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CORE COURSE : EDUCATION IN THE EMERGING INDIAN SOCIETY ( UDAA)

Mrs.K.Bobby Lakshmi

UNIT I: PHILOSOPHY AND EDUCATION IN INDIA

INTRODUCTION
Indian Education Commissions Report (1964) mentions that education is a powerful instrument of social,
economic and political changes and therefore is to be related to the long term national aspirations and the shortterm problems it is called upon to face. Through education, the potentials of everyone are to be developed and
instill the feeling of ones social obligations.
PHILOSOPHY
The word philosophy is derived from the Greek word by means love for wisdom. Philo means love
and sophy means wisdom. Each one has his own philosophy. Philosophy stands for stable attitude. It need not
to be based on book or any other material based.
PHILOSOPHER:
One who tastes every sort of knowledge and very eager to know more but never satisfied he is a
philosopher. This is a definition given to the word philosopher. Modern philosophers give importance to discipline.
According to Phithokorus, the word philosophy is divided into three types.
Pleasure oriented
Adventure oriented
Wisdom oriented
DEFINITIONS
Haski: No one can be without philosophy
Bijdi getting of knowledge about knowledge
Rasal: utilization of knowledge
EDUCATION
To attain philosophy education is being the path. The word education is derived from the Latin word. In
Latin, E means in and Duco means Bringing out
The word Educatum means teaching
The word Educare means bringing out

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The word Educere means developing

DEFINITIONS
The word education is undefinable. Because it is changeable
According to Dr. Rathakrishnan, Education should create discipline, truth, and character
According to Swami Vivekananda, Each one has god inside. When he gets education he expresses it.
According to Mahatma Gandhi, The good things regarding physical mental and soul would become better than
childhood.
According to Thomson, The total change in behavior.
AIMS OF EDUCATION
1.SOCIAL AIMS:
The social aim based on social welfare, skill and citizenship
The individual should strength the society by education
Individual can not live alone. He should enter into the society in a stage
Individual should learn to respect the society
2.INDIVIDUAL AIMS
Teach the individual to know himself
Teach the individual to know his duties and responsibilities
Teach the individual to use his rights.
Teach the individual to get development
VOCATIONAL AIMS
Giving vocational training
Giving training to earn
Giving training to act according to the welfare of the society
DISCIPLINARY AIMS
Making the individual to be truthful and honest
CULTURAL AIMS
Passing the culture from one generation to the another
INTERLLECTUAL AIMS
Bringing out the inner intellectual by giving him the eduction
THE COMPLETE-LIVING AIMS
Education helps to attain aims. According to that it should prepare the individual by means of both
physically and mentally.
LEISURE AIMS

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Eduction should teach the individual to spend his leisure time in an useful manner.
EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY
DEFINITIONS
RASS: Education and Philosophy are the two sides of a same coin
ADAMS: Education is a powerful side of philosophy
JOHN DEWEY: Philosophy is a education to get complete living
Thus education is based on aims. Through curriculum we can know the aims. Aims are derived from
philosophy.
INDIAN SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY AND EDUCAION:

VEDANTA SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

This is one of the organization which developed education and philosophy in India in early stages.
INTRODUCTION
This period indicated the period of Aryans
Brahmins were the one of the division of Aryans
They contributed a lot to religion philosophy and art
Four Vedas were written during in this period
We can know about cultural life of early people by Vedas
Upanishads were also written during this period by Which we come to know about educational system
of thost period
AIMS OF EDUCATION
both religion and knowledge got importance
Self-actualisation was taught by which the individual came to know about God
Guru helps to develop knowledge
Students should meditate the concepts which was taught to him and by that he gets the real
knowledge
CURRICULUM
The teacher taught which he learned from his ancestors
Vedas and sutras were made mug-up
TEACHING METHOD
Vedas were made mug-up and science was learnt with explanation. The teaching method included,
(I)
Repeat
(II)
Explanation
(III)
Clarification
(IV)
Discussion

