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BJTandMOSFETAmplifiers

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BJT and MOSFET

Amplifiers
Feedback Amplifiers

A feedback amplifiers is one which is used to provide

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voltage gain or current gain or both in the form of power

gain. But the other desirable characteristics of the

Small Signal Equivalent

Paper Pattern

amplifier circuits are high input impedance, low output

Circuits of Diodes, BJTs

impedance, larger bandwidth, low distortion, low noise

and MOSFETsGATE Analysis

and high stability. To achieve these characteristics, a part

of output signal is feedback where, is feedback factor
or feedback ratio. Vf is feedback voltage and Vs is input
voltage. V0 is the output voltage.
The nature of the feedback in feedback amplifiers can be
divided into following categories.
Negative Feedback: When the feedback signal is out of
phase with the input signal and thus opposes it, it is

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Simple Diode Circuits

cutoff

Single-Stage Bjt and

FAQ

Mosfet Amplifiers
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Simple Op-Amp Circuits

IIT

called negative feedback.

Positive Feedback: When input signal and part of output
signal are in phase with each other, the feedback is
called positive feedback.

Active Filters

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Sinusoidal Oscillators
IIIT
IISc
Function Generators,

Wave-Shaping Circuits

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Feedback Topologies
There are four basic ways of connecting the feedback
signal. Both voltage and current can be feedback to the
input either in series or parallel.

Voltage Reference
Circuits

Power Supplies

They can be classified as

Voltage series feedback
Voltage shunt feedback
Current series feedback
Current shunt feedback
In the list above, voltage refers to connecting the output
voltage as input to the feedback network; current refers
to tapping off some output current through the
feedback network.

Series refers to connecting the feedback signal in series

with the input signal voltage; shunt refers to connecting
the feedback signal in shunt (parallel) with an input
current source.
Note: Voltage shunt feedback, such as a resistor
connected from collector to base in a CE amplifier,
reduces both input and output resistance.

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reduces both input and output resistance.

Voltage Series Feedback

Key Points
Feedback gain is decreased by the factor (l + A).
Input resistance is increased by the factor (l + A).
Output resistance is decreased by the factor (1+
A).
Voltage Shunt Feedback

Input resistance and output resistance of voltage

shunt feedback decreases by a factor of(1 + Rm).
Current Series Feedback

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Gain with this feedback is decreased by a factor (1+

Gm).
Input resistance and output resistance can be
increased by a factor (1+ Gm).
Current Shunt Feedback

Effect of Negative Feedback on Amplifier

Summary of Gain, Feedback and Gain with Feedback

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Effect of Feedback Connection on Input and Output

Impedance

where, = Feedback factor

Av = Voltage gain
Ai = Current gain
Gm = Transconductance
Rm = Transresistance
Avf = Voltage gain with feedback
Aif = Current gain with feedback
Gmf = Transconductance with feedback
Rmf = Transresistance with feedback
A and Af are gain and gain with feedback
respectively
Is and Vs are input current and input voltage
respectively
Transistorised Audio Power Amplifiers
A transistorised audio power amplifier converts the
medium-level medium impedance AC signal into a highlevel amplified signal that can drive a low impedance
audio transducer such as a speaker.

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A transistor amplifier which raises the power level of the

signals that have audio frequency range is known as
transistor audio power amplifier.
A voltage amplifier is designed to achieve maximum
voltage amplification. However, it is not important to
raise the power level. On the other hand, a power
amplifier is designed to obtain maximum output power.
Voltage Amplifier
The voltage gain of an amplifier is given by

Power Amplifier
A power amplifier is required to deliver a large amount
of power and as such it has to handle large current.
Based on the conduction angle, power amplifiers are
classified as
Class A Conduction angle is 360
Class B Conduction angle is 180
Class C Conduction angle is < 180
Class AB Conduction angle is between 180 and 360
Note: In class D amplifiers, efficiency is = 100%. These
are used in transmitters.
Class A Power Amplifier
Class A amplifiers can be operated in two modes
Series fed
Transformer
The maximum theoretical efficiency of a class A
transformer coupled amplifier is 5% and class A
series feed amplifier is 25%.
In a class A amplified utilizing a direct coupled

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In a class A amplified utilizing a direct coupled

resistive load, the maximum conversion efficiency,

, is 25%
Maximum transistor dissipation occurs at
quiescent condition in a class A amplifier and the
maximum AC power, the transistor can deliver, PL,
is equal to

, where PT is the transistors

maximum dissipation capability.

