Additional Mathematics: Differentiation

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ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 16
DIFFERENTIATION
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CHAPTER 9 : DIFFERENTIATION
ContentS
Concept Map
9.1
9.2
First Derivative for Polynomial Function
Test Yourself 1
First Derivative of a Product

of Two Polynomials
Test Yourself 2
9.3 First Derivative of a Quotient

of Two Polynomials
Test Yourself 3
6
7
9.4 First Derivative of a Composite Function
Test Yourself 4
SPM Question
10
Assessment
Answer
11 12
13
1
DIFFERENTIATION TECHNIQUES
yk
dy dy du
dx du dx
dy
dx
y ax n
y uv
dy
dx
dy
dx
u
v
dy
dx
2
9.1
First Derivative for Polynomial Function
1. If y k , where k is a constant, then
dy
dx
Maths Tip
To differentiate means
dy
to find
or f ' ( x)
dx
dy
2. If y ax n , then
dx
TEST YOURSELF 1
1.
y = 10
dy
=
dx
2. y = x 5
dy
=
dx
3. f (x) = -2 x 3
f (x)=
4. y =
7
x
dy
=
dx
5. f ( x)
6. y 4 x 2 x
dy
=
dx
1
3x 3
f (x)=
7.
d 2 1
2 x 2 5x
dx
x
8. y x(3 x 2)
dy
dx
3
Always change
a fractional
function to the
negative index
before finding
differentiation
9. Given y 3x 2 4 x , find the value of
dy
dx
10. Given f ( x) x 1 x 2 , find the value of

f ' (0) and f ' (1).
when x =2.
9.2 First Derivative of a Product of Two Polynomials

If y uv, where u and v are both functions of x ,
dy
dv
du
then
u
v
dx
dx
dx
Example :
Given that y 2 x 2 2 x 2 3 , find

Solution :
left
right
y 2x 2 2
dy
.
dx
dy
= 2 x 2 2 2 x x 2 3 4 x
dx
Keep
Left
Diff.
right
Keep
right
Diff.
left
= 4 x 3 4 x 4 x 3 12 x
= 8x 3 8x
4
TEST YOURSELF 2
1. y x 1 x 2 x 2
dy
=
dx
2.
3. Given y x 2 1 3x 4 . Find
x= -1.
dy
when
dx
d
3x 2 1 4 x 3 2 x =
dx
4. Given a curve f x x 1 2 x 2 x ,
find
a) f '(x),
b) the value of f ' (2)
5
9.3 First Derivative of a Quotient of Two Polynomials
If
u
y , then
v
dy
dx
du
dv
u
dx
dx
2
v
top
Example:
2x 2 5
If f ( x)
, find f(x)
3x 1
bottom
Solution:
keep diff keep diff
bottom top top bottom
f ( x)
bottom 2
3x 14 x 2 x 2 53
3x 12
12 x 2 4 x 6 x 2 15
=
3x 12
=
6 x 2 4 x 15
3x 12
6
TEST YOURSELF 3
1. y
3x 2
x2
2. y
dy
=
dx
3. Given f ( x)
f '(2).
x2 x 2
x2 1
dy
dx
1 5x 2
. Find the value of
1 x2
x 1
, find the value of x
x 1
1
when f '(x) = .
2
4. Given f x
7
9.4 First Derivative of a Composite Function
i) Using the chain rule
dy dy du
dy
du
, where
f ' (u ) and
g ' ( x)
dx du dx
du
dx
ii) Using the formula
y ax b ,
n
dy
n 1
nax b (a )
dx
Example :
Given that y 23 x 5 , find
4
dy
.
dx
Solution :
Using the chain rule
u = 3x 5, then y 2u 4
du
dy
Therefore,
3 and
8u 3
dx
du
Hence,
dy dy du
dx du dx
Let
Using the formula

