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Baker Atlas
Petrophysical Applications
Index
Petrophysical Applications
Geophysical Applications
Geological Applications
Drilling Applications
Geomechanical Applications
Reservoir Engineering /Production Applications
Appendix-A Synergy with other technologies
Appendix-B Applications sorted into user topics
Appendix-C Quick reference to product codes
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Petrophysical Applications
Gamma Ray
Porosity
Lithology
Ts decreases
with depth
Limestone
Dolomite
X300
CN increases
with depth
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C.100 or .200 (if Full Wave is required) Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-FE.097 Section J-3
PETR-FE.103 or .201 or .202 (Depending on Mineral Volume Model
used) Section J-3
PETR-AC.103 if required (Full Wave Delta T) Section J-4
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Petrophysical Applications
3.0
Wet
Sandstones
Shales
Dry or Gas
Sandstones
1.3
130
60
200
0.5 ft
3.0
Shales
Wet
Sandstones
Low-saturation
Sands
Vp /Vs Ratio
Low-saturation
Sands
Vp /Vs Ratio
3.5 ft
Dry
Sands
Turbidites
Dry or Gas
Sandstones
1.3
130
60
200
Vp /Vs versus tp crossplot. In addition to the lowsaturation sands identified in (a), the high-resolution
result (b) also resolves turbidite and dry sand intervals
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C. 200 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-AC.205 Section J-4
XPLT.100 Section I-1
DATA-IO.101 Section J-24 (If resolution other than 3.5ft is required)
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Petrophysical Applications
Shear
Slowness
GR
CAL
VDL
Shallow Unconsolidated
Shale Sequence
1200
us/ft
1400
300
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C.200 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Petrophysical Applications
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C. 200 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-AC.205 Section J-4
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Petrophysical Applications
VpVs Ratio
1
50
100
150
200
250
300
ts (sec/ft)
350
400
450
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C. 200 Section C-3
Geoscience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-AC.205 Section J-4
XPLT.100 Section I-1
DATA-IO.101 Section J-24 (If resolution other than 3.5ft is required)
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Petrophysical Applications
Poissons Ratio
DTS-DTC
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C. 200 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-AC.102 or .104 Section J-4
PETR-GEM.101 Section J-5
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Petrophysical Applications
F
E
E
T
CAL
Modeled Stoneley
Reflection
Measured Stoneley
Reflection
GR
200
0
0
(s)
6000
Vp/Vs Ratio
6 (in) 11
1.2
80
(s)
6000
S-Slowness
P-Slowness
(s/ ft)
360
X
7
0
0
X
7
5
0
X
8
0
0
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C. 400 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 or .105 Section J-4
PETR-AC.102 or .104 Section J-4
PETR-AC.205 Section J-4
PETR-GEM.101 Section J-5
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geophysical Applications
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geophysical Applications
They tie seismic time to log depth and are also used to match
well-log quantities to seismic attributes for distinguishing
primary seismic events (geologic structure and stratigraphy).
It is possible, however, that a synthetic seismogram may
not provide a very good match to the seismic field data.
Disagreements commonly result from the differences in
seismic and well-log measurement scale and acquisition
physics, such as operational frequency (wavelength), borehole condition, and angle of measurement particularly in
the presence of anisotropy.
Synthetic Seismograms
Synthetic seismograms allow correlation of Vp, Vs, SP,
resistivity and density log data with specific surface seismic and VSP events, and also provide more accurate AVO
modeling results. Compressional- and shear-wave data can
be presented in the form of wavelets for comparison to
surface seismic data. Synthetic seismograms are artificial
seismic records obtained from an acoustic impedance log,
which is the product of acoustic- and density-log data.
WELL
LOCATION
SONIC
VELOCITY
T
(
SONIC
VELOCITY
OR
ACOUSTIC
IMPEDANCE
P/T
REFLECTION
COEFFICIENT
REFLECTION
COEFFICIENT
WITH
TRANSMISSION
LOSSES
HORIZONTAL
DISTANCE
SYNTHETIC
SEISMOGRAM
SEISMIC REFLECTION
SECTION
+ REFLECTION
AMPLITUDE
TIME
TIME
DEPTH
TIME
TIME
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geophysical Applications
TI anisotropy
Two types of anisotropy are of particular interest azimuthal
and transverse anisotropy. Shear wave anisotropy (splitting)
occurs in the presence of horizontal stress. TI anisotropy
relates to the vertical anisotropy of a shear wave velocity
compared to a horizontal shear wave velocity. These properties are derived from Stoneley and Shear wave data. The
main application for this technology is surface seismic
anisotropy correction.
