HDIL

High-Definition Induction Log

Advanced resistivity measurement technology for more

accurate evaluation of complex reservoirs

The

HighDefinition
Induction
Log

(HDILSM) service is another member of

the Baker Atlas family of new-generation
technologies to help oil and gas producers better evaluate their reservoirs and
maximize hydrocarbon recovery.

With the HDIL service, formation resistivities are accurately

measured at multiple depths of investigation in fresh waterand oil-based drilling fluid systems. The seven-receiver
HDIL array acquires resistivity data at eight operating frequencies, providing detailed evaluation of deeply invaded
and thinly laminated reservoirs. Inversion processing of
HDIL data allows different vertical resolution and depth
of investigation measurements to be combined in a single
interpretation process and provides an accurate resistivity
distribution image.

The High-Definition Induction Log (HDIL)

is a new digital, full-spectrum induction device for determining accurate
formation resistivity with enhanced diagnostics and data integrity verification. Application of the improved resistivity data acquired with the HDIL
service results in better reservoir description, improved Sw, and more accurate reserves estimates. The HDIL service also provides better vertical resolution in thin beds and a detailed description of the drilling fluid invasion profile.
Hydrocarbon evaluation in complex environments demands an instrument
that can look ever deeper into the formation and resolve increasingly
thinner structures. Baker Atlas meets this demand using the HDIL service
along with the powerful computational capabilities of the ECLIPSSM surface
acquisition system. This flexible induction device is designed to accommodate a wide range of subsurface combination options with other tools.
Benefits
More accurate formation resistivity, water
saturation, and reserves estimates
Better determination of movable fluids
and recovery factor
Improved evaluation of thinly bedded
reservoirs
Superior measurements in deeply invaded
formations
Detailed evaluation of the drilling fluid
invasion profile
Flexible combination options to meet
client information needs while minimizing acquisition time

Inversion processing provides improved true

formation resistivity (Rt) and flushed zone
resistivity (Rxo) values, as well as drilling
fluid invasion profile information. The invasion profile in track 1 distinguishes the fully
flushed, transition, and undisturbed regions.
Track 2 shows Rt, Rxo, and the resolutionmatched measurements, while track 3 shows
a radial resistivity image.

Advanced Instrument Design

The HDIL instrument is a multireceiver array

induction device that provides formation resistivity measurements at multiple depths of
investigation.

Receiver Coils

Transmitter

Estimated hydrocarbon reserves are

increased 22% by using advanced HDIL
data processing in this laminated shaly
sand reservoir drilled with oil-based mud
and logged with the HDIL, neutron,
density, and gamma ray instruments.

SP
Telemetry
Pre-Amp
(7 Channels)

Reference

Acquisition
and
Stacking
(8 Channels)

Field Joint

Micro
Processor
Controlled
Transmitter
Synchronization

Higher vertical resolution and deeper radial

measurements are provided with the HDIL
service compared to conventional induction
logging systems. Data from seven receiver
arrays at eight operating frequencies are
acquired simultaneously to determine formation resistivities at various depths of investigation into the reservoir.
The HDIL subsurface instrument is a multireceiver, multifrequency, fully digital arraytype induction device that provides an
order of magnitude more information than
a conventional induction tool. This information can be processed in a variety of
ways, depending on the environment and
the clients needs. For complicated interpretation scenarios such as thin beds (down
to 1 ft thick) or deep or unusual invasion,
it is the service that provides the answers.

Comparison of HDIL true resolution (track 2) vs.