y 23 x 5
Power is reduced by 1
2x4
dy
3
8 3x 5 3
dx
The function in
the brackets is
differentiated.
The function in
the brackets is
kept
8u 3 3
Substitute
u=3x - 5
24u 3
24 3 x 5
243 x 5
8
TEST YOURSELF 4
1. y x 2 3x
dy
=
dx
3.
y =
2.
1
5 x 34
4.
dy
=
dx
5. Differentiate
to x.
x 4 3 2 x with respect
7
y 3 2x2 3 .
dy
=
dx
Given y 3 p 2 and p = 2x 1.
dy
Find
in terms of x.
dx
6. Given that f ( x) x 2 x 2 3 , find

the value of f ' when x 1.
9
SPM QUESTION
SPM 2004 (Paper 1 Question 20)

Differentiate
3 x 2 2 x 5 with respect to x.
4
[3 marks]
Solution:
SPM 2002 (Paper 2 )

1
dp
dp
3
p 1 t t 2 . Find
and hence, find the values of t when
1.
2
dt
dt
[5 marks]
Solution :
Given
10
ASSESSMENT
1.
y 5x
( 30 minutes)
1
dy
2, find
.
x
dx
3
dy
, find
.
2
4x
dx
2.
3.
Find
d x2 x
.
dx x 2
4.
If
y 4 x 33 x 5 ,find
dy
.
dx
11
dy
2x 1
,find
.
3x 2
dx
5.
If y
6.
If f ( x) x 3 2 ,find f ' ( x)
7.
If y 2 x 3 5 x 2 9 x 8 , find the value of
dy
when x 1 .
dx
12
ANSWER
Test Yourself 1
Test Yourself 2
1.
1.
3x2 1
2.
5x 4
3.
6x 2
7
x2
1
x4
8x 1
2.
3.
60x 4 6 x 2 2
2
4.
a) 6 x 2 6 x 1
b) 13
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Test Yourself 3
1.
2
5
x3
6x 2
8
4x
2.
3.
10. 1, 4
4.
3 x 2 12 x
x 2 2
-x 2 6 x 1
42 x 3 x 2 3x
1.
5.
6.
2 x 3 11x 63 2 x
48
2.
3.
6
SPM Question
2.
4.
3.
1.
Assessment
60 x 2 x 2 3
20
5 x 35
24 x 12
2.
6 x6 x 52 x 5
1
t 2,
3
16
9
x 3 , 1
Test Yourself 4
1.
4.
1
x2
3
2x3
1
x2
2 x 11
5.
7
3x 22
6.
7.
18 x 2 x 3 2
7
13
ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 17
DIFFERENTIATION
14
CHAPTER 9
CONTENTS
9.1
PAGE
Gradient of a tangent and a normal at a point

on a curve .
1-2
9.2
Equations of a tangent and normal to a curve.
3-4
9.3
Second derivative of y=f(x)
5-6
9.4
Turning point (minimum and

point)
maximum
SPM Questions
7-8
Assessment
10-11
Answers
12
15
CHAPTER 9 : Differentiation
Learning Outcomes:
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.1
3.2
9.1
Determine the gradient of a tangent at a point on a

curve.
Determine the equation of tangent at a point on a
curve.
Determine the equation of normal at a point on a
curve.
Determine coordinates of turning point on a curve
Determine whether a turning point is a maximum or
minimum point.
GRADIENT OF A TANGENT AND A NORMAL AT A POINT ON A

CURVE
y=f(x)
tangent
mT
mT m N 1
Gradient
1
mN
mT
mN
Normal
16
Gradient
dy
mT
dx
Example:
Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y 2 x3 3 x 2 7 x 5

at the point (-2,5)
Solution:
y 2 x 3 3x 2 7 x 5
dy
6x 2 6x 7
dx
At point (-2,5), x=-2
Hence, the gradient at the point (-2,5)
dy
dx
6x 2 6x 7
6(2) 2 6(2) 7
5
TEST YOURSELF(1)
1.
Given that the equation of a

parabola is y 1 4 x 2 x 2
Find the gradient of the tangent to
the curve at the point (-1,-3)
3. Given that the gradient of the