NMO
4th Order
Correction
2000m
3000m
4000m
AAMO
Raybending only
AAMO
+ TIV Anisotropy
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geophysical Applications
0.6
0.5
S-anisotropy (gamma)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
P-anisotropy (epsilon)
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C. 400 Section C-3
GR
DTSH
Stoneley Wave
50
(API)
200
Anisotropy ()
100
(%)
DTSV
350
100
0.5
(ms)
5.5
X100
X200
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.104 Section J-4
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geological Applications
Dip
Fast sh
Anis. Azi. Analysis
Acoustic Image
5700
Fast AZ =
Frac Strike
Fracture
Strike
NNE/SSW
5725
Fracture
Intensity =
Anisotropy
30
5750
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C. 300 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-AC.201 Section J-4
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Cataclastic zone
Vp /Vs
DTC
Tight zone
DTS
Decrease of velocity
of P and S waves
Instantaneous amplitude
VDL plot, P, S, & St first
arrivals
Frequency
spectrum
Energy of P, S & St
waves et rec 1-8
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geological Applications
(ms)
4.5 0
{
1.5
Cased Hole
Open Hole
Anisotropy
(%)
30
X050
Orthogonal
fractures
X100
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C.350 Section F-10 (If recorded in CH)
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-AC.201 Section J-4
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geological Applications
GR
0 150
Dens
2
CAL
5 in 15
Anisotropy Map
DOLOMITE
LIME
-10
ANHY
(deg)
360
AVE
AZ
Tracer Analysis
n
30
(%)
Frac
Tip
Perfs
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C. 300 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-AC.201 Section J-4
PETR-FE.103 Section J-3
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geological Applications
Permeability Index
A formation permeability index can be reliably estimated
from XMAC Stoneley wave data using modeling and
inversion techniques. Stoneley waves provide a dynamic
measurement of permeability. Other methods only infer
permeability from static measurements. However, many
factors affect the Stoneley wave, such as borehole rugosity
and mudcake rigidity. By isolating the permeability and
non-permeability attributes of the Stoneley wave, we can
determine the dynamic measurement of permeability. A
modeled Stoneley wave reflecting the non-permeability
attributes of the borehole and formation is computed and
compared with the measured data. Inversion is then used
to determine the Stoneley wave permeability.
0
70
200
DTS[us/ft]
200
Dfth
300
0
0
Dfmsd
250
250
GR[API]
300
DTth
DTmsd
1500
[us]
4500
XX50
Stoneley
DTS
NMR
GR
DTS
XX100
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C. 400 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.101 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-AC.204 Section J-4
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
[us]
4500
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geological Applications
GR
DTS (0.5ft)
DTS (3.5ft)
150
Low
saturation
sands
X250
Resistivity
image
(api)
DTP (3.5ft)
80 (us/ft) 360
FEET
50
DTP (0.5ft)
80 (us/ft) 360
Turbidites
X450
X350
1 ft
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C. 200 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
DATA-IO.101 Section J-24 (If resolution other than 3.5ft is required)
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geological Applications
3.5 Aperture
GR
1 VRM Resistivity
.2
20
2.3
Vp /Vs- 3.5
5 Caliper 15
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
9600
150
250
300
350
DTS
Conventional
0.5 Aperture
9570
Vp /Vs- 0.5
9565
Conventional Slowness
3.5 Ft. Aperture
200
WAVETBAN Slowness
0.5 Ft. Aperture
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
Hydrocarbon Indication
150
200
250
300
350
DTS
(0.5 foot)
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C. 200 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-AC.204 Section J-4
PETR-AC.205 Section J-4
XPLT.100 Section I-1
DATA-IO.101 Section J-24 (If resolution other than 3.5ft is required)
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Drilling Applications
GR
0 200
(API)
Fast
AZ
Fast Wave
0 180
Slow Wave
AVE ANIS
SLO
2000
(deg)
1200
(us)
FAST Vs
3700
0 (%) 15
S-fast
S-slow
(n
FAST SHEAR
DIRECTION
0
(deg)[F2]
360
(deg)[F2]
RAY
150
FEET
AZIMUTH
360
FEET
X600
GAMMA RAY
0
150
(oApi) [F1]
ACOUSTIC IMAGE
0
CALIPER
16
(in)[F1]
360
(deg) [F1]
ANISOTROPY MAP
0
100
360
1500
(%)[F2]
14550
X800
14600
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C. 300 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-AC.201 Section J-4
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Drilling Applications
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C.500 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-AC.201 Section J-4
PETR-AC.204 Section J-4
PETR-AC.205 Section J-4
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geomechanical Applications
Youngs/Bulk/Shear modulus
Poissons ratio
Pressure Gradients
Lithology
Drawdown Pressure
Gamma Ray/Caliper
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C.200 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-GEM.101 Section J-5
PETR-FE.103 Section J-4
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Geomechanical Applications
Baker Atlas
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geomechanical Applications