HDIL 2-ft resolution-matched curves (track 3),
along with openhole gamma ray (track 1), and
neutron/density logs (track 4)

The HDIL instrument is designed with

multiple receiver coils spaced from 6 to
94 inches, which gives the tool capabilities
not available with conventional induction
instruments. The longer spacings enable
the determination of accurate Rt estimates
even in the presence of deep invasion,
while the shorter spacings provide the
information to correct for borehole and
near-borehole effects. Overlap in regions
of investigation allows the measurements
to be compared for consistency, providing
a valuable quality-control feature. The
multireceiver design allows full characterization of the invasion profile even in an
oil-based mud environment.
The HDILs multifrequency acquisition
scheme enhances data quality assessment by
allowing comparison of data acquired
at different frequencies. A consistency
check among related data points yields
results that provide data quality indicators.
The full spectrum nature of the HDIL
data allows for a robust skin correction
routine that combines the eight different
frequencies to reduce noise and provide
quality control.
The fully digital HDIL acquisition technique allows the field engineer to examine
the actual waveforms detected by the coil
array, opening up a range of new data
quality control and diagnostic techniques.
For example, magnetic materials in the
wellbore or formation can be distinctly
isolated in the time domain waveform.

A comparison of shaly sand analysis results

using the HDIL true resolution (track 3)
and HDIL resolution-matched (track 4) log
data. Because drilling fluid invasion is minimal in this case, the HDIL resolutionmatched data more accurately represent actual reservoir conditions.

Decreasing vertical resolution capability

with increasing investigation depth into
the formation is a recognized phenomenon
of induction tools. To compensate for this
and other limitations inherent with induction devices, Baker Atlas offers both true
resolution and resolution-matched curves
to provide the data that best suit reservoir
conditions.

Data Processing
True Resolution Curves
True resolution curves are designed to be
artifact-free. Unlike other induction measurements, the curves are not prone to
spiking near certain formation interfaces.
HDIL true resolution data processing
minimizes the effects of the deeper investigating responses to near borehole features.
Because high-resolution data from near
the borehole are not used to artificially
replace the deeper measurements, the vertical resolution of the curves varies with the
depth of investigation. The HDIL instrument investigates at median formation
depths of 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 inches
that significantly improves defining the
invasion profile. Identical readings by the
90-inch and 120-inch depth measurements
provide a direct indication of Rt.

10 in.

20 in.

60 in.

90 in.

10 in.

20 in.

60 in.

90 in.

Resolution Matched Curves

Although true resolution processing provides more accurate formation resistivity
values in most cases, there are occasions,
such as thin-bed reservoirs, where bed
boundary effects will limit the accuracy of
deeper investigating measurements. To
improve interpretation in this situation,
the HDIL device offers an alternative computation designated as resolution-matched
processing. High-resolution data near the
borehole are added to the deeper measurements so all curves are presented with the
same matched vertical resolution, which
is 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 feet with the HDIL instrument. By using the higher resolution shallow measurements to enhance the deeper
measurements, a more accurate estimate of
Rt is possible, provided invasion is relatively
shallow.

True resolution focused

curves geometric
response functions

30 in.

True resolution focused

curves are designed to
be artifact-free by minimizing the sensitivity
of deeper investigating
responses to near borehole features.

Dipping Formations
To account for the effect that dipping formations exert on the deep-reading HDIL
device, a dip correction can be applied to
improve tool response. This correction is
needed only with dip angles above 20 to
30 degrees since the true resolution curves
give good results up to this level without
correction.

120 in.

Resolution matched
curves geometric
response functions

30 in.

120 in.

Vertical resolution
matched curves
provide varying depths
of investigation with
matched vertical resolution.

HDIL log results are improved after dipping

formation corrections are applied.

Inversion Processing

The inversion process creates a formation

model that provides the best real data
approximation. When the simulated
responses for the different array sensors
match the original field data, within their
range of uncertainty, the estimated earth
model parameters are considered to be
representative of the actual formation.
During processing, the data are skin-effect
and borehole corrected, and the best fitting
model is found using an optimized search.
This process operates at Dolls Limit and
includes an automatic correction for
remote shoulders.

The best-fitting model can be augmented

with a priori data. Multiple a priori constraints may be tested without actually
performing inversion for every new
assumption. The log analyst can introduce
a priori information by specifying the
presence or absence of invasion in specific
layers, supplying the positions of additional
boundaries, and providing the desired distribution of Rt and Rxo. The inversion
process attempts to resolve model formation parameters to the target values, but
only within the data accuracy limits.

