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The
for
Patents (both for the United States of America, Canada, and also
of
me
are
CO.,
20 Broad Street,
Including
**
Motor
Bicycles,
Tricycles,
46
Quadricycles,
44
Dogcarts,
44
Sociables,
"
Phaetons,
c
Wagonettes,
44
Char-a=bancs,
44
Busses,
44
my
York
<
also
New
Delivery
Gun
Wagons,
company
E. J.
at
above address.
PENNINGTON.
HORSELESS VEHICLES
AUTOMOBILES
MOTOR CYCLES
OPERATED BY
PNEUMATIC MOTORS
A PRACTICAL TREATISE FOR AUTOMOBILISTS, MANUFACTURERS, CAPITALISTS, INVESTORS AND EVERYONE
INTERESTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT, USE AND
CARE OF THE AUTOMOBILE
INCLUDING A SPECIAL CHAPTEK ON HOW TO BUILD AN ELECTEIC CAB,
WITH DETAIL DRAWINGS
BY
GARDNER
D.
HISCOX,
M.E.
AUTHOR OF
"GAS, GASOLINE AND OIL ENGINES"
AND
'MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, POWERS, DhvJcS,ANp APPLIANCES"
WITH
316
ILLUSTRATIONS
NEW YORK
BROADWAY
1900
TV. /y s-
COPYRIGHTED,
BY
NORMAN
1900,
HENLEY &
W.
CO.
ALSO
Y.,
U.
S.
A.
PREFACE.
The rapid advance
in the
form, especially in
the United States.
its
in the
pages of this
work.
uses,
is
new departure
in business lines.
common
road locomotion.
The
PREFACE.
It is
proposed
in this
work
working
mechanism
best
of
the
is
the
and
of the
method
examination
much
tration
tion of
gested by
trials
The
and description does not always give a true concepa mechanism that becomes a manufacture after a
exhibit,
and
lost.
theoretical consideration of
power and
its
mathe-
May,
1900.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
I.
PAGE
Introductory,
CHAPTER
Historical,
II.
..........
CHAPTER
31
III.
49
CHAPTER
Specialties in
IV.
....
Automobile Construction,
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Carriages,
CHAPTER
81
VI.
CHAPTER
69
V.
113
VII.
.
.119
VIII.
Atomizing Carburetors,
131
CHAPTER
Operating Devices and Speed Gears,
IX.
....
141
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
Motive Power and Running Gear,
X.
.....
CHAPTER
Automobile Bicycles and Tricycle,
XII.
CHAPTER
for Vehicles,
CHAPTER
How to
.173
Power
155
XI.
CHAPTER
Electric Motive
PAGE
.....
217
XIII.
.
.273
XIV.
363
CHAPTER XV.
The
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
373
XVI.
for Vehicles,
CHAPTER
ist of
Kinds,
.....
..... .....
Miscellaneous,
all
381
XVII.
393
XVIII.
..........
Gear,
CHAPTER
445
XIX.
.........
453
Chapter
I.
INTRODUCTORY.
CEO
HORSELESS VEHICLES
CHAPTER
I.
INTRODUCTION.
synonyms
in force, of
of horseless
carnage, automobile,
and motor-cycles,
specialties
manufacture
in a list
in
Europe and
in
the
the
United
self-propelled
vehicles.
Wheels
as a rolling
than four thousand years with oxen and horses as their propelling
power
for transportation.
during the past four hundred years has been in the art
design of the vehicles, and only during the past two centuries
has thought been given to other means or powers of vehicle
propulsion.
The
spirit of invention
12
words
"
We
will
The
first
of a
mechanical
in
in the
storage of
Wind
is
power
sails for
common
sight in
Heron type
dormant
for
more
power purposes
that
was the
INTRODUCTION.
for plow-
steadily in
Europe and
in the
other countries.
powers
all
The
came
last
1860 to 1880,
and
of
construction.
It
now
own more
France.
The general
France the interest was centered in Paris, but this is erroneous, there being of the 5,600 no fewer than 4,541 scattered
14
all
for
oil,
gas, etc.,
would appear that there are 268 owners of automobiles in Germany, 90 in Austro-Hungary, 90111 Belgium,
44 in Spain, 3 "4 in Great Britain, 1 in Italy, 68 in Holland,
114 in Switzerland, and 35 in Russia, Denmark, Portugal.
plete, but
it
No
country at 700
it
will
probably be an exaggeration.
The number of makers actually at work or organizing is probably more than 100. Fortunately for our credit, as an inventive and enterprising nation, the first year of the new
century ushers in with every promise of a great outburst of
activity in the manufacture of automobiles of every description.
American constructors
from the
beginning
of gasoline
aimed
to
regulate
speed through
the motor and to reduce the speed gears to one or two, obtaining all intermediate speeds by increase or diminution of
the charge.
In many of the French and American vehicles
in the
motor.
This tendency
is
universal,
and
it
is
same
by the
only because
the necessity of striking out in that direction was appreciated in the United Slates from the beginning that American constructors to-day may be considered as far, if not
larther,
advanced than
is
of
much
older date
When
INTRODUCTION.
15
the speed changes in gasoline vehicles are under consideration, it should also be remembered that the momentum of a
vehicle in motion always serves to efface
abruptness in
the transition from a higher speed to a lower one or the
all
reverse.
Steam seems
power
to
varying
success, dragging
of
slowly
along
with
the pro-
gress of the steam engine for nearly a century, yet hampered by popular and governmental prejudice, obstructive
are
still
more than
half
good roads
Single-handed it
but slow progress
road
improvement with
against popular prejudice and obstructive regulations and
battled
laws.
for
The advent
of the explosive
and
electric
motors for
come
make
l6
The motor
much
fear
its
in the
improvement
couragement
may be mentioned the French
Rouen
1895.
the
fall
in 1894,
of
in
Decatur,
111.
year
later the
Chicago
&
Sons, of
Times-Herald or-
number
large
of automobiles of foreign
The
three
modes
of
and
power
were represented.
As
which resulted
man
in
two vehicles making the start. The Ger& Sons was alone to finish
the race.
was made up
management
to the
(gasoline),
H.
Mueller & Sons (gasoline Benz motor), a Roger-Benz (gasoline motor-cycle), the Sturgis Electric
ris
& Solom
electrobat, G.
W. Lewis
riage).
Nothing
(gasoline motor-cycle),
of this character
INTRODUCTION.
I/
and
in the
was made
in
New
York from
automobile industry.
won by
the
Duryea
gasoline motor-wagon. These contests and subsequent exhibits and trials have resulted in the formation of the Ameri-
W.
good
interest should
200 members,
roads.