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LEARNING METHOD
Learning with correct pronunciation
13 vowels and 39 consonants and 53 types of sounds were used.
If the Vedas were not pronounced with correct form it was considered as a sin
MEDIDATION
Mantras were considered as the birth place of meditation
Only selected students were taught mantras and Vedas
GURUKULA SYSTEM
After the ceremony of Upanayana students were admitted in gurukulam
It will be at the river-bank or at the hill area
GURU
According to Dharma Sutra, the guru should treat the student as his son
He should teach neatness, behavior meditation
He should teach Vedas, grammar, maths debate phonetics, science etc
RELATION BETWEEN GURU AND THE STUDENT
Guru was treated as God
No heavy punishment
No partiality of rich and poor
No money motivation
STUDENTS LIFE AT GURUKULAM
From 5 to the age of 18 he should be there
No sleeping in the day time
Should not tell lie
Should not get angry
Should not eat meat and drinks
After his study got over he had to undergone the ceremony of Samavarthana
He got vocational education of agriculture and trade
WOMEN EDUCATION
The women who studied were called as Brahmavarthini
They were also taught home management, home science and weaving

BUDDHIST SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION

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The main aim was to make monks

Hindus were also admitted
They stayed at Viharas
They should remove their hair and should were yellow dress
Heavy rules regarding ppoverty, chastity, abstinence, food, dress were followed
AIMS OF EDUCATION
Nirvana was the main aim
Controlling of organs were taught
Buddhist pitus were the teacher
ADMISSION
After the ceremony of Babbaja students were allowed
No caste system
After the age of 8 students were admitted
12 years of education were to taught
They could not have contact with their family members
Madas were for primary education
Viharas were for secondary education
CURRICULUM
Religion, handicraft were taught
Reading, writing, maths, philosophy and warfare were taught
TEACHING METHOD
Oral method
Mug-up system
Debate
Lecture method
WOMEN EDUCATION
No equal weight age were given
Only the women belonged to higher class were allowed to get education

JAINIST SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

MEANING
The word jain means victory. One who got victory over desire was called Jains. Jains didnt have faith on
god and the worshipped theirthangaras
Jains were divided into two namely suyambaras and thigambaras

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ARINCIPALS
The world was divided into living and non-living
EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY
Good faith
Good knowledge
Good behavior
Innocence should be avoided and desires should be avoided

TEACHING METHOD
Education starts at the age of 8
Mug-up system
Mother tongue
Questioning and discussion

UNIT II: WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES AND EDUCATION

WESTERN SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY AND EDUCATION:

IDEALISM:
PHILOSOPHERS
Rousseau and Tagore
MEANING
Nature is superior
TYPES
SCIENTIFIC NATURALISM:
According to this education is the overall development of physical, cognitive and moral development.
ROMANTIC NATURALISM:
Education should be taught in the natural environment
PSYCHOLOGICAL NAAATURALISM
Education should help the children to grow naturally
EDUCATIONAL AIMS
Nature is superior to man. Man struggles with the environment in which he lives. So education should
provide the skill to the man to struggle with environment.
LEARNING SITUATION
Man should learn in the natural environment
TEACHING METHOD

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Learning should start at the age of two. The best methods are learning by doing, learning byexperience
and playway method
SCHOOL:
There should not be any time-table to follow
Ex: Neels summer school
Tagores vishwabarathi
STUDENT:
He is the child of nature
He learns from nature
TEACHER
Teacher is a guide or gardener. His work is only to pour the water and remove the evils. But growth is
in the hands of the nature
CURRUCULUM
The natural things like sun, tree, stars are treated as books
Games, language, history, geography, biology, physics were to be taught
MERITS
child centered learning
scientific attitude
learning by doing
observation
playway method
DEMERITS
There is a possibility to the students to be left alone
No importance to book
Unlimited freedom to the students
Limitless exercise
No importance to the teacher

IDEALISM
PHILOSOPHERS
Plato, Aristotle, Sacretes, Gandhiji and Vivekananda
Meaning

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There are two concepts namely human concepts and divine concepts. We can divide the earth into divine
and materialistic world. Eco is very important because it means knowing himself and it leads to spiritual
development.
Types
No such types in idealism
Educational aims
Self-analysis
Self-realisation
Spiritual becoming
Learning environment
At school
Education should implement the culture
Teaching method
Practice
Discipline
Discussion
Questioning
Review
School
School environment is must which helps to synthesis and analyze the matters studied
Student
Child of god
Learns from his teacher
He should learn to protect himself evils of the society
Teacher
Equal to god
Should be role-model
Should know about the student very well
Curriculum
Arts
Livelihood
Learning by observing
Self-learning
Merits
Self-actualisation
Spiritual development

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Importance to teacher
Learning by doing
Demerits
Hard to understand
Importance to mug-up system
Importance to spiritual rather that science

