
Alt.

Ccfr.

Alt.

h'

iV

h'

26^ 0^
10

155-9
154-5
153-2

20
30
40
50

151.

150.5
149.2
148.0
146.7
145-5
144-3

Barom.

10

112.

20
33
40
50

111.2
110.5
109.7
108.9

R2fr.

36^ 0^ 79''3
23 78.4
43 77-4

37

23
43

113.

112.8

27

143-

Y^o
117.0
116.1
II5-3
114-5

1 1

38

23
43
39
23
43

for Refraction.

Ther.

29.6';

76.5
75-6
74-7

73.8
72.9
72.0
71.2
70.3
69-5

Correction-Factors for

48.75'^

Alt.

Refr.

h'

AT

Barometer
B

INCHES

45-1

-4

- .054
~ -047
-044
.040

43-5

5
.6

-034

48 0^ 5i'^9

49
50
51

52
53

28.0

50.2

.1

48.4
46.7

.2
3

54
55
56
57

41.9
40.4
38.9
37-5

580

36.1

.f

59

34-7

.2

7
.8

.9

29.0

.3

22

141.
10

20
3^
40
50

28
20
40

140.7
139-6
138.5
137-4
136.2

29

135-2

30

23
40

108.2
106.7
105.2
103.8
102.4
lOI.O

43

99-7
98.4
97.1
95-8
94-6
93-3

42

20
43
41

20
43

68.7
67-9
67.1
66.3
65.6
64.8

63
62
63
64
65

33-3
32.0
30.7
29.4!
28.2
26.9

64.0
63-3
62.6
61.8
61.

66
67
68
69
70

25-7
24-5
23-3
22.2
21.0

60.4

71

19.9

5
.6

18.8

7
.8

17-7
16.6

31.0

6i

.4
5
.6
7
.8

.9

30.0

23
10

20
30
40
50
24
(O

23
30
40
50
25
10

20
30
40
50
26

20
43

134-

133-0
132.0

31

20
40

131.

129.9

128.9
127.9
127.0
126.0
125.0
1

32

33

34
23
40

121.

120.4
119.6
118.7

35

117.S

36

20
40

Refraction

43
20
40
44
23
40

91.0
89.8
88.

20
40

24.

123.2
122.3

92.1

23
43

23
40

45
20
40

87.6
86.5
85-4
84.3
83-3
82.3
81.3
80.3

46

79-3

48

20
40
47

20
40

59-7
59-0
58.4
57-7
57-0
56.4

72
73
74
75
76

55-7
55-1
54-4
53-8
53-2
52.6

78
79
80

12.3

81

9-1
8.1

51-9

840

77

82
83

is

<;

o,

"]'

.020
-.017
.013
.010
-.007
-.CO3
ip .COO

.003
H- .007
-l- .010
4- .014

T--024

.4

~r -027
-h -031
-034

+
-f-037
+ .041
+ .044
+ 047-

II.

30

40
50
60
70
80
90

20 -f -060

22
24
26
28
33
32
34
35
33

40
42
44
46
48

-\-

Attach ed Therm
T
FAHR

7-1

= .r==^'J/4-iJ/(^4-T 4- T) H

Within the limits of this table this last term

-.027
-.024

10.2

6.1

.030

-r -017
4- .020

-9

FAKH

+ -055
-j-

.051

4- -047
4- .042

-.037

.2

.1

15-5
14-4
JO-,

-.051

Thermometer

.oco

.001
.002

-.C03
-.003
-.004
-.005

53
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
65
63
70
72
74
76
78

+ .038
+ .034
4- .030
-J"t-

.026
.022

4- .017
.013
4- .009

4-.C05
4- .002

.002
-.006
.010
-.014
.018
.022
-.025
.029
--033
.036
.040
-.044
.047
-.051
-054

8c
82
84
86
88

-.058

90

-075

.061
.065
.06S
-.071

3T\_BT-\-r{BT-{- T^B)-].
and may be neglected in sextant work.

Tj^BLE

Values of Log A and Log B for "Equal Altitudes.'

F or noon,
B-h

ARGUMENT == ELAPSKD

A--

4h

3^

For midnight,

TIME.