tangent at point P on the curve
2
y 2 x 5 is 4, find the
coordinates the point P.
2.
Find the gradient of the tangent,

dy
to the curve y x 2 x 3
dx
at the point (3,6)
4
and the
x2
gradient of tangent is 28. Find the
value of x.
4. Given f ( x) x
17
9.2 EQUATIONS OF A TANGENT AND NORMAL TO A CURVE
y=f(x)
dy
dx
Equation :
mT
tangent
y y1 mT x x1
mN
P(x,y)
normal
Example:
Find the equation of the tangent at
the point (2,7) on the curve
y 3x 2 5
1
mT
Equation :
y y1 m N x x1
x
Example:
Find the equation of the normal at
y 3x 2 5
Solution:
Solution:
y 3x 5
dy
6x
dx
y 3x 2 5
dy
6x
dx
when x 2,
dy
6(2) 12
dx
Gradient of tangent, m T =12

Equation of tangent is
y y1 mT x x1
y 7 12 x 2
y 7 12 x 24
y 12x 17 0
when x 2,
dy
6(2) 12
dx
Gradient of normal, m N
Equation of normal is
y y1 m N x x1
1
x 2
12
12 y 84 1( x 2)
y7
12y x - 86 0
18
1
12
TEST YOURSELF(2)
1.
Find the equation of the tangent at

2
y 2 x 5
2.
Find the equation of the tangent

to the curve y 2 x 1 x 1
at the point where its x-coordinate
is -1.
3.
Find the equation of the normal

to the curve y 2 x 2 3x 2 at
the point where its x-coordinate
is 2.
4.
Find the gradient of the curve

4
y
at the point (-2,-4)
2x 3
and hence determine the equation
of the normal passing through that
point.
19
9.3 Second derivative of y=f(x)

y f (x)
f '(x) or
f (x)
Example
or
dy
dx
First derivative
d2y
dx 2
Second derivative
Given that f ( x) 3 2 x 2 ,find f(x) and f(1)

Solution:
f ( x) 3 2 x
4 x
-20x3 - 2x
f ( x) 5 3 2 x 2
2 4
f " ( x) 20(3 2 x 2 ) 4 4 3 2 x 2 (4 x)(20 x)
20 3 - 2x 2
20(3 - 2x 2
(3 2 x ) 16 x
) 18 x 3
3
60(3 - 2x 2 ) 3 (6x 2 - 1)
f " (1) 60(1)(5)
300
20
TEST YOURSELF(3)
1.
Given that y 2 x 3 4 x 2 6 x 3 ,
find
3.
2.
d2y
dx 2
Given that f ( x) (4 x 1) 5 ,
find f (0)
4.
Given that f ( x) 2 x 2 40 3 x ,
find f (x)
Given that s 3 t 2 1 ,calculate

the value of
21
d 2s
1
when t=
2
2
dt
9.4 Turning Point (Minimum and Maximum Point)

dy
0
dx
Turning
point
Maximum point
dy
0
dx
Minimum point
Example :
Find the turning points of the curve y 2 x 3 12 x 2 18 x 3 and determine
whether each of them is a maximum or a minimum point.
Solution:
y 2 x 3 12 x 18 x 3
2
dy
dx
dy
0
dx
6 x 2 24 x 8 0
At turning points,
x 2 4x 3 0
x 1x 3 0
x 1 or x 3
Substitute values of x into y 2 x 3 12 x 2 18 x 3
When x=1 , y 2(1) 3 12(1) 2 8(1) 3 11
When x=3 , y 2(3) 3 12(3) 2 8(1) 3 3
Thus the coordinates of the turning points are
d2y
12 x 24
dx 2
and
d2y
When x=1 , dx 2 12(1) 24 12 0 ,
Thus (1,11) is the
point
2
When x=3, d 2y 12(3) 24 6 0
dx
Thus , (3,3) is the
point
22
TEST YOURSELF(4)
1.
Find the coordinates of two turning points on the curve y x x 2 3
2.
Determine the coordinates of the minimum point of y x 2 4 x 4
3.
2 3
x 2 x 2 5 is an equation of a curve. Find the coordinates of the
3
turning points of the curve and determine whether each of the turning point
is a maximum or minimum point.
23
SPM QUESTIONS:
1.
SPM 2005 (Paper 1, No 19)