A
all
and
and action
of the various
it, is
in a superlative
it is
offered.
18
To
down
or
fail
conditions,
it
the
test of
of travel.
Following
in the
in
France
in 1897 has
improvement
of its
been most
weak
points.
In the Paris to
made.
starters.
stability, durability
and ease
the
at
work on motors
many
bona-fide com-
INTRODUCTION.
tors,
19
away up in
upon
motors, each
specially suited to
As
ot usefulness.
its
for
viz.,
of
own
ot
which has
sphere
compressed
its
adherents
ol action
air,
is
field
or
or special
is
it
has
in the
railway propulsion
it
work
it
motive power.
Carbonic acid gas has as yet
owing
failed to
give satisfaction,
required to bring
motor.
it
its
liquid state
of a
somewhat expensive,
Acetylene gas
is
Liquid air
is
When you
20
and
3^011
have learned,
is
When you
the driving.
lever in your hand and can speed ahead at your own pleasure by simply pressing a button, or lever
when you wish
;
it
The
of
sation.
vehicle
is
truly a
this
make
new and
is
type
delightful sen-
a quick run
feeling of
perfect
You
Happy
cause as
may
much
begin demanding
a certain
on the part
man
ol the
amount
at the lever.
should be
made up
of engineers
we
is
are about to
good ime
to
and knowledge
The fee for examina-
of skill
in
of ex .miners
such machin-
vehicles.
It is
becoming reconciled
to the
new order
of things.
INTRODUCTION.
there
is
now
in
Reckless speed
horses.
mobiles alike
that
is
is
perfectly safe
of
crowded park.
set,
but
The
of police officers.
more
far
two
driver's license.
it
of the
enforcement, as in the
left
made
The
model
measure
United States.
and
arbitrary limit
effective
The
its
An
away a
21
most
skilled to bring
it
demand
same
tion,
and riders
dom
from noise and the same ease of motion that they get
Cabs and other public con-
will
of automobiles the
free-
and economical.
simple, effective
pleasure vehicles, just so soon as motor builders can guarantee their motors to do what is required of them.
The advantages and disadvantages of the three kinds of
motive power
for
vehicles
may
The advantages
of
steam power
may
be sately assumed to
22
be,
first,
and water
knowledge required
power
in the care
and
and operation
loss of
of
steam
steaming power by
(which
may
internal
fire
and
its
combustion motors
or explosion
power;
second,
third,
are,
mod
economy
in
disadvantages are,
ing to design of
first,
more or
gear and
its
operation.
In the electric storage battery system, the advantages are,
first, a simple and direct transmission from a reversible rotary
motor
fifth,
power and
freedom
from anxiety
in
sixth, ease of
Its
its
care;
plug
INTRODUCTION.
23
from 20 to 40 miles
batteries,
cost of
For
local operation
where
motor
a gasoline
electric plant
is apparent.
at
this
in
the
the
tendency
Already
stage
progress of manufacture of automobiles of all kinds of motive power is to
is
of
seems to
motor vehicle
Where
is
the pleasure
beauty of travel ?
This is most applicable to the man of business who owns
an automobile and wishes to derive relief from business
cares and vexations by a pleasurable drive in a vehicle that
gives confidence in
of
management.
its
The
If
for
the
horseless carriage.
racing sport
24
reins
of
its
dangers.
It is
dence
complex devices, require watching to give confiand therein lies its principal trouble.
in their action,
forward impulse.
and
The
minute, the
but this
direct control
is
in
INTRODUCTION.
25
also necessary
plex changes
power
for vehicles.
It
adds com-
movements with
its
running gear.
With the
dom
electric
to be the
most
free-
from care of
all
The weight and life of the storage batteries are the chief
consideration for the usefulness of the electric motor vehicle for touring or
shortcoming of
this system,
and extend
its
radius of opera-
or delivery wagons.
the
cities
States
make
it
for
heavy
The
and
motor vehicles
managed power
to
become
this
available for
long journeys.
The arrangements
may
and
First,
at its centre
and operating
its
function by a screw or geared sector operated by a handwheel. This was one of the early devices and was found
26
is in
heavier
general use with hand-lever connecand liand- wheel connections for the
class.
An improvement in placing
motor vehicles
The swiveling
Of
is
best results.
pneumatic
is
tire,
vehicle, or at
which such
obstacle
more
easily
surmounted
in this
manner, but,
lur-
is
also to
INTRODUCTION.
2/
necessarily piled upon the carriage in a manner that suggests a moving day. Space for grip or baggage is one of the
things in order of improvement in automobile construction.
is
There
to
is
nothing
of
No
startling
inventions are
28
It is
that
is
Many
have been
brought into practical use within the past few years and are
held under patents to the detriment of progress in automobile construction
on the best
mechanical design.
marvelous development
lines of
the sprocket and chain, the steel for every part, and the
numerous products
of automatic
trial
means
of
power
manufacture
will
strength and speed. The enthusiastic designer of automobiles may be led to ignore or forget precisely what is really
needed, and purchasers may not realize exactly what they
want.
We
The
Thousands
of horses, especially
around our
all
the concessions be
made by
it.
Let us
first
try to pro-
much, either
find pleasure
and
let
in
them upon
INTRODUCTION.
29
our good roads and for comparatively short runs, and when
this service is fully
rapidly, until
we
established
improvements
will be able to
will follow
go everywhere and do
everything with them. The roads will be smoothing themselves to entice the automobile farther and farther from
home,
We
until
may
it
becomes ubiquitous.
We may
build the
numerous
while,
classes,
successively into the autotruck and the delivery wagon, until the developing types
shall
meet and
fully
cover
all
it
requirements.
Chapter
II.
HISTORICAL.
THE PERIOD OF THE PROGRESS OF STEAM MOTIVE
POWER.
CHAPTER
II.
HISTORICAL.
the
flat
plains of the
Netherlands.
the
air,
Nearly a century
riages, but
to give
it
attention,
and the
The
pro-
34
ject
was revived
in successive years
down
to 1770 in
Meanwhile automobile
England.
FIGS,
The
boiler
which was
This, the
AND
2.
the
forward wheel,
made
a speed of 2j
wonderful machine
until
it
in 1770.
It
is
still
pre-
HISTORICAL.
35
in Paris,
France.
as
it
was then
called, con-
the 5o-inch driving wheel, upon which the boiler and engine
The copper boiler had an internal furnace with two
rested.
small copper chimneys passing
of the
boiler.
It
pistons
con-
working models.