A+

6h

5^

8h

7^^

Log A IvOgB Log A LogB Log A LogB Log A LotrB Log A LogB Log A LogB
o 9.4172 9.3828 9.4260 9-3635 9-4374 9-3369 9-4515 9.3010 9.46S5
2
4
6
8

.4174
.4177
4179
.4182

.3822
3i7
.3811
.3806

.4263
.4266
.4270
.4273

3627
.3620
.3612
.3604

4378
4383
4387
4391

3358
3348
.3337
.3327

.4521

4526
4531
4536

.2996 .4691
.2982 .4697
.2968 .4704
2954 .4710

9-

253c 9.4884 9.1874

.4892 .1848
.4899 .1822
.4906 .1796
4913 .1769

.2511
-2492
2473
.2454

iO
12

9.4184 9.3800 9-4277 9-3596 9-4396 9-3316 9-4542 9.2940 9.4716 9^2434 9.4921 9.1742
.4187 3794 .4280 3588 .4400 .3305 .4547 -2925 4723 .2415 .4928 1715
4
.4190 .3789 .4284 3580 4405 .3294 4552 .2911 .4729 2395 -4935 .1687
i6
4193 .37H3 .4288 .3572 .4409 -3283 .4558 .2896 4735 2375 -4943 .1659
i8
.4195 3777 .4291 3564 .4414 .3272 .4563 .2881 -4742 .2355 -4950 .1630

20 9.4198 9-3771
22
.4201 .3765
24
.4204 3759
26
.4207 .3752
28
.4209 .3746

9-4295 9-3555 9.4418 9.3261 9^4569 9.2866 9-4748 9-2334 9-4958 9.1602
-4299 .3547 4423 -3249 4574 .2850 4755 -2313 .4965 1573
.4302 -353H .4427 .3238
4580 .2835 -4761 .2292 4973 .1543
.4306 .3530 .4432 -3226 4585 .2819 -4768 .2271 .4980 1513
.4310 .3521 4437 -3214 4591 .2804 -4774 .2250 .4988 -1483

30 9.4212 9- 3740 9-4314

32
.4215 3733 4317
.4218 3727 .4321
34
36
.4221 .3720 -4325
38
.4224 -3713 .4329
40 9.4227
42
.4231
44
4234
46
.4237
48
.4240

9-3512 9.4441 9.3203 9^4597 9.2788 9.4781 9.2228 9.4996 9-1453

-3503 4446 3191 .4602 .2772 -4788 .2206 -5003 .1422
-3494 4451 -3178 .4608 .2756 .4794 .2184 .5011 .1390
-3485 4456 .3166 .4614 2739 .4801 .2162 5019 1359
-3476 .4460 3154 .4620 2723 .4808 .2140 .5027 .1327

9-3707 9-4333 9-3467 9-4465 9-3142 9.4625 9.2706 9-4815 9.2117 9-5035 9.1294
.3700 -4337 3457 .4470 .3129 .4631 .2689 .4821 .2094 -5042 .1261
-3^93 4341 -3448 -4475 .3116 4637 .2672 .4828 .2070 5050 .1228
.3686 -4345
3438 .4480 -3103 4643 -2655 4835 .2047 5058 .1194
-3679 -4349 3429 -4485 .3091 4649 -2638 .4842 .2023 .5066 I 159

50 9-4243 9.3672 9-4353 9^3419

52
.4246 -3665 -4357 3409
.4250 3657 .4361 3399
54
56
.4253 .3650 .4366 .3389
58
.4256 3643 -4370 3379

9.4490 9.3078 9-4655 9.2620 9.4849 9.1999 9-5074

-4494 .3064 .4661 .2602 .4856 -1974 .5082
-4500 -3051 .4667 .2584 .4863 1950 5091
-4505 3038 4673 .2566 .4870 .1925 -5099
.4510 .3024 .4679 .2548 4877 .1900 5107

125
.1089
.1054
.1017
.0981

9. 1

60 9.4260 9-3635 9-4374 9-3369 9^4515 9.3010 9.4685 9-2530 9.4884 9.1874 9-5115 9.0943

=AX

AS X tan

b=BxA8tan8

|>

Middle Chronometer time

-f

At

At

=a+b

= Chronometer time of apparent noon.

r
T-A-EXj-B 2
Values of Log A and Log B for
For noon

A-

ARGUMENT == ELAPSED TIME

B--

Equal Altitudes.

