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DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW

983 A stirrer mixes liquid chemicals in a large tank (Fig.

P983). The free surface of the liquid is exposed to room air.
Surface tension effects are negligible. Discuss the boundary
conditions required to solve this problem. Specifically, what
are the velocity boundary conditions in terms of cylindrical
coordinates (r, u, z) and velocity components (ur, uu, uz) at all
surfaces, including the blades and the free surface? What
pressure boundary conditions are appropriate for this flow
field? Write mathematical equations for each boundary condition and discuss.
P = Patm

Free surface
v

986
Water (r  998.2 kg/m3 and m  1.003
 103 kg/m  s) flows in a long, straight pipe. The flow is
steady, fully developed, and laminar, so the analytical velocity profile is known. Write an expression for axial velocity
component u as a function of radial coordinate r, pipe radius
R, and average axial velocity V. Run FlowLab with template
Pipe_1d_Reynolds at Re = 1000. Record the average velocity
and write the velocity profile data to a file. Generate a plot of
u(r) that compares the analytical velocity profile to that generated by CFD. Is there good agreement? Repeat for Re =
2000. Discuss your results.
987 The ru-component of the viscous stress tensor in
cylindrical coordinates is
tru  tur  mcr

Rtank

r, m

D
z

1 u r
 uu
a b
d
r u
r r

(1)

Some authors write this component instead as

u u
1 u r
tru  tur  mc a
 u ub 
d
r u
r

FIGURE P983
984 Repeat Prob. 983, but from a frame of reference
rotating with the stirrer blades at angular velocity v.
985 Consider liquid in a cylindrical tank. Both the tank
and the liquid rotate as a rigid body (Fig. P985). The free
surface of the liquid is exposed to room air. Surface tension
effects are negligible. Discuss the boundary conditions
required to solve this problem. Specifically, what are the
velocity boundary conditions in terms of cylindrical coordinates (r, u, z) and velocity components (ur, uu, uz) at all surfaces, including the tank walls and the free surface? What
pressure boundary conditions are appropriate for this flow
field? Write mathematical equations for each boundary condition and discuss.

(2)

Are these the same? In other words is Eq. 2 equivalent to Eq.

1, or do these other authors define their viscous stress tensor
differently? Show all your work.
988 Engine oil at T  60C is forced to flow between two
very large, stationary, parallel flat plates separated by a thin
gap height h  2.50 mm (Fig. P988). The plate dimensions
are L  1.25 m and W  0.750 m. The outlet pressure is
atmospheric, and the inlet pressure is 1 atm gage pressure.
Estimate the volume flow rate of oil. Also calculate the
Reynolds number of the oil flow, based on gap height h and
average velocity V. Is the flow laminar or turbulent?
Answers: 1.09  103 m3/s, 17.3, laminar
Pout

Pin
y

W
L

Free
surface

FIGURE P988
P = Patm

989 Consider the following

steady, two-dimensional,
incom

pressible
velocity field: V  (u, v)  (ax  b)i  (ay 

cx2)j , where a, b, and c are constants. Calculate the pressure

as a function of x and y. Answer: cannot be found

R
Liquid

z
r

FIGURE P985

990 Consider the following

steady, two-dimensional,
incom

pressible velocity field: V  (u, v)  (ax2)i  (2axy)j ,

where a is a constant. Calculate the pressure as a function of
x and y.
991 Consider steady, two-dimensional, incompressible
flow due to a spiraling line vortex/sink flow centered on the

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CHAPTER 9

z-axis. Streamlines and velocity components are shown in

Fig. P991. The velocity field is ur  C/r and uu  K/r,
where C and K are constants. Calculate the pressure as a
function of r and u.
uu
uu =

K
r

ur =

one vertical wall with a free surface replacing the second

wall (Example 917), all else being equal. Discuss the differences and provide a physical explanation. Answer: rgh3/12m
downward

995 Repeat Example 917, except for the case in which

the wall is inclined at angle a (Fig. P989). Generate expressions for both the pressure and velocity fields. As a check,
make sure that your result agrees with that of Example 917
when a  90. [Hint: It is most convenient to use the (s, y, n)
coordinate system with velocity components (us, v, un),
where y is into the page in Fig. P995. Plot the dimensionless
velocity profile u*s versus n* for the case in which a  60.]

C
r

Oil film:
r, m

Air

FIGURE P991

Fixed
wall

992 Consider
the steady, two-dimensional,
incompressible

velocity field, V  (u, v)  (ax  b)i  (ay  c)j , where

a, b, and c are constants. Calculate the pressure as a function
of x and y.
993 Consider steady, incompressible, parallel, laminar
flow of a viscous fluid falling between two infinite vertical
walls (Fig. P993). The distance between the walls is h, and
gravity acts in the negative z-direction (downward in the figure). There is no applied (forced) pressure driving the flow
the fluid falls by gravity alone. The pressure is constant
everywhere in the flow field. Calculate the velocity field and
sketch the velocity profile using appropriate nondimensionalized variables.
z

Fluid:
r, m

z
x

FIGURE P995
996 For the falling oil film of Prob. 995, generate an
expression for the volume
flow rate per unit width of oil
#
falling down# the wall (V L) as a function of r, m, h, and g.
Calculate (V L) for an oil film of thickness 5.0 mm with r
 888 kg/m3 and m  0.80 kg/m s.
The first two viscous terms in the u-component of the
u u
uu
1 
ar
b  2d.
NavierStokes equation (Eq. 962c) are mc
r r
r
r