60
50
40
30
20
0
100
200
300
2200
2400
330
30
300
60
3600
270
90
120
4000
3800
240
150
210
180
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Borehole Deviation from Vertical, degree
80
SHmax@N32E
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C.300 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-GEM.101 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.102 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.103 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.301 Section J-5
PETR.GEM.302 Section J-5
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geomechanical Applications
330
300
60
270
Although horizontal
wells can be drilled in
these directions, open
hole production in
these wells will lead
to sand production
90
240
120
210
150
180
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C.300 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-GEM.101 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.102 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.103 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.301 Section J-5
PETR.GEM.302 Section J-5
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geomechanical Applications
Mud Windows
0
2800
330
30
4200
330
30
4000
2700
300
3800
60
2600
300
3600
60
3400
2500
3200
270
90
3000
2400
90
270
2300
2800
2600
2400
240
2200
120
2200
210
120
240
2100
2000
1800
150
1600
180
210
150
180
1800
30
1600
1400
300
1200
60
1000
800
600
270
90
400
200
0
-200
-400
120
240
-600
-800
150
210
-1000
180
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C.300 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-GEM.101 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.102 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.103 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.301 Section J-5
PETR.GEM.302 Section J-5
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geomechanical Applications
18.25
4751.9
37.5
5751.9
56.25
75.00
6751.9
93.75
112.50
7751.9
131.25
8751.9
150.00
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C.100 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-GEM.203 Section J-5
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geomechanical Applications
1.80
Swab EMW
Swab ECD 100|pm
Swab ECD 1000|pm
Surge EMW
Surge ECD 1000|pm
MW (sg)
1.75
1.70
EMW (sg)
1.65
5500
4000
4500
1.60
1.55
1.50
5000
5500
1.45
6000
6500
1.40
7000
DEPTH
1.35
7500
20
40
8000
60
80
Seconds/stand
100
120
8500
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
12
15
18
MPMNI
21
24
27
30
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C.300 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-GEM.101 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.102 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.103 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.106 Section J-5
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Non-Darcy
Darcy
8760 8750 8740 8730 8720 8710 8700 8690 8680 8670 8660 8650
Depth, ft
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C.200 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-GEM.101 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.102 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.103 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.105 Section J-5
PETR-GEM.304 or .305 Section J-5 (Liquid or Gas production)
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Perforating Optimization
PLOT 1
Inflow Parameter = PERF GUN (
AWS12
PORTED AWS
AWS12
3500
3000
3000
DP
1500
2000
1500
1500
1000
1000
1000
1000
Drawdown generated
by
different gun systems
IDEAL IPE
2500
500
BH
500
500
SBH
0
1000
2000
3000
FLOW RATE bbl/d
4000
[ - - - -]
[ - - - -]
5000
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Oriented Perforation (1 of 3)
Oriented Perforations have several applications in todays
oilfield scenarios. Sand Control, hydraulic fracturing optimization and connecting natural fractures are some of the
more common ones. The product below can be used to
define the extension (angle) of breakouts (to be avoided
by oriented perforating) for different well trajectories at
a certain depth.
200
30
180
300
160
60
140
120
90
270
100
80
60
120
240
40
20
150
210
180
This contour graph shows the break out extension (in
degrees) for different well trajectories. This graph helps
select the direction for oriented perforating.
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C.300 Section C-3
GeoScience Codes
PETR-AC.097 Section J-4
PETR-AC.103 Section J-4
PETR-AC.201 Section J-4
DATA-IO.310 Section J-25
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Oriented Perforation (2 of 3)
Another application is to perforate in the preferential
permeability direction. The case below refers to a naturally
fractured reservoir where permeability is related to the
fractures system. The direction of max is detected by
XMAC anisotropy measurement, and is supposed to
coincide with the maximum permeability direction.
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Oriented Perforation (3 of 3)
In wells where the combination of borehole trajectory,
mud pressure and regional stress do not generate break
outs, XMAC can still detect the fast azimuth, unlike image
or caliper logs.
In this example, perforations were oriented towards the
fast azimuth (~N90E degrees). Data was integrated with
NMR, Imaging, Resistivity, GR and SBT.
