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x x y y 0
(2.1)
and
1
1 2
u2 v 2 1
1
M 1
2
V2
(2.2)
It is possible to eliminate the explicit appearance of density from
equations (3.1) and (3.2), and arrive at the following quasi-linear form of the full
potential equation:
u2 xx 2uv xy a2 v2 yy 0
(2.3)
(u2+v2)/a2 > 1
and parabolic if
(u2+v2)/a2 = 1
p
1
1
p p
p
Cp 1
V 2
M2
M2
2
2
2
(2.4)
The airloads over the airfoil may be found once Cp is known as follows:
CY
x c
p, lower
x0
CX
x
C p, upper d
c
dY
Cp,upper
dx
x 0
xc
dY
Cp,lower
d
dx lower
upper
x
c
Cl CY cos CX sin
Cd CX cos CY sin
Cm,c / 4
x c
x0
p, upper
x 1
x
Cp,lower d
c 4 c
(2.5)
Normal
Force, N
Lift
Drag
Chordwise Force, X
V x +
(2.6)
It must be remembered that in this chapter we are using the wind tunnel
coordinate system, and the freestream velocity is parallel to the x- axis. From
equation (3.6), we obtain the flow velocity components terms of as follows:
u x V x
v y y
(2.7)
From the small disturbance assumptions, it then follows that
x
1
V
y
1
V
(2.8)
3.4 Derivation of the Small Disturbance Equation
Our starting point is the quasi-linear form of the full potential equation 2.3.
From equation 2.6 we note that
xx xx ; yy yy ; xy xy
(2.9)
Next, consider the second term in equation (2.3), -2uvxy . This term may
be viewed as
2uv xy 2V x y xy
2
x y
V 1
0
V V 2 x
2
small
(2.10)
2 2
Next, consider the coefficient a -u , in front of the first term in (2.3).
Noting the fact that the speed of sound is related to the flow speed by the energy
equation:
a2
u2 v 2
a2
V2
1
2
1 2
(2.11)
We can approximate this coefficient as follows:
a 2 u2 a2
1 2
V u 2 v 2 u2
2
2
2
1 2
2
x
x
a
V 1 1
V 1 V
2
a2 V 2 1V 2 x
V
a2 1 M2 1M2 x
V
(2.12)
Examine the above approximation carefully. Note that we have neglected
second powers of the "disturbance velocities" as small. We have, however, kept
2
the first power of the term x/V . This is because the term (1-M ) itself may
be small in transonic flows. Thus, in transonic flows only the last term in the
2
above approximation for (a2-u2) may be comparable in magnitude to (1-M ) ,
(2.13)
With these approximations, the quasi-linear form of the full potential
equation takes on the following simpler form for transonic flows:
1 M
1M2 x xx yy 0
(2.14)
1 M
2
xx
yy 0
(2.15)
Exercise 2.1
Show that the axi-symmetric form of the transonic small disturbance
equation is given by
1 M
1M2 x xx
1
r r r 0
r
1 2
u2 v 2 1
1
1 2 M 1 V2
Cp
2
M
2
V x y2 1
1 2
1
2
1 2 M 1
V
2
M
2
1 2
1
1
M 2 x
1
2
M
2
In arriving at the above form, we have neglected second powers of terms
such as x/V and y/V .
Next, we use the binomial expansion
1 n 1 n
(2.16)
where is any small quantity << 1 and n is any real number. Then,
1 M 2 1
2 x
Cp
2
M
2
Simplifying, the following small disturbance approximation to surface pressure
coefficient results:
2
Cp x
V
(2.17)
2.7 Boundary Conditions
Before the transonic small disturbance equation (2.15) may be solved, we
need to specify the boundary conditions. Of course, the boundary conditions
must take into account the physics of the problem, and the mathematical
characteristics of the equation.
Boundary Conditions at the Solid Boundary:
y = Y(x)
y
v
dY
u V x dx
Or,
y V x
dY
dY
V 1 x
dx
V dx
y V
dY
dx
(2.18)
Within the assumptions built into the small disturbance theory, these two
approaches may be shown to be equivalent. Note that this slit is a discontinuity,
across which both the disturbance velocity potential and its y- derivative are
discontinuous.
Boundary conditions
may be applied at
y=Y(x)
Or on a slit
y=0
x
x