About 1786, Sadler of Oxford, England, was experimenting
in the application of steam to road vehicles, when he was
in
cles.
out of the
field.
first
to advocate
built in 1805.
30
carriage in 1790.
resulted.
made
Trevithick
After experimental
ning a steam road carriage in 1802.
runs in and out of London, it was finally dismantled and the
Elevation.
Plan.
FIGS. 3
way
in
of patents issued
to
to
Griffith,
1824.
Some
Brown,
Burstall, Hill
HISTORICAL.
37
the duck-foot paddles of the early years of steamboat experiments, of which Fig. 5 is an example of Gordon's Walking
Carriage, which, after several years
abandoned
fruitless
trials,
was
as an impractical system.
The movement,
it
will
Elevation.
Plan of Movement.
FIGS. 5
and dropping
of the feet
by
lifting
in
which the
HISTORICAL.
39
make
all
various changes were made resulting in detaching the boiler from the main body upon a pair of drag
wheels. It was not a success. The first road coach that
a few
trials,
seemed
built
to
FIG.
8.
in
J.
England was
Anderson, in
speed of
Several patents in England and the United States followed this period, with a few spasmodic trials on the road
in
on American
40
FIG.
9.
FIG. 10.
He met
high
tolls
business.
~S
PLAN.
HISTORICAL.
41
In Fig. 8
is
shown one
In Fig. 9
is
Gurney's steam carriages in elevation with an independent steering wheel, which was soon
abandoned as impracticable.
Fig. 10 a plan of the
of
running gear.
^^^
FIG. ii.
about London.
Fig.
One
of his styles of
1839.
omnibus
is
shown
in
ii.
Hancock's vehicles seem to have taken the lead in England during this period, forming lines of steam omnibuses
42
The decade,
1830-1840,
was an era
of flotation of
who
com-
schemes being
which
FIG. 12.
1834,
12
one
in
Belgium, in 1834-5.
Maceroni was starved out by frauds, and a general steam
HISTORICAL.
carriage
company undertook
43
We
made by
Deitz.
companies was
tion of one of
FIG. 13.
J.
still
his coaches.
in the destruc-
about 1857.
1834, invented
by
A common
44
The
time, apart
Figs. 14, 15
central
In
Fig.
15
form
another
arm carrying
gear
OUTSIDE CRANK
DIFFERENTIAL GEAR.
which
axle
A
"
in
represented
which the
the differential
bevel
FIG. 14.
is
D, is the revolving
divided at the center.
is
This form
shown
is
connection and
form
in Fig. 16.
reducing gear
for
any
of vehicle.
to
DIFFER15.
ENTIAL DRIVING
GEAR.
FIG.
driving-spur gear, with its differential pinions, runs freely on the sleeve of the fixed
HISTORICAL.
45
bevel gear.
The long- pin serves to lock the loose wheel
to the driving-spur gear, making the locked wheel take a
positive motion, and locking the differential system for a
straight run.
Hill and Anderson were still ardent
promoters of the
steam coach industry, and several companies were
operating
coach routes in England, when, from 1840 to 1857,
anintereg-
FIG.
num seemed
years,
when
to
6.
have
fallen
upon
commenced in England,
The steam vehicle construc-
passengers.
of capacity for
from
12 to
20
40
Richard Dudgeon
cylinders,
It
FIG. 17.
hour.
built a small
of
10 miles per
was destroyed
in the
New York
Crystal Palace
fire in 1858.
lead,
foreign demand.
The use
of
steam on
common
HISTORICAL.
47
traffic
senger coaches. One of the many traction engines, of various types of this decade, 1860 to 1870, is shown in Fig. 17.
This road steamer, it may be seen, had a vertical drop
The
boiler
had
In
and
all
single
vehicle.
This construction seems to have gone back a
hundred years, for it was much after Cugnot's ideas in Fig.
i.
The advance was in a compound engine, if by 3} by 4^inch cylinders, working with 450 pounds steam pressure,
3 ears,
and had
sufficient
It
power
was
in
The
boiler
was one
in
in 1874,
feet high,
working
at 135
pounds pressure.
48
this
seems to
until
few
continued, however, in
built a
John A.
it
on the
machinery
England
in the
plowing
roller
in
in
Chapter
III.
THE
CHAPTER
III.
was not
was
to
in France,
under more
It
liberal roacl
the horseless
strides.
carriage,
which
in
his
of the explosive
M.
is
Serpollet.
His
shown
first
in Fig. 20.
The
made
of
inch
52
FIG. 18.
of an inch wide.
fire,
as
shown
at A, Fig. 19.
They were
insure safety at
FIG.
tested at 1,500
19.
THE
FIG. 20.
FIG. 21.
pounds being the practical limit. For a larger generator two coils, One above the other, were placed over the
furnace and their ends connected so that the water injection
of 300
was
first
coil.
STEAM AND
method
In this
ITS APPLIANCES.
of generating
53
steam there
is
the injection
pump works
no valves
three-way
operated by a convenient handle for directing the required
amount of water to the boiler, the excess returning to the
tank through the third port in the cock.
The feed pump could also be started by hand for the
first
off
pounds
of water, or
of
one
coil
was reported
to be equal
miles per
shown
shown in
and
in Figs. 22
Fig. 24,
23,
and stacking, as
in Figs. 25
in series, as
and
26.
The
Fig.
fire,
framework
hold the
sheet-iron
of
tiles
special
channel and
encased in a
54
FlG. 24
FIG. 23
FIG. 22
DQBB
FIG. 25.
FIG. 26.
STEAM AND
ITS APPLIANCES.
Further improvements were made by substituting gasoor kerosene burners, one of which is shown in Fig. 28,
line
which the
in
inlet at
by compressing
J received
the
oil
oil
in the
The
oil
entering at J, passes
becomes vapor-
down through
coil, j, into
the
slotted nozzle, O.
plug at
FIG. 28.
LANGUEMARE
BURNER FOR KEROSENE OIL.
at the top
moved
The air
shown in the
mingles,
small cup
placed below the burner,
of
the coil.
charged with
alcohol,
for
burner with
of the coil
starting the
oil.
An improved and
larger
burner by M. Languemare
FIG. 29.
IMPROVED LANGUEMARE
BURNER.
is
illustrated
in
Fig.
29,
The
in the
down
seat.
arms
also adjusted
by a screw, but
is
FIG. 31,
FIG. 30.
Other forms
line require
made
The
tips.
much
cup, E,
Those
is
for
for gaso-
or
five,
cylindrical casings.
and water
level surface
coal,
coke or
gasoline burner.
