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Tender and Stiff Ships
If the name of this article suggests that it
has something to do with the strength of
the ship structure, then leave your
presumptions at ...
Bulk Carriers (A Detailed Synopsis)
Ore Carrier Berge Stahl (Copyright: BW
Fleet Management Pte. Ltd. Singapore)
Whenever the word ship comes to our
mind, we may in...
Ore Carrier Berge Stahl (Copyright: BW Fleet Management Pte. Ltd. Singapore)
Whenever the word ship comes to our mind, we may invariably think of lavish yachts and passenger ferries like the Titanic, the robust
fighter ships and destroyers used for defence purposes or pleasure crafts used for recreation. But we must also note that a commendable
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share of our fleet traveling around the globe is comprised of the ships known as Bulk Carriers which are also termed as work horses of
maritime trade. Over 15-17% of our merchant vessels are comprised of these amazing bulk carriers.
As of 1999, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea defines a bulk carrier as a ship constructed with a single deck, top
side tanks and hopper side tanks in cargo spaces and intended to primarily carry dry cargo in bulk; an ore carrier; or a combination
carrier. But, let us not get into the technical lingo first, a bulk carrier as a general purpose cargo-carrying ship which is employed to carry
enormous amounts of bulk unpack aged (note: they are not like container vessels ) cargo in its single-deck structure. Broadly there may
be 2 types of cargo:
Liquid bulk cargo transported by chemical tankers, crude oil carriers, product tankers, petroleum tankers.
Dry bulk carriers carrying ore, grains, raw materials, coal, steel etc.
Another special type of carrier called OBO carriers are found which carry all the three in combinations (Ore-Bulk-Oil) and that
too in a single voyage.
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There are various types of bulk carriers based on their containment capacity or deadweight, sizes and dimensions and sometimes
business and corporal standards. Some of the common types of bulk carriers are:
MINI BULKERS: Deadweight (dwt) capacity< 10000 tons.
SMALL HANDYSIZE CARRIERS: 20000-28000 tons DWT.
HANDYSIZE CARRIERS: 28000-40000 tons DWT.
Hullform
Now a bulk carrier has the main concern of carrying large amounts of loaded bulk cargo economically and safely from one place to
another in stipulated time over varying distances. So, think about it, the prime concern driving all the vessels should be capacity and
cargo-friendliness and not speed or luxury. So, in all the ships which are essentially of displacement-type (slow speed), it has a broader
and fuller hull form.
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A broader beam has a fuller bow as well as a stern to accommodate large amounts of cargo, reducing its concerns on speed. In terms of
the body plan or the lines plan, the buttock lines or the curvature lines of the hull both fore and aft are far spaced accounting for its
fullness.
Now the hull form of a bulker is generally cell-guided to account for its longitudinal strength (for larger ships) and is web framed (in shorter
ships) to account for its transverse strength. The basic design of the hull form of bulk carriers is mainly comprised of a thick double shell
plating and girded by tanks in the sideways, bottom, and top zones.
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Midship Section of a single skin bulk carrier. (Copyright: Ship Construction, D.J. Eyres)
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Cargo Handling
Bulk amounts of cargo in bulk carriers may be loaded and unloaded by the virtue of large openings in the deck known as hatch openings.
These openings are generally less than half of the beam (< B/2), generally one-third in single hatch ships and 0.75 in double or more
hatches. These hatches are covered by hatch covers and have coamings which protect the cargo from flooding and damage in high seas
and also accounts for compensation of loss of strength of the deck due to the openings.
The hatch covers may slide, fold, roll or be guided by hydraulic lifting systems. Some special techniques as in the pontoon decks may be
adopted. All such designations are in congruence with the load outlines and the structural necessities of a ship.
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Cargo handling arrangement of the same bulk carrier above, in plan view.
(Note how one derrick is used to operate on two holds)
Proper surveillance and checking methodologies are adopted for the cargo both ensuring its quality and the stability and safety factors of a
ship. Grain shifting is an awkward and often dangerous problem in case of dry bulk, where the unpackaged or loosened cargo pose the
problem of shifting when exceeding the angle of repose mostly due to lack of levelling or the heavy sea conditions. It leads to the loss of
stability and precarious rolling motion.
If you observe the slope of the wing tank plating, it has a reason. This angle differs in different bulk carriers, matching the angle of repose
of the cargo that is to be carried. If the angle of the wing tank plating matches the angle of repose of the cargo, then cargo shifting is
considerably prevented.
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Recent Developments
Bulk Carriers, being the workhorses of the maritime economy have come a long way through disasters, losses, and hazards. So, with the
passage of time, especially after the tragic loss of MV Derbyshire, the IMO, and the other International Safety Organizations have become
more cautious about safety measures to be taken in a bulk carrier. Though, it lists out to be huge, some of them are:
A stronger double-bottom accounting for more stable structure.
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At least two or more holds watertight are necessary to avoid heavy trim in case of accidental flooding or leakage.
Improving hatch structures and coamings, so that water does not enter the holds even in heavy seas.
Generally it is difficult to assess loading conditions and heavy lifting operations are usually slow (it can take over an hour just
to halt the operation), occasionally resulting in overloading the ship. Sometimes, unexpected shocks, over time, can damage
the hull's structural integrity.
Much more care is taken and advanced techniques are adopted for maintaining proper angle of repose and preventing grain
shifting and also to keep the cargo evened out.
Corrosion, due to a lack of maintenance, affected the seals of the hatch covers and the strength of the bulkheads which
separate holds. The corrosion is difficult to detect due to the immense size of the surfaces involved. So more care is taken to
prevent corrosion and prevent life span of the ships.
Improved ballasting technologies. LSD
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