Given that h( x)
2.
3 x 52
, evaluate h (1) [ 4 marks]
SPM 2003(Paper 1, No 15)

Given that y=14x(5-x),calculate
a) the value of x when y is a maximum
b) the maximum value of y
[3 marks]
24
ASSESSMENT:
1.
If y 2 x 3 , find
4
d2y
dx 2
2. Find the gradient of the curve y 3 x 1 x 1 at the point where its

1
x-coordinates is
2
3. Given that y x 2 2 x 7 ,find the value of x if x 2
d2y
dy
x 1 y 8
2
dx
dx
25
Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y 3 x 5 where the gradient
of its tangent is 6.
2
5.
6.
5
.Hence obtain the equation of
3x 2
normal to the curve at the point which x-coordinate is -1.
Find the gradient function of the curve f ( x)
A curve has a gradient function px 2 5 x ,where p is a constant. The tangent to the

curve at point (1,4) is parallel to a straight line y 3 x 1 0 .Find the
value of p
26
ANSWERS
TEST YOURSELF (1)
8
7
P= (2,1)
2
x=
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
TEST YOURSELF(3)
1. 12x + 8
2. 160-36x
3 -320
4. -3
SPM QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
1. y+12x-21=0
2. y+3x+3=0
3. 5y+x-22=0
4. Gradient = -8
8y-x+30=0
TEST YOURSELF(4)
1. (1,-2) and (-1,2)
2. The minimum point is (2,0)
23
3. Turning points are (2,
) and
3
(0,-5)
(0,-5) is a maximum point
23
(2, ) is a minimum point
3
ASSESSMENT:
1. 482 x 3
27
8
a) x
TEST YOURSELF(2)
5
175
, b) y
2
2
2. -1
3
3. x ,1
5
4. ( 2,1)
5. y
15
3x 22
6. p = 2
27
, 3y=5x +2
ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 18
DIFFERENTIATION
28
CHAPTER 9 : DIFFERENTIATION
Content
page
Concept Map
9.1 Rates of Change
Test Yourself 1
9.2 Small Changes and Approximations
Test Yourself 2
2
3
45
67
89
SPM Question
10 11
Assessment
12 14
Answer
15
29
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
Rate of change
dv dv dx
dt dx dt
Small changes
y
Maximum and
minimum values
dy
x
dx
Approximation
30
9.1 Rates of Change
If y = f (x) and x = g(t), then using the chain rule

rate of change of y and
dy dy dx
dy
, where
is the
dt dx dt
dt
dx
is the rate of change of x.
dt
Sharpen Your Skills
h cm
h cm
h cm
9 cm
9 cm
9 cm
The above figure shows a cube of volume

729 cm. If the water level in the cube, h
cm, is increasing at the rate of 0.8 cm s 1 ,
find the rate of increase of the volume of
water.
Rate of change of the volume of water,

dV
dV dh
dt
dh
dt
81 0.8
Solution :
Let each side of the cube be x cm.
Volume of the cube = 729 cm
x = 729
x = 9
V = 9 x 9 x h = 81h
Chain rule
dh =rate of increace of
dt
the water level
= 0.8 cm s
dV =81
dh
64.8 cm 3 s 1
Hence, the rate of increase of the volume of
water is 64.8 cm s 1 .
31
TEST YOURSELF 1
1.
A spherical air bubble is formed at the base of a pond. When the bubble moves to the
surface of the water, it expands. If the radius of the bubble is expanding at the rate of
0.05 cm s 1 , find the rate at which the volume of the bubble is increasing when its
radius is 2 cm.
Answer :
2.
If the radius of a circle is decreasing at the rate of 0.2 cm s 1 , find the rate of decrease
of the area of the circle when its radius is 3 cm.
Answer :
32
4 cm
3.
20 cm
h cm
The above figure shows an inverted cone with a height of 20 cm and a base-radius of
4 cm. Water is poured into the cone at the rate of 5 cm s 1 but at the same time,
water is dripping out from the cone due to a leakage a the rate of 1 cm s 1 .
(a)
If the height and volume of the water at time t s are h cm and V cm