De Dion and
Bouton,
in
France,
made
several models of
is
a vertical boiler
STEAM AND
ITS APPLIANCES.
57
of tubes for
is
especially applicable for coal or for a gasowhich can be fixed to the grate lugs.
Another form
of boiler,
FIG. 32.
Co.,
ple,
is
of the
made by
DE DION
De Dion-Bouton
the
BOILER.
down
31, in princi-
draft
smoke
This boiler, it will be seen, has every other vertical section of tubes closed at their outer end and expanded in the
outer sheet of the inside section of the boiler, while the
alternate tube sections are expanded in both sections of the
boiler.
The magazine,
is
58
joining of the
observed, are
will
be
held by
through
Falls,
N.
is
a type of
the vertical tube system with a water fire box and subIts conical smoke chamber and central
merged tubes.
FIG. 33.
It is
BOILER.
the general type of boiler used in England for tracother heavy steam
vehicles.
In the
tive form
of boiler
is
traction engines.
BOILERS
AND BURNERS.
is
illustrated a boiler
The tubes
tal
enough
in this
to
make
The
conical fire
box
STEAM AND
ITS APPLIANCES.
59
Fig. 35
illustrated
is
the
The
burner.
oil
enters the
dotted line
is
vapor-
ried
of
through a continuation
needle
valve chamber at J.
The
valve,
arm
of
7
",
pivoted to the
a rock shaft that
is
FlG 34 ._THE c
& c
BOILER.
the lever, L', to the burner spindle and valve for regulating
the flame at E.
cross bar at
guides the spindle, which
FIG. 35.
THE
C.
&
C.
BURNER.
6o
is
threaded on
needle valve at
its
closes.
The valves
are operated
by a
lever on the rock shaft and a link extending to a convenient place for the driver to handle.
At A
is
allowed to enter.
ooooo oooo
oooooooo
FIG. 36.
drawn
in
and welded
solid, as is
STEAM AND
ITS APPLIANCES.
61
The
The
same manner
as
drical part.
THE INTERNAL
FINGER BOILER.
THE VERTICAL
TUBE BOILER.
FIG. 37.
The
FIG. 38.
with a shell
made
of copper,
steel,
No. 10
flanged and
good practice
for small
boilers.
The diameter
inches in
for 4 horse
height.
62
The vaporizing
With
to the
burner
case.
in
the
pipes
within the
boiler
tubes.
FIG. 39.
JET BURNER.
FIG. 40.
JET BURNER.
which the vapor meets the air drawing through the spaces
within and around the rings.
The
may
The
>
make
a secure joint.
The
may
be f or
STEAM AND
I
ot
ITS APPLIANCES.
63
inch,
eter and
in
number
One thousand
holes,
-fa
will only
S
equal the area of a T g-inch pipe.
BOILERS
In
Fig. 41
we
illustrate a multiple
FIG. 41.
THE MILNE
&
vertical tube
boiler
KILLAM BOILER.
who
are
now build-
The
is
64
square
boiler
feet.
is
water glass
fittings,
It is fitted
FIG. 42.
The
engine, Fig. 42, furnished with the boilers of this company are very compact and are models of concentrated
energy. They develop on extreme call 6 horse power, al-
though they develop but 4 horse power with the usual boiler
pressure of 140 pounds per square inch.
It is of the four cylinder, single acting, reversible type
and runs in oil in a draft-proof case; perfectly balanced and
noiseless.
Four cranks
set at 90
STEAM AND
perfect balance, and do
meant
ITS APPLIANCES.
away with
all
65
vibration.
in this
What
that steam
is
The engine
it
to
is
top, permitting
allow for adjustment of the drivThis arrangement also does away with any fore
ing chain.
is
aft to
and
upon
it
by fore and
aft
movement
of the engine.
gasoline engines.
is
illustrated in
was designed
lower right
The exhaust
is
by a port
By this arrangement
moment of the end
the
the steam
is
The steam
in the
neck
of the inlet
66
The operation
is,
is
hollow, with
rapidly increased,
in the
FIG. 43.
it
is
is
making
in the cylinder
The
inlet
valve
then
STEAM AND
ITS APPLIANCES.
67
or about
13 gallons,
which
may admit
of a
much
larger storage,
gasoline or oil storage for a 30mile trip should be 16 pounds, or say 3 gallons or for a 50mile trip, 5 gallons. If a surface air draft condenser is used
and mineral
a boiler
oil
may
trip.
The
vent
its
by an elevated tank
and
filter
allow
it
to settle,
when
may
be drawn
Chapter IV.
SPECIALTIES IN AUTOMOBILE
CONSTRUCTION.
A TWO PINION
TIRES
AUTOMOBILE
GEAR
DIFFERENTIAL
ROLLER BEARING AXLES, ETC., ETC.
CHAPTER
IV.
very compact steam motor gear for reversing is illusThe wheel, A, carries the link lugs and
trated in Fig. 44.
is
is keyed to the crank shaft
;
it
pivoted to the
is
and a
bell
crank
shaft.
link, C,
fixed wheel, A,
link,
is
pivoted
angles with the shaft, brings the eccentric to a central position, and its movement either way sets the eccentric for
The
its
its
almost univer-
72
and indispensable use as the compensating gear for differentiating the speed of the driving wheels when running
sal
on curves.
There are several
is
illustrated
in
Fig. 45.
B and
one of which
free to turn.
to the
same
In the transmission of
FIG. 45.
is
to be
B to M. Second, suppose B to be fixed and
driven from outside, gear A being free to revolve with its
from
shaft.
It is clear that
turns as
Mand
in the
and
B the
driver,
and
in the
same
will
same
make only
direction.
Third,
direction.
one-half as
if
many
many
Mbe fixed
times as
and B to have
Suppose both
to be free to revolve. If Mand
they have motions in oppodirections and at the same speed, A will remain station-
other,
one
If
and
ary,
if
either
B or
M moves
73
will
will
would be
difficult, if
FIG. 46.
from the
DIFFERENTIAL GEAR.
one
The power
is
wheel and
friction
fixed.
in
which the
hoi-
movement
of the
AUTOMOBILE TIRES.
tire.
proved their
few
unfitness.
trials
74
bicycles.
in the '40*8, a
inflatable tire of
man
canvas
success with
tire
was
first
in
now
what
is
body
tire,
tires.
all
holding
itself
it
and having
were put upon any vehicle except bicycles and triTheir first appearance was on trotting sulkies, and
cycles.
from these vehicles they gradually crept on to road wagons.
tires
was
not,
which
is
given
it
test of
in this country.
weight
In France,
The
with their better roads, they have better success.
driving mechanism of automobiles really requires a pneumatic tire, for a solid tire will shake most mechanism to
pieces or disturb its action, especially in the case of electricity. At the same time the life of automobile tires, where
is
much
and as they are very expensive, the mileage required tokeep such a cab shod is disastrous to economies. Figuring
out the cost of tires against the cost of a horse, including
his care and his wear and tear, it has been asserted that the
horse costs less in feed than the tires on the vehicle.