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
VDL (MICS)
200
1200
Free Pipe
Top of Cement
Partial Bonding
Good Overall
Cement Job
Acquisition Codes
XMAC-C.450
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
CN, RPM:
Gas detection by overlays with tc or ts or Poissons
Ratio.
Oriented Perforating:
Anisotropy data can be used to define the fast and slow
ts azimuth, helping to orient perforations depending on
the objectives (sand control or hydraulic stimulation).
Prism:
This different technology helps validate fracture growth,
added to its through tubing capability and the option to
log gas wells.
CMI, PLT:
Stress calculations can derive in compaction models
while the field is depleted. The compaction can actually
be measured by CMI and the depletion by PLT (P*)
Other Technologies:
Sand Control:
Critical draw down data can help design a sand control
strategy, and eventually define screens placed in the
borehole.
ESP:
Critical draw down will define the maximum ESP
pumping rate.
MWD:
Drilling Trajectory Optimization can be adjusted real
time with MWD.
ECD measurement is critical to observe the required
mud windows.
Surface Seismic:
Anisotropy correction () derived from TI anisotropy.
AVO analysis requires precise tc modeling.
Synthetic seismograms (already discussed on ZDLSL section).
Acoustic Logging
Appendix A: Synergy with other technologies:
Coring:
Cores are used to calibrate permeability and porosity.
Stress can also be quantified by core analysis and
improve the BIAS/LMP database.
OASIS:
OASIS technology utilizes geomechanics for drilling
optimization, sand production, perforating optimization,
ECD control, and other disciplines that can help to
drill/complete a well, as well as to develop the field.
Mechanical properties are critical for such studies.
Stim Gun:
Stimulation modeling requires rock mechanics data as
input.
Perforating:
Productivity/Injectivity can be analyzed by simulators
that require rock mechanics data for perforating design.
Leak Off Tests/Mini-Fracs:
LOTs and mini-fracs are required to quantify stress values and drilling/fracture optimization.
Baker Atlas
Acoustic Logging
Baker Atlas
Geophysics
Anisotropy: from DTSF and DTSS
Seismic Image Correction: from ts and DTST (TI
anisotropy)
Synthetic seismograms from tc and ts
Time-depth conversions from tc and ts
Drilling
Mud Window and ECD control: from ts, tc and
anisotropy to avoid circulation loss and stuck tools
Casing design from ts, tc and anisotropy to avoid
circulation loss and stuck tools
Optimized well trajectory: ts, tc and anisotropy to
avoid circulation loss and stuck tools
Overpressurized zones detection and mapping for
location selection from tc
Geology
Stress measurement/direction: from tc/ts/
Anisotropy for structural/depositional models
Fracture detection: from tc/ts to help on creating
field model
Depositional environments: from tc/ts to help on
creating field models
Field Studies: from tc/ts and DTST to help on
creating field models
Reservoir Engineering
Fracture characterization: from tc, ts and anisotropy
providing fracture height and orientation to help
design future well placement for better reservoir
drainage
Thin Bed Analysis: form tc to asses laminated
reservoirs
Fluid Identification: from tc/ts and Young Modulus
Cased Hole Logging: porosity, fracture height and
orientation, casing integrity, cement evaluation
Compaction analysis vs. depletion
Acoustic Logging
Appendix C: Quick Reference to Product Codes
Wellsite products:
Curves marked with (*) are optional.
XMAC-C.100 DT24
Sfan1 (*) Surface Pick 1st arr. T2R1
Sfan2 (*) Surface Pick 1st arr. T2R2
Sfan3 (*) Surface Pick 1st arr. T2R3
Sfan4 (*) Surface Pick 1st arr. T2R4
Sddt (*) Std. dev. Delta-T
Nrej (*) Number of rejections
Dt24
Delta T 2ft
XMAC-C.101 = .100 + FullWave
tnwv05
Monopole Short Waveform
tnst05
Monopole Short Waveform Start time
tngn05
Monopole Short Waveform Gain
XMAC-C.200 = .100 + DTC + DTS (Monopole and in
line Dipole)
DT24(*), Semblance(*), (DTxx or DTS )(*), SFAs(*)
XMAC-C.300 = .200 + (X-dipole)
DT24(*), Semblance(*), (DTxx or DTyy or DTS )(*),
SFAs(*)
XMAC-C.400 = Monopole, Stoneley + In Line Dipole DTs
DT24(*), Semblance(*), (DTxx or DTS )(*), SFAs(*)
XMAC-C.500 = Monopole, Stoneley and X-Dipole DT,
DT24 (*), Semblance(*), (DTxx or DTyy)(*)
XMAC-C.X01 = Includes Waveforms Digital
Baker Atlas