1
respectively, show that V h 3 .
75
(b) Find he rate of increase of the water level in the cone at the moment the water
level is 12 cm.
Answer :
33
9.2 Small Changes and Approximations
Small Changes
y dy
x dx
Approximate Value
dy
x
dx
where y small change in y
x small change in x
y new y original y
dy
x
dx
y original
Sharpen Your Skills

The height of a cylinder is three times its
radius.
Calculate the approximate
increase in the total surface area of the
cylinder if its radius increases from 7 cm
to 7.05 cm.
Solution :
Approximate change in the total surface

area is A
A dA
r dr
dA
A r
dr
A 8 r 2
dA
16r
dr
16r 7.05 7
New r (7.05)
Minus old r(7)
16 7 0.05
5.6 cm2
Let the total surface area of the cylinder
be A cm.
A = Sum of areas of the top and bottom
circular surface + Area of the curved
surface.
Hence, the approximate increase in the total

surface area of the cylinder is 5.6 cm .
A 2r 2 2rh
2r 2 2r 3r
Substitute r with the

old value of r, i.e. 7
It is given that
h=3r
8r 2
34
Sharpen Your Skills
Given that y
4
, calculate the value of
x5
4
4 5
5 2.03 2
5
2.03 2 16
dy
if x = 2. Hence estimate the values of
dx
4
4
(a )
(b)
5
2.03
1.98 5
x new 2.03
4
3
32 320
x original 2
Solution :
4
y 5 4 x 5
x
dy
20
20 x 6 6
dx
x
dy
20
5
When x 2,
6
dx
16
x
(a)
y new y original y
y original
dy
x
dx
0.116525
(b)
y new y original y
y new y original
dy
x
dx
4
4 5
5 1.98 2
5
1.98
2 16
4
1
32 160
0.13125
35
x new 1.98
xoriginal 2
TEST YOURSELF 2
1.
It is given that y
20
. Find the approximate change in x when y increases from
2 x
40 to 40.5.
2.
Given that y
(a)
4.023
5
dy
, find the value of
when x = 4. Hence, estimate the value of
3
dx
x
5
(b)
3.993
36
3.
A cube has side of 6 cm. If each of the side of the cube decreases by 0.1 cm, find the
approximate decrease in the total surface area of the cube.
4.
The volume of a sphere increases from 288 cm 3 to 290 cm 3 . Calculate the

approximate increase in its radius.
37
SPM QUESTION

Given that y x 2 5 x, use differentiation to find the small change in y when x increases
from 3 to 3.01.
[3 marks]
Solution:

2
Two variables, x and y, are related by the equation y 3 x .
x
Given that y increase at a constant rate of 4 units per second, find the rate of change of x
when x =2.
[3 marks]
Solution :
38

1 3
h 8h, where h cm is the
3
height of the water in the container. Water is poured into the container at the rate of
10 cm 3 s -1 . Find the rate of change of the height of water, in cm 3 s -1 , at the instant when its
height is 2 cm.
[3 marks]
The volume of water , V cm, in a container is given by V
Solution :
39
ASSESSMENT
1.
4
r 3 . Use the differentiation method to find the small change in v
3
when r increases from 3 to 3.01.
Given v
Answer :
2.
27
dy
. Find the value of
when x = 3.
3
dx
x
27
Hence, estimate the value of
.
3.03 3
Given y
Answer :
40
3.
Diagram 1 shows a conical container with a diameter of 60 cm and height of 40 cm.