It
may
remain so
stantially
all
is
yet to be seen.
automobile
tires
At
are single-tube
tires,
to
fill
life is
much
On
conthe
the requirement.
later inventions and combinations in their structure
The
and internal
elastic
forms of structure which will probably make the pneumatic tire satisfactory and a permanent wheel shoe for all
purposes.
Since all automobiles must be equipped with rubber tires
of one kind or another, and no one feature is of more vital
76
FIG. 47.
TIRE.
English
tire
was
the resiliency of the rubber was lost, and the most that
could be said for the tire is that it was noiseless.
Fig. 47 shows a cross-section of a special automobile tire
with four retaining wires. These wires are electrically
welded in the channel, and the tension to which they are
drawn is only limited by the size of wire used. These tires
are
known
in the
tire,
made
New York
77
of 40
Wall
City.
that
is
trouble and annoyance than any other style, and are fast
growing in favor with the builders of automobiles.
The "GRANT
BEARING/^
^-r^
"^
FIG. 48.
The bearing
stability
'!
._
_^
lines are
long on the
They can be
(PATENTED;)
fitted to
rollers,
giving greater
ball bearings.
on the
73
steel in
its
compete
its
pure state
it
is
light
and workable
in all forms, as
FIG. 49.
As no
its
management
at hand.
upon
for
body work on
carriages.
The
alloys of
worked
aluminum
as brass, harder
79
2 to
The new
possibilities of a
An
alloy of
It is
workable
as steel.
specific
has been
An aluminum
made by
the Porter
Motor
Chapter V.
ENGINES,
CHAPTER
V.
improvement
first in
importance
roller
gives
the
for
finishing
touch.
in
making
and
Good
community.
roads are necessary
FIG. 50.
THE ROAD ROLLER.
not only for the success of
the automobile, but for a better highway for all purposes.
They may be said to be the foundation of civilization for
;
human
activity are
commingled by
84
good
may soon
rival its
European models
in
roads.
improvement
and
15
Their water tank and fuel bunker have a capacity for four
For traction work the time
hours' continuous w ork.
r
increased by additional tank and fuel storage. Every operative detail is centered convenient to the
engineer on the platform at the rear of the boiler, over
capacity
may be
which a cab
The
cuts
methods
is
placed.
show much
of operation,
making
it
and
The
The
traction engines of
features of novelty,
all
tractors built
use for
hauling
loaded
vehicles,
for
plowing, road
power
87
for all kinds
work.
of agricultural
working
gear on
down
grades.
FIG. 53.
The company
from 10 to
17 horse-power,
and from
4/J
to 7 tons weight.
is
&
cylinders set tandem, as made by Robinson
Co., Richmond, Ind., who build five sizes of traction engines
compound
The
10 to 18 horse power.
is
shaft
the
from
through a
engine
power
spur-gear and pinions to internal toothed spur-
of
The
is
88
roughness of
89
The
while the distance between the axle and driving pinion centers
remain constant.
The
slide valve
which
lever,
is
controlled
when power
is
required, as
A friction clutch
on the
is
new
illustrated the
built
also
build a road
on similar
roller
Y.,
who
engine.
The mounting
of the boiler
and engine
box with
is
upon a through
upon the
coil springs
The
its
differential
is
gear
is
within
provided with
face being
made
greater
power
of pull on soft
o
fi
The forward
axle
is
91
the axles with arms and connecting link for the two wheels.
worm gear sector on one of the pivot arms, operated
at the rear
end
The steam
lorry, or dray,
FIG. 56.
is
attracting
much
attention in
is
illustrated the
Ley land
four- ton
dray, the
3 inches
height of platform,
<)2
45 inches
ing
tires, 5
The
frame of
steel
driv-
inches wide.
boiler
is
about 5^ gallons of
oil
oil
by the
The steam-propelled
steam-driven
The
Many
world.
fire
illustrated
fire
They
are 8
tons,
1,350 gallons of
fire
engines,
are of the
upright tubular type, the shell being steel plate and the
tubes of seamless copper. The power is transmitted from
one end of the main crank-shaft of the engine, through an
means
of a
hand wheel
at the front
moving the
fore axle
through a system
key
the driving
in line
on the road.
power may
By
the removal of a
'
94
pumps with
engine.
is
shown an
trap or dos-a-
Company,
dence, R.
The
is
placed
seat
rear axle.
Provi-
I.
it is
estimated that
125 pounds
and weighs but 38 pounds.
power, is reversible, and
and valve
is
The engine
It will
is fitted
to a patented
is
working pressure
is
but 100 to
is
steam-jacketed
develop from 4 to 6 horse
with nickel-steel valves
faces.
conveyed
and from there
it
as
it
In
hill
cooler,
climb-
is
95
pump.
The surrey and trap are both
FIG. 59.
fitted
all
DOS-A-DOS.
accessories.
pump
is
used to
pump
air into
may
96
The burners
Once
started
it
exhausted.
means
of a
regulates automatically by
of fuel. In case
is left
vehicle
sumption of
fuel.
The engine
variety.
light,
and
It is
is
at the
the steam ports being wide but not deep. The exhaust
ports are of ample size and open direct into a jacket surrounding the entire cylinder, giving at once an exhaust
with
little
(if
the necessity of
is
it is
97
tank.
The
is
contingent use.
The
carriages of this company, which is located at Milwaukee, Wis., are of the Stanhope or runabout style. The
elevation of the Stanhope is shown in Fig. 60, and a plan of
the running gear in Fig. 61. This company have adopted
steam as a motive power as a well-tried and old servant
and
its
its
of a front
is
and rear
which con-
built of
J-inch
The front
and complete
steer-
it
completely around
The
The gears
of this
and the hubs are keyed on in the most secure manner. The
main driving sprocket (which also carries the brake shoe)
has 30 teeth, i-inch pitch and T5^ inch wide.
98
FIG. 60.
61.