PRAGMATISM
Philosophers
John Dewey and William James
Meaning
It means action and derived from Greek word. The concept studied in school should be useful to live in
society. Learning leads to experience. Taking responsibilities, involvement and activities are the main concepts of
Pragmatism
Types
No such types
Aims of education
Since society in under changeable aims of education is also changeable. After learning one aim the
student pass on to the next which leads to more education
Educational environment
School and society
Teaching method
Learning by doing, learning by experience, and group activities
School
It is called in the name social institution and it is the representative of the society. It helps to transfer
the culture from one generation to another. It helps to the sharing of thoughts. It is being the role-model of the
society.
Student
Physical, language and sensory development are must.
Teacher
Should not have control over the student and he is the leader of the group organized by the students. He
should induce the thoughts of the students.
Curriculum
Wooden work, iron work, tailoring, history, geography, maths and grammar.
Merits
Project method

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Child-centred method
Social education
Demerits
Learning by experience
Hard curriculum
No importance to spiritual matters

UNIT III: EASTERN AND WESTERN THINKERS ON EDUCATION

SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
EARLY LIFE:
Original name was Narendranath Datta and was attracted by the principles of Ramakrishna. He was
interest in life truth. He travelled many countries and spoke about Indian culture and Hindu religious thoughts. He
is noted for his speech in Chicago. He died at the age of 39.
Expressing good character
Philosophy
Each man has god inside. When he gets education he expresses it. Worshiping man is equal to god. Man
should know himself and develop himself. Knowing himself leads to god. School should have religious
circumstances. All religions have good principals and helps and lead to attain god.
Educational philosophy
Knowledge is inside. Just it need to get out.
Education should be a process of manmade
Development of culture, character and thought is important
Both rich and poor should be educated
Education should give character, courage and love
Aims of education
Expressing his good character.
Curriculum
No formal curriculam
Mother tongue, Sanskrit, history, geography, economics, social science, psychology and home science
Importance to agriculture and physical eduction
Teaching method
Meditation
Brahmacharya
Love and respect

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Guidance
Social science
Role of teacher
Teacher should be dedicative and sacrifice in nature. He should respect his occupation and should increase
spiritual feelings of the students. He should able to identify the individual differences.

MAHATMA GANDHI
Introduction
nd
His original name was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. He was born at porbandhar at 2 October.. he
went to England in 1881 for law and returned India and served as a lawyer at Rajcot. He went to South Africa and
returned in 1914 and joined in INC. From 1919 to 1947 he involved himself in the freedom struggle movement.
Philosophy
God is nothing but love, truth, good character and courage. To attain god Ahimsa is the path.
Philosophy of education
After education there should be physicalwork
Curriculum
Handcraft
Mother tongue
Learning by doing
Discussion
Aims of education
Education should help to earn and it should develop culture and character
Basic education
Free and compulsory education
Handicraft
Self-related education
Mother tongue
Learning by doing
Child centered education
Ahimsa
Citizenship
Co- operative society
Teaching method
Through mother tongue
Handicraft
Learning by doing
Comparative study
Explanation

RABINDRANATH TAGORE

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Early life
He was the lost child to his parents and was rich. The teacher came to his home to teach. He went to
England for higher studies. In 1901 he started Shanthi Negethan Ashram and in 1921 it became Viswa Bharathi .
he got the title knight.
Tagores philosophy
Both life and education are interrelated. Education is not only getting for knowledge but it should detach
freedom, nature, adjustment and creativeness. We should take religion, culture, art, and meditation from eastern
countries. We should take science and technology from western countries
Tagores philosophy of education
Harmony with all things
Freedom
Creativity with self-expression
Relation between man and nature
Internationalism
Aims of education
Physical development
Mental and intellectual development
Moral and spiritual development
Harmonious development
International understanding
Curriculum
Music, art, dance, science, art, education through mother tongue, entertainment, creativeness
SHANTHINIGETHAN
It was started in the year 1901 with 10 students at Calcutta. It means Abode of Peace. In the year 1921
it became International University and today it is under the control of the government.
Aims
Eastern cultural teaching
Village reconstruction
Good relation between eastern and western countries

SRI AUROBINDO
Early life
He was born at Calcutta in the year 1982. His father was a doctor. He wrote a article in Agra .
Philosophy
Aurobindo was a politician, philosopher and a saint. His educational thoughts were published in a
newspaper called Karmayogi. He said that education give personality development and cultural development.
Physical development can be achieved by education. Mind is the basic device to education and it has four devision,
Past remembarance

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Knowledge through sense

Intelligent quest
Truth

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