Ortega, Ma. Clarissa C.

BSIT-2C
Commonly used in juding others:
Meaning

Selective
Perception

Halo
Effects

Occurs when people

selectively interpret
what they see in a
situation or person, on
the basis of their own
personal interests,
background,
experiences and
attitudes.

Can be defined as the

tendency to use global
evaluations to make
judgments about
specific traits. In other
words, we use a global
characteristic (such as
attractive or likable) to
determine specific
personality traits (such

Image

Sample Situation

A teacher may have a

favorite student because
they are biased by in-group
favoritism. The teacher
ignores the student's poor
attainment. Conversely,
they might not notice the
progress of their least
favorite student.
Conversely, they might not
notice the progress of their
least favorite student.

Imagine you were asked to

look at head shots of
several different people and
then predict each person's
personality traits. Research
suggests that you would
most likely attribute
positive traits - intelligent,
friendly, and trustworthy
and so on - to those you

Positive/Negative
Effects
*Selective perception, when
done consciously, may lead
to "seeing" things that the
person wants to and
disregarding the opposite of
such.
*People tend not to
recognise their own bias,
though they tend to easily
recognise (and even
overestimate) the operation
of bias in human judgment
by others.

-Positive feelings in one

area cause ambiguous or
neutral traits to be viewed
positively.
-If the observer likes one
aspect of something, they
will have a positive
predisposition toward
everything about it.
-If the observer dislikes one
aspect of something, they

as outgoing or kind).

Contrast
Effects

The contrast effect is

a phenomenon where
people
perceive
greater
or
lesser
differences than are
actually present as a
result of prior or
simultaneous
exposure
to
something with similar
base characteristics,
but
different
key
qualities.

consider the most

attractive. Contrary to what
you would think from a
name like the 'halo' effect,
though, the attributed
characteristics don't have
to be positive. You would
also be likely to attribute
negative traits - grumpy,
mean, etc. - to those you
consider unattractive.

will have a negative

predisposition toward
everything about it

A coffin salesperson can

show people the same
medium-range coffin in
the midst of low-end
products and high-end
products, and they will
perceive it differently
depending on the
surrounding comparison
samples. This may
encourage people to
spend more than they
would otherwise.

A 'positive contrast
effect' would occur if
something was perceived
as better than it actually
is because it was
compared to something
worse.
When something was
perceived as worse than
it actually is because it
was compared to
something better

Projection

Stereotypi
ng

Is a form of defense in
which unwanted feelings
are displaced onto
another person, where
they then appear as a
threat from the external
world. A common form
of projection occurs
when an individual,
threatened by his own
angry feelings, accuses
another of harbouring
hostile thoughts.

is any commonly known

public belief about a
certain social group or a
type
of
individual.
Stereotypes are often
confused
with prejudices,
because, like prejudices,
a stereotype is based on
a
prior assumption.
Stereotypes are often
created about people of
specific
cultures
or

Often the anxiety and

tension we feel around
others is a reflection of
the way we perceive
ourselves. When we are
insecure or have low selfesteem, it is common to
perceive the problem as
being with other people
and not ourselves. This
classic form of projection
is common amongst
those suffering from
social anxiety.

An instance of
projection that most
people can relate to is
when they come across
someone they do not
like, but are forced to
interact with on a
somewhat-polite level.

Girls are only concerned

about physical
appearance.

Stereotyping causes a
person to miss
opportunities to build
relationships with
certain types of
people. It can also lead
to aggressive actions
toward others.

Women aren't as smart

as a man.
Women cant do as good
of a job as a man.

races.
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