997
x

Fixed
wall

P = Patm

Fixed
wall

FIGURE P993
994 For the fluid falling between two parallel vertical
walls (Prob. 993), generate
an expression for the volume
#
flow rate per unit width (V L) as a function of r, m, h, and g.
Compare your result to that of the same fluid falling along

Expand this expression as far as possible using the product

rule, yielding three terms. Now combine all three terms into
one term. (Hint: Use the product rule in reversesome trial
and error may be required.)
998 An incompressible Newtonian liquid is confined
between two concentric circular cylinders of infinite length
a solid inner cylinder of radius Ri and a hollow, stationary
outer cylinder of radius Ro (Fig. P998; the z-axis is out of
the page). The inner cylinder rotates at angular velocity vi.
The flow is steady, laminar, and two-dimensional in the
ru-plane. The flow is also rotationally symmetric, meaning
that nothing is a function of coordinate u (uu and P are functions of radius r only). The flow is also circular, meaning that
velocity component ur  0 everywhere. Generate an exact
expression for velocity component uu as a function of radius r

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DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW

and the other parameters in the problem. You may ignore

gravity. (Hint: The result of Prob. 997 is useful.)
Liquid: r, m

Ro

vi

Ri

Rotating inner cylinder

Stationary outer cylinder

FIGURE P998
999
Glycerin ( r  1259.9 kg/m3 and m 
0.799 kg/m s) flows between two concentric cylinders as in
Prob. 998. The inner radius is 0.060 m, and the inner cylinder rotates at 300 rpm. The outer cylinder is stationary.
Recall from Chapter 2 that when the gap between the cylinders is small, the tangential velocity of the fluid in the gap is
nearly linear. When the gap is large, however, we expect the
linear approximation to fail. Run FlowLab with template
Concentric_gap. Run two cases: (a) a small gap of 0.001 m
and (b) a large gap of 0.060 m. For each case, plot and save
the velocity profile data. Compare to the analytical prediction
for both cases. Is there good agreement? How good is the linear approximation? Discuss your results.
9100 Repeat Prob. 999, but let the inner cylinder be stationary and the outer cylinder rotate at angular velocity vo.
Generate an exact solution for uu(r) using the step-by-step
procedure discussed in this chapter.
9101
Glycerin (r  1259.9 kg/m3 and m 
0.799 kg/ms) flows between two concentric cylinders as in
Prob. 9100. The inner radius is 0.060 m, and the outer cylinder rotates at 500 rpm. The inner cylinder is stationary. Run
FlowLab with template Concentric_outer, setting vo  500
rpm. Plot and save the velocity profile data to a file. On the
same plot, compare the analytical prediction from Prob.
9100. Is there good agreement? How good is the linear
approximation? Discuss your results.
9102 Analyze and discuss two limiting cases of Prob.
998: (a) The gap is very small. Show that the velocity profile approaches linear from the outer cylinder wall to the

inner cylinder wall. In other words, for a very tiny gap the
velocity profile reduces to that of simple two-dimensional
Couette flow. (Hint: Define y  Ro  r, h  gap thickness 
Ro  Ri, and V  speed of the upper plate  Ri vi.) (b) The
outer cylinder radius approaches infinity, while the inner
cylinder radius is very small. What kind of flow does this
approach?
9103 Repeat Prob. 998 for the more general case.
Namely, let the inner cylinder rotate at angular velocity vi
and let the outer cylinder rotate at angular velocity vo. All
else is the same as Prob. 998. Generate an exact expression
for velocity component uu as a function of radius r and the
other parameters in the problem. Verify that when vo  0
your result simplifies to that of Prob. 998.
9104
Glycerin (r  1259.9 kg/m3 and m 
0.799 kg/m s) flows between two concentric cylinders as in
Prob. 9103. The inner radius is 0.060 m, and the outer
radius is 0.12 m. In this problem, we compare analytical to
CFD results. Run FlowLab with template Concentric_gap.
Run two cases: (a) vi  300 rpm, vo  0 and (b) vi  200
rpm, vo  400 rpm. For each case, plot and save the velocity
profile data to a file. Compare to the analytical prediction for
both cases. Is there good agreement? Discuss your results.
9105 Analyze and discuss a limiting case of Prob. 994 in
which there is no inner cylinder (Ri  vi  0). Generate an
expression for uu as a function of r. What kind of flow is
this? Describe how this flow could be set up experimentally.
Answer: vor

9106 Consider steady, incompressible, laminar flow of a

Newtonian fluid in an infinitely long round pipe annulus of
inner radius Ri and outer radius Ro (Fig. P9106). Ignore the
effects of gravity. A constant negative pressure gradient P/x
is applied in the x-direction, (P/dx)  (P2  P1)/(x2  x1),
where x1 and x2 are two arbitrary locations along the x-axis,
and P1 and P2 are the pressures at those two locations. The
pressure gradient may be caused by a pump and/or gravity.
Note that we adopt a modified cylindrical coordinate system
here with x instead of z for the axial component, namely, (r,
u, x) and (ur, uu, u). Derive an expression for the velocity
field in the annular space in the pipe.

Outer pipe wall

Fluid: r, m

r
x

P1
x1

Ri

Ro

P P2 P1
=
x x2 x1

FIGURE P9106

P2
x2