*'

l6h

i8h

lyh

For midnight,

20 h

igh

4-

B2|h

LogAjLogB Log A Log

Log A LogB Log A LogB Log AjLog B Log A LogB

o 9-7895,9-4884 9-85399-6383
2
7915 -4937 .8562i .6431
7935 .4990 .8585 .6478
4
6
7955 .5042 .8608' -6526
8
7975 -5094 -8632 -6573

9-9287 9-7782 0.0172 9.9167 0.1249 0.0625 0,2623 0.2279

-9314 -7827 .0204 .9213 .1290 .0676 .2676 2339
-9341 -7873 .0237 .9260 1330 .0727 .2729 .2401
9368 .7919 .0270 .9307 -1371 .0779 -2783 .2462
9396 7965 .0303 .9355 .1412 .0830 -2838 2524

9.7996 9-5146 9-8655 9.6621 9-9424 9.8011 0.0336 9.9402

.8016 5197 .8679 .6668 -9451 -8057 .0370 9449
8037 -5248 -8703 -6715 -9479 -8103 .0403 -9497
'4
8058 -5300 8727 .6762 .9508 .8149 -0437 .9544
i6
i8
.8078 -5351 -8751 .6809 -9536 -8195 .0472 9592
lO
12

1454 0.0882 0,2893 0.2587

.1496 -0935 -2949 .2650
.1538 .0987 -3005 .2714
.1581 .1040 3063 .2778
.1623 .1093 .3120 .2843

0.

20 9.8099 9-5401 9-8775 9-6856 9-9564 9.8241 0,0506 9.9640 0.1667

.8120 -5452 .8799 -6903 9593 .8287 .0541 .9687 .1711
22
.8141 -5502 .8824 -6949 .9622 -8333 .0576 -9735 1755
24

26
28

.8162
.8184

-5553
-5603

.8848
-8873

.6996
-7043

-9651
.9680

-8379
.8425

,0611
.0646

-9784
-9832

.1799
.1844

1 146 0.3179 0.2909

.1200 -3238 -2975
-1253 -3298 .3041
.1308 -3359 .3109
.1362 .3420 -3177

0.

30 9-8205 9-5653 9.8898 9.7089 9.9709 9.8471 0.0682 9.9880 0.1889 0.1417 0.3482 0.3245
.8227 .5702 -8923 .7136 9739 .8^:17 .0718 -9929 .1935 .1472 -3545 3315
32
34
36

.8248
.8270
.8292

-5752
-5801
.5850

.8948
8973
-8999

.7182
.7228
-7275

-8563
.8609
.8655

-9769
.9798
.9829

-0754 -9977
.0790 0.0026
.0827 .0075

.1981
.2028
2075

-1527
.15S2
.1638

.3609
-3674
3739

-3385
.3456
.3527

9-9859 9.8701 0.0864 0.0124 0.2122 0.1695 0.3805 0-3599

.9889 .8748 .0901 .0173 .2170 -1751 .3873 -3673
.9920 -8794 -0939 .0223 .2218 .1808 -3941 3747
-9951 .8840 .0976 .0272 .2267 .1866 .4010 .3822
.7505 .9982 .8887 .1015 .0322 .2316 .1924 .4080 -3897

40 9-8314 9.5900 9.9024 9-7321

-8336 -5948 .9050 -7367
42
44 -8358 5997 9075 -7413
-8380 .6046 .9101 .7459
46

48

.8402

.6094

50 9-8425 9-6143
52 -8447 .6191
54 .8470 .6239
56 -8493 .6287
58 .8516 .6335

.9127

9-9154 9-7552 0.0013 9-8933 0- 1053 0.0372 0.2366 0.19S2 0.4151 0-3974
.9180 7598 .0044 .8980 .1092 .0422 .2416 .2040 .4223 .4052
.9206 .7644 .0076 .9026 .1131 0473 .2467 .2099 .4297 .4130
-9233 .7690 .0108 -9073 .1170 -0523 .2518 2159 4371 .4210
.9260 7736 .0140 .9120 .1209 -0574 .2570 .2219 .4446 .4291

60 9-8539 9-6383 9-9287 9.7782 0.0172 9.9167 0.1249 0.0625 0.2623 0,2279 0.4523 0.4372

= B X A8 tan 8
At = a + b
Middle Chronometer time -f At = Chronometer time of apparent noon.
a

=AX

AS X tan

<|)

Solar ParaMax.

Altitude.