99
Steam
is
high and
It is
for safety
The
and inspection.
all
12
inches
copper tubes.
of the appliances
and
and water
in the tanks
for 40
is
made
The frame
is
braced
The operator
on the right hand of the vehicle, steerhand and controlling the steam valve and
sits
is
IOO
FIG. 62.
FIG. 63.
THE STANHOPE.
The company
and steam
also supply
JOB.
parts.
Some
most successful all-round steam motor carriages are now being built by the Locomobile Company, of
America, whose works are at Newton and Westboro, Mass.,
with offices at No. 1 1 Broadway, New York City.
oi the
FIG. 64.
In Fig. 62
and
in
is
Figs. 63
64
top
wagon
light
pleasure trips.
The wheels
on advanced
to their requirement
bicycle principles and of strength equal
AND AUTOMOBILES.
I
w
3
3,
matic tires
eter, bell
103
The
2-J-
lighter vehicles are provided with pneuinches diameter, and with side lamps, cyclom-
is
of especial design
and consists
of
on four
axle
connected
is
in the center
by a compensating gear,
FIG. 66.
The
quickness.
into
boiler.
The
104
W. G.
is
valve.
FIG. 67.
The
of the
water
of the
ing surface.
pounds, and
It is
is
tested
The
shell of the
10$
is
and a
plate
steel ring
riveting through.
The
boiler
is
wound on
flange,
and
ate tension.
are
298,
boiler, as
It is
feet.
square
sure and
when
pounds.
It
is
is
The
The tank
is
The
tank.
and a
board.
The
the
to another flue,
is
down which
it is
led until
it
emerges from
shown
in the regulator,
burner
which
upon
is
is
is
Fig. 68.
vaporized, and
means
its
admission to the
an automatic needle-valve,
operated by the pressure of the water of the boiler
controlled by
ol
The diaphragm
is
so
106
The regulating
valve
the diaphragm.
The
is
when
FIG. 68.
start the
The engine
to
the frame
Fig. 69
as
is
of the
to
need
body.
no
It
is
detailed
shown so
description.
is
secured
clearly in
It
is
movement
of the links.
The framing
is
of brass,
and a
lO/
is
The
of
the
movement due
to
this
steam
adjust-
conpipe
nected with the top of the steam-
ment, the
is
vided
The driving
effected
by means
tooth
sprocket on
shaft
and
sprocket
on
of
a twelve-
the
engine
twenty-four-tooth
the compensating
diameter as the
carried,
as
shown
in
and
Fig.
is
67,
latter
FIG. 69.
THE ENGINE.
108
around the
off
about
body shows
at a glance the
water
level.
By
from the
would be no rush
of
steam or water
boiler.
On
steam
from
jumping
to full speed,
109
the type of vehicle that ascended Mount Washington, 6,300 feet, in a run of 8 miles in two hours and ten
minutes. It can climb a grade of 14 per cent, at 15 miles
is
per hour.
It
difficulty.
illustrated the
is
Edward
'
FIG. 70.
THE STEAM
DOS-A-DOS.
the frame
inches diameter;
The band-brake
lever
is
also in the
which
The heads
The
boiler
is
is
made
are flange
in ordi-
16 inches diameter, 14
110
copper tubes
is
are
all
The
FIG. 71.
THE
sizes, viz., 2 J
Class
BOILER.
4,
2^ x
4,
2f x 4 and
3x4
The
heads and
Ill
fig. 72.
The weight
of the engine, as
shown
in the cut, is
50 pounds.
shown
in the cut,
-THE ENGINE.
CLASS A.
FIG. 72.
who
fittings,
burner, regulator
FIG. 73.-
THE ENGINE.
CLASS
B.
themselves.
The
Class
locomotive
style.
is
placed in the
112
made
in
The smaller
pounds.
two
sizes, 2J-
size engine, as
The
Class
shown
in the
cut,
weighs 35
Chapter VI.
CHAPTER
VI.
Almost
reduced to
tors
in
soon
as
its
the
as
gas
engine
was
successfully
began to apply
it
to road
first
wagon
propulsion. Lenoir,
explosive motor vehicle in
first to produce a
motor wagon, which was publicly exhibited in
Munich, Germany, in 1891.
1860.
successful
The new power idea spread rapidly in France and England and, with the electric motor, now forms the three
principal systems of road motive
all Europe and the United States.
power
so largely in use in
named
Serpollet,
widened
its
mechanical
and
economical
adapta ion
for
motors
in the
personal
United States,
effort
produced
in 1886,
their first
and after
five
motor vehicle
years of
in
1891.
Il6
Others
fell
into the
same
line of
experimental construction,
The introduction
great advance in
'
The
wagon
axle.
make
it
so light that
of the
weight
gasoline engine by
it
weight
will scarcely
Although the
construction and free-
running gear.
simplicity of
its
its
dom from
meet
With single
its operation complete.
the fly
a
is
that
high speed
necessary
cylinder motors,
wheel may equalize the motion from a four or two cycle
impulse.
real
competitor for
touring.
all
IJ
GASOMNE MOTORS.
is
The constancy
bicycles.
adopted
in
American motor
vehicles.
For a more
ence to
recommended, which
formulas.
Two
air mixtures,
The
device
wire
on
the outside of
induction
accumulator
coil,
with
the
single
wiping
spark
damp weather
the
spark will
sometimes run along the surface of the external parts and
"
thus miss the required " jump in the explosion chamber.
perfect,
in
The
Il8
With the
live battery or
weaker current
will fire the mixture when all parts are clean, but much of
the mysterious and unseen failures may be attributed to a
weak current. The most suitable current gives a white or
The amount
degree
Chapter VII.
ELECTRIC IGNITION DEVICES.
HOW
THE PRIMARY
BATTERIES TO CHARGE THE BATTERIES TO AMALGAMATE THE ZINCS THE ELECTRIC IGNITER
ELECTRIC IGNITION COILS AN IMPROVED ELECTRIC IGNITER.
ELECTRIC
BATTERIES
TO
CHARGE
CHAPTER
VII.
When the
work, it
is
generator, or any other device of this character, as the battery delivers a perfectly uniform current which is just as
which
line
electrical
knowledge.
which
coil is
This
instantaneous discharge.
Edison-Lalande portable
coil,
and yet
will
have an
batteries, types Z
the
or V, makes a per-
Z Edison-Lalande
battery,
which
is
by
is
by
122
Edison-Lalande
in the
cell are
zinc,
The oxide
potash.
of
ob-
is
copper
a fine
blocks,
size
for
the
different
into solid
of a suitable
are
cells
cut.
THE Z
CELL.
of
On
which
jar), in a
porce-
(a
is suspended a rolled
These zinc plates are
ment
occurring
in
any short
the
THE V
CELL.
circuits
solution.