Corrections

HDIL2DINV

Borehole
Dip

Near
Near
Zone
Zone

Far
Far
Zone

SkinSkin-effect

Linear

Non-Linear

Correct
Correctdata
data

Yes

MODEL

In the search for hydrocarbon-bearing

formations, borehole electrical logging
techniques play a key role in distinguishing
oil from water-saturated rocks. Conventional analysis of borehole electrical logs
typically uses curve matching or approximate modeling techniques. This often
results in underestimating hydrocarbon
reserves and overlooking productive intervals in complex reservoirs and thinly laminated formations. With the advancements
in geophysical inversion, modeling, and
the introduction of faster computers, an
automated and more reliable interpretation
technique is now economically feasible for
resistivity logs.1, 2 Major progress has been
achieved in resistivity log interpretation
using one-dimensional (radially away from
the wellbore) and two-dimensional (radial
variations and shoulder-bed effects) inversion processing.

Adaptive correction?
No
A priori constraints

Formation Image

HDIL 2-D inversion process flowchart

2-D earth model diagram with parameters

representing the borehole, invaded zone,
lengths of invasion, and respective resistivities
1 Tabarovsky, L. and Rabinovich, M., 1996, High-Speed 2-D
Inversion of Induction Logging Data, paper presented at the
37th Annual Society of Professional Well Log Analysts
Symposium
2 Fishburn, T., Geldmacher, I. M., Rabinovich, M., and
Tabarovsky, L., 1998, Practical Inversion of High-Definition
Induction Logs Using A Priori Information, paper presented
at the 39th Annual Society of Professional Well Log Analysts
Symposium

Inversion processing allows for extracting

all information contained in the data
referenced to the resistivity distribution
surrounding the borehole. The inversion
process is initiated by using the shallow
measurements (associated with shortspacing sensors) to identify and evaluate
the shallow-formation resistivity structure
and its geometry, i.e., layer boundaries.
Deep measurements (associated with the
long-spacing sensors) are then utilized to
derive the deep-formation resistivity
structure and the radial invasion profile.
Using inversion processing, different vertical resolution and depth of investigation
measurements are combined in a single
interpretation process to provide an accurate resistivity distribution image.

Inversion processing of highresolution, deep-investigating

HDIL measurements provides
more accurate formation resistivity values to calculate reservoir
water saturation and hydrocarbon volumes. For this analysis,
HDIL, density, neutron, magnetic
resonance, and gamma ray logs
are used to determine total and
effective reservoir porosity and
fluid volumes. Gamma ray and
caliper logs are displayed in track
1. Rt and Rxo are presented as 1D curves in track 2 and as 2-D
images in tracks 3 and 4. Formation density and compensated
neutron logs are shown in track 5.
Effective porosity, water porosity,
and water saturation are displayed in track 6. Total porosity,
bound water, free water, movable
hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbonsin-place are presented in track 7.

Specifications

3.63 in.
(92.1 mm)

Number of receiver arrays

Operating frequencies

Frequency range (kHz)

10-150

Total measurement channels

112

Standard depth of
investigation curves (in.)

10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120

Vertical resolution options

True resolution or 0.5 ft, 1 ft,

2 ft, or 4 ft resolution-matched
curves

Length ft (m)

29 (8.84)

Weight lbs (kg)

413 (187.7)

Diameter in. (mm)

3.63 (92)

Temperature Rating F (C)

400 (204)

Pressure Rating psi (MPa)

20,000 (137.9)

27.14 ft.
(8.27 m)

SP REF.

XMTR REF.

14.08 ft.
(4.29 m)
7.44 ft.
(2.27 m)

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Copyright 1998 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All rights reserved. A200073 Rev. 6/00 9725A4 1.5M TGI