Solar Pa rallax in Ailtitade.

h'-\-r-\-s

8.70

8.80

8.9c

8.57
8.40
8.18

7.89
7.68

8.67
8.50
8.27
7.98
1-11

8.77
8.60
8.36
8.07
7.86

30
32
34
36
38

7-53
7.38
7.21
7.04
6.86

7.62
7.46
7.30
7.12
6.93

7.71
7-55

40
42
44
46
48

6.67
6.47
6.26

6.74
6.54
6.33

6.82

6.04
5.82

6.11

5.89

6.40
6.18
5.96

50
52
54
56
58

5.59
5.36

5-66
5-42
5-17
4.92
4.66

5-72
5-50
5-23
4.98
4.72

60
62
64
66
68

4.35
4.08
3-54
3.26

4.40
4.13
3.86
3.58
3-30

4.45
4.18
3-90
3.62
3-33

70
72
74
76
78

2.98
2.69
2.40
2.10
1. 81

3.01
2.72
2.43
2.13
1.83

3-04
2.75
2.45
2.15

80

I-5I

1-53

1-55

io

20
25
28

5.11

4.87
4.61

3-81

=
Parallax in Altitude =
Horizontal Parallax

ir

ir

Am.

7.38
7.20
7.01

6.61

1.85

Eph. 278

cos {/i^-{-r-\~ ?)

Log K for "Circum meridians.

DAIlv

HOURLY

RATE.

RATE.

IFGAINING

0^000
.083

0.000 0000
9.999 9799

0.000 0000
0201

.167
.250
-333

9598
9397
9196

0402
0603
0804

9.999 8995

14
i6
i8

.417
.500
.583
.667
.750

8794
8593
8392
8191

0.000 1005
1206
1407
1608
1809

20
22
24
26
28

.833
.917
<.ooo
.083
.167

9.999 7990
7789
7588
7387
7186

0.000 2010
22II
2412
2613
2814

30
32
34
36
38

<.250

9.999 6985

333
.417
.500
.583

6784
6583
6382
6181

0.000 3015
3216
3417
3618
3819

40
42
44
46
48

1.667

9.999 5980
5779

O^

2
4
6
8
lO
12

.750
.833
.917

Values of Log
IF

^.

LOSING

0.000 4020
4221
4422
4623

2.000

5578
5377
5176

50
52
S4
56
58

2.083

9-999 4975

.167
.250
-333
-47

4774
4573
4372
4171

0.000 5025
5226
5427
5628
5829

60

2.500

9-999 3970

0.000 6030

3600

[3600-

Rj

4824

86400
f
[86400

-rJ

">i

T-^EXjE 5
Values ofm for
s

om

,m

2m

3m

**

Reduction to the Meridian.