When a signal is applied to a class A amplifier, the
power dissipated in the transistor decreases by an
amount equal to the AC power delivered to the
load.
A transformer coupled class A amplifier has a
maximum theoretical conversion efficiency of 50%,
but its maximum AC power delivering capability is
still one-half of its maximum dissipation capability.
The operating point of a transformer coupled
amplifier is located at

and
If emitter and collector resistance are ignored. PL is
the power delivered to the primary of the output
transformer.
Calculation of output power should be done using
the fundamental

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Since, distortion may invalidate the use of

A class A push-pull amplifier consists of two active

devices, driven by two signals 180 out of phase
with each other and a centre tapped output
transformer.
The operation of a push-pull amplifier is such as to
cause a cancelling of all the even harmonics
without a change in the fundamental and odd
harmonics, so distortion is greatly reduced.
Key Points
A graph of power output and total harmonic
distortion against load resistance shows maximum
output power occurring at a higher value of load
resistance than that which provided minimum
distortion.
A single ended transformer coupled amplifier has
two additional disadvantages to the above. The
total harmonic distortion is unacceptably high with
the second harmonic contributing the most; DC
current in the transformer primary causes
saturation problems.
The design of a transformer coupled power
amplifier an emitter stabilizing resistor requires the
selection of a stability factor 5 to provide a closed
solution.
Class B Power Amplifier
A pure class B push-pull amplifier has both of its
active devices biased at cut-off, with centre tapped
transformers used both at the input and output.
Hence, no power is drawn with no signal applied.
Crossover distortion in a pure c1ass-B amplifier is
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the imperfect alignment of the two halves of the

output and is due to the fact that the transistors
remain cut-off when the input is at a low-level.
The relation between maximum output power, PL
and load resistance, RL, is given by

The output transformer is selected on the basis of

the collector to collector resistance,

The transistor dissipation in a class B, amplifier is

zero under quiescent conditions, but goes through
a peak dissipation PD, peak, twice for each cycle of
input signal, having an average dissipation over a
full cycle of PD, average.
The total power

(from both transistors)

deliverable to the output transformer in a class B

amplified is given by
peak = 5PT
where PD, peak is the peak dissipation capability of
each transistor and PT is the maximum average
dissipation capability of each transistor.
The current flowing from the power supply in a
class B amplifier flows in full wave rectified pulses,
so the power supply must have good regulation.
By using high power transistors, it is possible to
dispense with the output power transformer by
placing the load so that each collector current
pulse passes directly through the load but in
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pulse passes directly through the load
but in

opposite directions, thus providing the advantages

of push-pull.
Complementary symmetry amplifiers do not
depend upon either an input or an output
transformer. They utilize opposite types of
transistor, p-n-p and so that no phase splitting
device is required.
Practical complementary symmetry amplifiers
operate from a single polarity power supply but
utilize a large capacitor to couple the load to the
centre point of the output transistors.
Comparison of Power Requirement in Three Types of
Transistor Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers
A differential operational amplifier has inverting and
non-inverting inputs with high input impedance and
differential or open-loop gains between 1000 and 10
million. When the inverting input is used with negative
feedback due to R0, the closed loop gain is given by (-R0
/R1 ) and the input impedance is R1 the output
impedance is the open loop output impedance divided
by loop gain.

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or Loop gain (dB) = Open loop gain (dB) Closed loop

gain (dB)
If a number of signals are connected to the
inverting input, the output is proportional to the
sum of the input signals, making possible the
solution of linear algebraic and differential
equations on an analog computer.
If the non-inverting input to a differential
operational amplifier is used, the input impedance
is increased to a value given by

where Rcm is the common mode impedance and Ri is

the differential impedance.
Key Points
One way to increase input impedance to an
amplifier utilizing the inverting input is to reduce
the feedback voltage by connecting a voltage
divider at the output.
The voltage gain for a non-inverting input is given
by
A true ideal differential amplifier the difference
between two input voltages providing an output
given by

In practice, the output also consists of an error

term that is due to the common-mode input
voltage

such that the total output of a

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voltage

BJTandMOSFETAmplifiers
such that the total
output of a

differential amplifier is given by

Where
CMRR = The Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
Common Mode Rejection Ratio
The common mode rejection ratio is a figure of merit of
a differential amplifier, since it is the ratio of differential
gain, Ad (the desired gain), to the common-mode gain
AC.

Emitter-coupled differential amplifiers are the type of

circuit used predominantly in ICs, because of the
manufacturing ability to closely match components, and
since the devices are so closely spaced their variations
due to temperature tend to cancel, providing excellent
DC coupling stability. High values of CMRR are provided
by large effective values of emitter resistance Re, in the
emitter-coupled amplifier. This may be provided by a
transistor or CRD to provide essentially a constantcurrent source in the emitter. Thus

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