Water is poured into the container at a constant rate of 1 000 cm 3 s -1 .
60 cm
40 cm
Water
Diagram 1
Calculate the rate of change of the radius of the water level at the instant when the
1
radius of the water is 6 cm. (Use = 3.142; volume of cone r 2 h )
3
Answer :
41
4.
V
4x cm
E
F
H
G
D
A
6x cm
C
6x cm
B
The above diagram shows a solid which consists of a cuboid with a square base of
side 6x cm, surmounted by a pyramid of height 4x cm. The volume of the cuboid is
5832 cm.
(a)
(b)
Show that the total surface area of the solid, A cm, is given by
3888
A 96 x 2
.
x
If the value of x increasing at the rate 0.08 cm s -1 , find the rate of increase of
the total surface area of the solid at the instant x = 4.
Answer :
42
ANSWER
Test Yourself 1
Test Yourself 2
1.
0.8 cm3 s 1
1.
0.005
2.
dA
1.2
dt
2.
dy
15
dx
256
(a)
(b)
dh 25
cms 1
dt 36
3.
0.07695
0.07871
3.
-7.2 cm
4.
1
cm
72
SPM Question
Assessment
1.
0.11
1.
0.36
2.
dx 8
units 1
dt 5
2.
dy
1, 0.97
dx
3.
dh
0.8333cms 1
dt
3.
6.631 cm s 1
4.
(b)
43
42 cm 2 s 1

Additional Mathematics: Differentiation

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First Derivative for Polynomial Function

First Derivative of a Product

9.3 First Derivative of a Quotient

9.4 First Derivative of a Composite Function

First Derivative for Polynomial Function

1. If y k , where k is a constant, then

9. Given y 3x 2 4 x , find the value of

10. Given f ( x) x 1 x 2 , find the value of

9.2 First Derivative of a Product of Two Polynomials

Given that y 2 x 2 2 x 2 3 , find

9.3 First Derivative of a Quotient of Two Polynomials

bottom top top bottom

9.4 First Derivative of a Composite Function

i) Using the chain rule

ii) Using the formula

Using the formula

6. Given that f ( x) x 2 x 2 3 , find

SPM 2004 (Paper 1 Question 20)

SPM 2002 (Paper 2 )

If y 2 x 3 5 x 2 9 x 8 , find the value of

Gradient of a tangent and a normal at a point

Equations of a tangent and normal to a curve.

Second derivative of y=f(x)

Turning point (minimum and

Determine the gradient of a tangent at a point on a

GRADIENT OF A TANGENT AND A NORMAL AT A POINT ON A

Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y 2 x3 3 x 2 7 x 5

Given that the equation of a

3. Given that the gradient of the

Find the gradient of the tangent,

9.2 EQUATIONS OF A TANGENT AND NORMAL TO A CURVE

Gradient of tangent, m T =12

Find the equation of the tangent at

Find the equation of the tangent

Find the equation of the normal

Find the gradient of the curve

9.3 Second derivative of y=f(x)

Given that f ( x) 3 2 x 2 ,find f(x) and f(1)

f " ( x) 20(3 2 x 2 ) 4 4 3 2 x 2 (4 x)(20 x)

Given that s 3 t 2 1 ,calculate

9.4 Turning Point (Minimum and Maximum Point)

Thus (1,11) is the

Thus , (3,3) is the

Find the coordinates of two turning points on the curve y x x 2 3

Determine the coordinates of the minimum point of y x 2 4 x 4

SPM 2005 (Paper 1, No 19)

, evaluate h (1) [ 4 marks]

SPM 2003(Paper 1, No 15)

2. Find the gradient of the curve y 3 x 1 x 1 at the point where its

3. Given that y x 2 2 x 7 ,find the value of x if x 2

Find the gradient function of the curve f ( x)

A curve has a gradient function px 2 5 x ,where p is a constant. The tangent to the

9.1 Rates of Change

If y = f (x) and x = g(t), then using the chain rule

Sharpen Your Skills

The above figure shows a cube of volume

Rate of change of the volume of water,

If the height and volume of the water at time t s are h cm and V cm

9.2 Small Changes and Approximations

where y small change in y

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