4m

5m

5m

ym

8m

Qm

o
2
4
6
8

c/^oo

i^^96

7^^85

17^^67

31^^42

49^-^09

70^^68

96^^20

125^^65

159^-^02

0.00

2.10
2.23
2.38
2.52

8.12

8.39
8.66
8.94

18.37
18.47
18.87
19.28

31-94
32.47
33-OI

71.47
72.26
73.06
73.86

97.12
98.04
98-97
99.90

126.70
127-75

33-54

49-74
50.40
51.07
51.74

128.81
129.87

160.20
161.39
162.58
163.77

lO
12

0.05
0.08
0. II

0.14
0.18

9.22
9.50
9-79
10.09
10.39

19.69
20.11

4
i6
iS

2.67
2.83
2.99
3-15
3-32

20.53
20.95
21.38

34-09
34-64
35-19
35-74
36-30

52.41
53.09
53.77
54.46
55.15

74.66
75-47
76.29
77.10
77-93

100.84
101.78
102.72
103.67
104.63

130.94
132.01
133.09
134.17
135.25

164.97
166.17
167.37
168.58
169.80

20
22
24
26
28

0.22
0.26
0.31
0-37
0.43

3-49
3.67
3.85
4.03
4.22

10.69
11.00
II. 31
11.63
11-95

21.82
22.25
22.70
23.14
23.60

36.87
37-44
38.01
38.59
39.17

55.84
56.55
57-25
57.96
58.68

78.75
79-58
80.42
81.26
82.10

105.53
106.55
107.51
108.48
109.46

136.34
137.43
138.53
139.63
140.74

171.02
172.24
173.47
174.70
175.94

30
32
34
36
38

0.49
0.56
0.63

4.42
4.62
4.82
5.03
5-24

12.27
12.60

39.76
40.35
40.95
41.55
42.15

59.39
60.11
60.84
61.57
62.31

82.95
83.81
84.66
85.52
86.39

110.44

12.93
13.27
13.62

24.05
24.51
24.98
25-45
25.92

113.40
114.40

141.85
142.96
144.08
145.20
146.33

177.18
178.43
179.68
180.93
182.19

40
42
44
46
48

0.87
0.96
1.06
I-I5
1.26

5-45
5.67
5-90
6.13
6.36

13.96
14-31
14.67
15.03
15.39

26.40
26.88
27.37
27.86
28.35

42.76
43-37
43-99
44.61
45-24

63.05
63.79
64.54
65.29
66.05

87.26
88.14
89.01
89.89
90.78

115.40
116.40
117.41
118.43
119-45

147.46
148.60
149.74
150.88
152.03

183.46
184.72
185.99
187.27
188.55

50
52
54
56
58

1.36
1.48
1-59
1. 71
1.83

6.60
6.84
7.09
7-34
7.60

15-76
16.14
16.51
16.89
17.28

28.85
29.36
29.86
30.38
30.90

45-87
46.50
47.14
47.79
48.43

66.81
67.58
68.35
69.12
69.90

91.68
92.57
93.47
94.38
95-29

120.47
121.49
122.53
123-57
124.61

153.19
154.35
155.51
156.67
157.84

189.83

60

1.96

7.85

17.67

31.42

49.09

70.68

96.20

125-65

159.02

196.32

O.OI
0.02
0.03

0.71

0.79

Ar gumerlt==:H0 ur

ang

e, t;

in

III. 43
112. 41

3.sin'^>^ t

cosec

191. 12

192.41
193.71
195.01

'/
1

r
T J^BT

."Fl

Values of m for "Reduction to the Meridian."

s

,om

II

13m

14m

15m

16^"

lym

18^"