The
and as
is
in
attacked
in
123
all
formed
FIG. 76.
THE; EDISON
PRIMARY BATTERY.
A
is
layer of
These batteries are manufactured by the Edison Manufacturing Company, New York City.
In Fig. 76 is illustrated an Edison four-cell primary battery
suitable for
motor
ignition.
It
is
connected
in series
and
124
from
this battery.
Watt
hours.
It
power lamps
hours.
com-
connections
The
battery
and one
fluid
is
only
life
of the
there
is
no
Make
BATTERIES.
inches
Electric
(FIG. 76.)
the Solution.
kept
in a
allow
is
it
stoppered bottle.
Do
The
not mix
it
in a glass vessel,
heat generated
may break
glassware.
For the zincs, add one part by volume of sulphuric acid
to fifteen parts of water.
Put
in
stated in
125,
pad and
is
lid in
The
box
in the
The
tightly.
dilute acid
may
battery
be mixed
in case of necessity.
it
rag
rub
it
with
mercury
it
till
becomes
brightly polished.
DRY BATTERY.
IGNITION BY
Dry
much
batteries are
the gas charge in explosive motors; especially where the dynamo generator is in
use,
when
it
DRY
BATTERY.
New York
ignition
to the
dynamo
by
made
8 to 22
3
amperes current.
inches.
larger
if
from
street,
is
from
The automobile
desired.
cell is
with
round,
by 2f by 2, or
126
electric
The arma-
direction,
and
if
the
fly
fric-
78.-GENERATOR
about
tric
Company, Boston
dynamo igniters.
The sparking
nient shafting.
2,000.
It is
79.-SPARKING
COIL.
battery
made
its
forms
dynamo
a wet
wet or dry
with
generator
perma-
is
field,
so
made
as
is
127
be two or three
which
connecting with
the binding post, P, of the primary winding of the induction
coil, 7", and continued through the other binding post, /*', to
the batteries
may
in series,
is
e, e,
and con-
FIG. 80.
ELECTRIC IGNITER.
The
jump
having a secondary induction coil is not generally understood; we therefore illustrate in Fig. 81, the
details of such a coil without a vibrator, and in Fig. 82, the
coil
spark
same
coil
The
arrangement as used by
De
first
Dion, ot
H,
posts,
switch
and
P, are
128
the
represented at N, F, D, G.
The upper
post,
arid
the
FIG. 81.
and
post, P,
post,
COIL.
M,
to the breaker at
The condenser,
Z,
is
composed
FIG
82.
The
and are
The secondary
coil of finer
wire
is
wound
129
The
vibrating
action with the
vibrator
shown
from
D to
circuit
is
the
same
in its parts
of a
and
spring
magnetism
FIG. 83
current round
the
of
in
circuit at E,
is
C.
The passage
excites
Fig. 82,
at /% G,
The primary
tion
coil,
the solt
the
primary coil,
iron core, //, which then
on the spring, G,
ol
F, thus
breaking the
IN A CASE.
coil.
This action causes the core, //, to lose its magnetic force,
and the block, G, in virtue of the spring on which it is
mounted, flies back, and the circuit is remade at E. only to
be broken again in the same manner. By careful adjustment of the screw in Z>, a very rapid make and break action
may
commutator
during
this
bar, C, is in
period the
many
130
and
tive ignition.
These
coils are
vibrator, as
in a neat substantial
shown.
6 volts a spark of
is fitted
inch
may
a current of 4 to
coil.
It
It
made by
York City.
is
In Fig. 84
C. F. Splitdorf, 25
Vandewater
AN IMPROVED ELECTRIC
is
shown
new
Street,
New
IGNITER.
ignition plug of
French origin
lA/vvvx*-*
FIG. 84.
of
Chapter VIII.
ATOMIZING CARBURETORS.
GASOLINE VAPORIZER.
CHAPTER
VIII.
ATOMIZING CARBURETORS.
In Fig. 85
in
which
is
illustrated a
F is the
cylinder port
FIG. 85.
E, inlet valve
G, exhaust
ATOMIZING CARBURETOR.
D, the air
inlet valve.
inlet valve,
and
134
strikes the
C, at
the
AN ATOMIZING CARBURETOR.
In Fig. 86
is
FIG, 86.
ATOMIZING CARBURETOR.
with
tor from a gravity or pressure flow to the valve box,
a regulating cock or valve, and a supplementary air valve at
9
6",
The
gasoline tank
ATOMIZING CARBURETORS.
automatic air valve, D, which
is
lifted
135
by the draft
of the
attaching a lever to the spindle at /, the flow of gasoline to the atomizer may be controlled or closed without operating the valve between the
the
lift
By
is
made by M. H.
The
in
X and
respectively
The outer
z.
surrounded
by coiled
by a
cap, g, through which passes an adjusting screw, V, engaging the stem of the valve, a. In the lower portion of the shell
a bell piece is mounted, which is surrounded by wire gauze,
The
air
valves.
beneath the
through the
tube, T.
from
its
seat
by the upper
by
liquid will
stops,
fill
e.
the
is
slightly raised
valve, the
The
136
By
ting
will
with liquid.
filled
off
lower valve
e.
As
it
continues to
fall,
lorce the valve stem, /, into the liquid contained in the chamber,
e,
and
will
cause
it
to displace a
volume
of liquid
equal
immersed portion.
The volume immersed and conse-
to that of
the
of
the
intake,
late
falls
this
gree of immersion
The
P, since
liquid
which-
of
falls
the
stem.
upon the
wire gauze
air
LEPAPE
CARBURETOR.
FIG. 87.
The screw,
ATOMIZING CARBURETORS.
in
is
order to
motor.
The device
smoke.
THE DAIMLER CARBURETOR.
which a
It is
is
inlet of gasoline to
through the
passage,
aspirating
is
drawn
gasoline
from the nozzle,
is
drawn
at the
/,
M,
the
in a
jet
and
air
same time
air pass-
age into the annular chamber, //, and under the drop
tube, F, as
shown by the
jet
of
gaso-
is
FIG. 88.
DAIMLER CARBURETOR.
K,
finely
air.
through the perforated cap at the top, which is graduated and may be operated by a handle and link from the
inlet
driver's seat.
at O,
138
pass into the pipe. The cap over the valve spindle has a
small vent hole and serves to relieve any pressure caused by
the variation of the position of the float, B. The gasoline
enters at N, by gravity or slight air pressure in the tank as
desired.