196^^32

237''54

282'''68

33i''74

384^^74

441^^63

502^^46

567^^2

635^^3

197.63
198.94
200.26
201.59

238.98
240.42
241.87
243-33

284.26
285.83
287.41
289.00

333-44
335-15
336.86
338.58

386.56
388.40
390.24
392.09

443-60
445-56
447-54
449-51

504-55
506.65
508.76
510.86

569-4
571-6
573-9
576.1

638.2
640.6
642.9
645-3

4
i6
i8

202.92
204.25
205.59
206.93
208.27

244.79
246.25
247.72
249.19
250.67

290.58
292.18
293-78
295-38
296.99

340.30
342 02
343-75
345-49
347-23

393.94
395.79
397-65
399-52
401.38

451-50
453-48
455-47
457-47
455-47

512.98
515-09
517.21
519-34
521.47

578.4
580.6
582.9
587-4

647.7
650.0
652.4
654-8
657.2

20
22
24
26
28

209.62
210.98
212.34
213.70
215.07

252.15
253-63
255.12
256.62
258.12

298.60
300.21
301-83
303.46
305-09

348.97
350.71
352.46
354-22
355-98

403-26
405.14
407.02
408. 90
410.79

461.47
463-48
465-49
467-51
469-53

523-60
525-74
527-89
530.03
532.18

589.6
59^-9
594-2
596.5
598.7

659-6
662.0
664.4
666.8
669.2

33
32

35
38

216.44
217.81
219.19
220.58
221.97

259.62
261.12
262.64
264.15
265.68

306.72
308.36
310.00
311-65
313-30

357-74
359-51
361.28
363-07
364-85

412.68
414-59
416.49
418.40
420.31

471-55
473-58
475-62
477-65
479.70

534-33
536.50
538.67
540.83
543-00

601.0
603.3
605.6
607.9
610.2

671.6
674-1
676.5
678.9
681.4

43
42
44
46
43

223.36
224.76
226.16
227.57
228.98

267.20
268.73
270.26
271.79
273-34

3M-95
316.61
318.27
319-94
321.62

366.64
368.42
370.21
372.01
373-82

422.23
424.15
426.07
428.01

545-18
547-36
549-55
551-73
553-93

612.5
614.8
617.2
619-5
621.8

68 -V 8
686.2
688.7

42993

481.74
483.79
485.85
487.91
489.97

50
52
54
56
58

230.39
231.81
233-24
234.67
236.10

274.88
276.43
277.98
279-55
281.12

323.29
324-97
326.66
328.35
330.04

375-62
377-43
379-26
381.08
382.90

431-87
433-82
435-76
437-71
439-67

492.05
494.12
496.19
498.28
500.37

556.13
558.34
560.55
562.76
564-98

624.1
626.5
628.8
631.2
633-5

696.0
698.5
701.0
703-5
705-9

60

237.54

282.68

331.74

384.74

441.63

502.46

567-19

635-8

708.4

o
2
4
6
8
lO
12

34

Argu ment

12"!

Hour a ngle,

t;

t)t

= 2 sin2

i^t

585.1

cosec

1^^

691.

693.6

TJ^^BXjE 5
Values of m and n for " Reduction to the Meridian."
s
o
2
4.

6
a.

ag"!

20m

21"!

708^^4

784^^9

855^:^

949/^6

1037^^8

1 1

710.9
713-4
715-9
718.4

787-5
790.1
792.7
795-4

868.0
870.8
873-5
876.3

952.4
955-3
958.2

1040.8
1043.8
1046.8
1049.8

23 m

22"i

961.

24m

,m

29^-^9

2
20
40

798-0
800.7
803.3
806.0
808.6

879.0
881.8
884.6
8S7.4
890.2

963-9
966.9
969.8
972.7
975-5

1052.8
1055-9
1058.9
1062.0
1065.0

1145.6
1148.8
1152.0
1155-2
1158.3

2D
22
24
26
28

733-5
736.0
738-5

811.

1161.5

8*19.2

743-6

821.9

978.5
981.4
984.4
987-3
990.3

1068.
1071.1

741.

893.0
895-8
89S.6
901.4
904.2

1074.2
1077.2
1080.3

1167.9
1171.1
1^74-3

30
32
34
36
38

746.2
748.7
751-3
753-8
756.4

824.6
827.3
829.9
832.6
835.3

907.0
909.8
912.6
915.5
918.3

993-2
995.2
999.1

1083.3
1086.4
1089.5
1092.6
1095-7

1177-5
1 180.7
1183.9
1187.1
1 190.3

40
42
44
46
48

759-0
761.5
764.1
766.7
769.3

838.0
840.7
843-4

921.

50
52
54
56
58
60

"4
i6
i8

813-9
816.6

1002.

1005.0

1 1

1098.8
1101.9
1 105.0

846.1
848.9

1008.0
1010.9
1013.9
1016.9
1019.9

nil.

1206.4

771.9
774-5
777.1
779-7
782.3

851-6
854-3
857-1
859.8
862.5

935-2
938.1
940.9
943-8
946.6

1022.8
1025.8
1028.8
1031.8
1034.8

1114.3
1117.4
1120.5
1123.6
1126.7

1209.6
1212.9
1216.1
1219.4
1222.6

784-9

865.3

949-6

1037.8

1129.9

1225.9

Argumcnt= Hour angle,

m^

108.

20
40
4

20
43

1203.

2stn'^ )4^

16

20
40

0.267

25

10

20
40
12

20
40
13

cosec

20
40

23

20
40

1^^;

= 2 sin*

0.296
0.327
0-359
0.394
0.432
0.473
0.517
0.563
0.612
0.665

'5

137
-155
.174
.194
.217
.241

0^^267

20
40

20
40

22

20
40

m qS

093
.106
.121

.001
.001
.002
.002
.002

20
40

20
40

1199.9

.000
.000
.000
.000

20
40

193196.

0^^000

.003
.005
.007
.009
.011
.012
.015
.018
.022
.026
-032
.038
-045
-053
.061
.071
.081

20
40

64.

923-9
926.8
929.6
932.4

o-^

20
40

133-0
1136.2
1139-3
1142.5

720.9
723-4
725-9
728.4
730-9

lO
12

20
40
18

0.721
0.780
0.843
0.910

0.980

20
40
19

1.054
1-133
1.

20
40
20
20
40
2i

1.

20
40

20
40
20
40
24
20
40

}i t

216

1.304
1-397
1-493
1-595
1.702

815

1-933
2.057
2.186
2.321
2.463
2. 611
2.766
2.926
3-094
3.270
3-453
3-643

cosec