The
THE
FIG. 89.
reservoir, or tank, by
ABEII^LE CARBURETOR.
means
A,
height.
The
to stand just
for air to
cone,
when
float,
below
//, is
the
shown by
jet,
/, at the
is
adjusted
An
inlet
ATOMIZING CARBURETORS.
behind the
'39
The
suction of the piston during the charging stroke jets the gasoline against the perforated cone in
contact with the annular jet of air from below, where it is
jet.
FIGf
rotation on
removed
its
9 o.
screw thread.
The
jet nozzle
can be quickly
In Fig. go
Hay,
New
is
Haven, Connecticut.
It
has
by Walter
some
excellent
140
valve seat of the inlet air valve E, some of which have screw
of a fan,
//,
central
fan
is
set in
is
shown
The
across
spindle casing at
separate the fan
it-to
/',
in the cut,
Chapter
IX.
CHAPTER
IX.
is
FIG. 91.
AUTOMATIC CLUTCH.
ring is made fast one to each driving wheel hub the ratchet
block is pivoted in the lower ring that is loose, having small
motion on the shaft, which is stopped by keys. The small
;
collar
When
in the right
same manner
in
Hills,
N. Y.
144
The compensating
to
the
driving
of
Boston, Mass.
95.
essential
motor vehicles, and so difficult to make by amacan now be purchased from the Boston Gear Works,
mechanism
teurs,
gear, so
The
for the
in Figs. 92 to
the friction pulley
in two sizes
8 inch
band brake.
They
are
is
made
FIG. 92.
THE SPROCKET
FIG. 93.
WHEEL GEAR.
SIX-PINION
PLAN.
bevel gear wheels and three pinions, and with sprocket wheels,
10 inches diameter, with two bevel gear wheels and six pin-
ions for
rim,
may
be varied to order.
In Fig. 94 are
shown the
in section of a
single
in Fig. 95
details
The
low
bevels,
shafts,
L and
C,
N and R.
145
These
shafts,
When
The
cut illustrates
pinions.
the
FIG. 94.
power
is
SECTION, SINGLE
SPROCKET.
FIG. 95.
it
is
DOUBLE
SPROCKET.
of
equally distributed to the bevel gears, C and L, by means
the pinion, E, and two other similar ones, which pinions in
than the other (as in the case of the vehicle turning a corner), it is obvious that the bevels can adjust themselves
146
tires are
together.
/is a triction sleeve to receive the brake band.
As can be
When
is
is
in
two
fixed to a. reinforcing
tube.
corner, the
the
power
is
to the
of the gear.
is
gear as
diana, for
motor
vehicles.
Variable speed
important features
is
in
one of the
motor
cy-
FIG. 06.
VARIABLE SPEED
,.
changing conditions
it
P
is
on the motor shaft and two similar cones on the counteradjustable laterally on their
bar
the
arrangement shown in the
by
respective
diagram, so that when the cones on the motor shaft are
close together those on the countershaft are far apart and
shaft,
both
pairs
shafts
being
all
147
intermediate
The
edges
are
When
ot
is
therefore
expanded and
The
belt
is
composed
riveted on to a
of a series of leather
and iron
strips,
in the
least
above company.
A MOTOR TRICYCLE GEAR.
A
is
illustrated in
Fig. 97.
& Thomas,
Dalifol
The main
is
Paris, France.
axle,
The motor, A,
It
of the cut.
is in
in
On this latter
of a shaft, O, in the same line.
mounted two friction clutches, C, D, the male porwhich C' D' are controlled by a single lever, K, in
on the end
shaft are
tions of
such a
a time.
way
of the clutch, C,
148
are brought into contact, the power ot the motor being then
transmitted through the pinion, F, to the large gear wheel,
C and
into
bringing the two parts of the clutch
and
the
same
lever
the
ratchet
arm,
K',
engagement,
by
clutch, M, is locked to drive the pinion, /, for the slow gear
clutch
motion.
In this position the
power
FIG. 97.
is
TRICYCLE GEAR.
The gear
its
149
motor crank
shaft, to
which
FIG. 98.
is
keyed the
friction pulley,
FRICTION CLUTCH
CONNECTION.
screw X, which
is
c to
matched
The
.
pinion sleeve is
is a nut screwed
into the frame, V, forming a bearing for the outer end of the
150
The
pinion sleeve and for the thrust-screw bearing thread.
compensating gear and box is of the usual construction and
well
shown
parts.
It
in
R R,
and forms
made by Mr.
is
and
FIG. 99.
A MOTOR STARTER.
drum
when
it is
If
first
repeated.
and
101,
we
illustrate
two
of
number
of
it is
When
a vehicle
is
in the
side-slip, that the axes of all the wheels should radiate from
one point that is to say, assuming the axis of the rear
;
same
point,
and
this
should be
BELL CRANK
STEERING GEAR.
STEERING
GEAR.
FIG. 101.
FIG. 100.
By
is
When
152'
the curve
drawn through
It will
then
must be made
change
radii.
of the
wheels on a curve
In Fig. 100
is
shown the
ordin-
curve allowed for the vehicle to turn upon. The usual practice is about 30 to the plane of the wheel.
With arms at
right angle to the axle, as in Fig. 101, with a bell crank
arm
arrangement.
MUFFLERS.
The suppression
of the noise
in a
few devices
man and
beast
tin.
The end
felt
of the cylin-
153
made
FIG. 102.
fittings,
The
drilled,
giving
of the exhaust
pipe.
Another form
in
which the
final exit of
the exhaust
may
Oo
o o o o o oo
O OOC5OOOO
FIG. 103.
is
also in use
and has
its
154
first
noiseless.
ground
as to
final
make
unobservable.
muffler
down
If
Chapter X.
CHAPTER
X.
is
"
illustrated the
Electric Engineering
for automobile,
stationary and
marine work.
The
stroke.
4 horse power,
This
size.
company
furnish
also
blue
prints
of
these
and
shown to the
is
M, which
fits
right
in use slips
against
it
The plate,
shown on the left
it.
is
cover, C,
shown
As
moving
and transfer
M, opens and
port, S,
port, A, with absolute certainty, and
also preventing the charge while being compressed in the
158
159
base,
of the piston,
bound
to take place,
and
leakage
is
provision
is
made
for preventing
is
The rotary
it.
valve,
M,
is
charge and
come
in contact
with
The
M, also
is so arranged that it makes a perfect seat, and would continue to do so even should the crank shaft wear badly out of
line.
The remainder of the parts hardly call for further
One feature of very great importance, howexplanation.
ever the constant down-thrust is in marked contrast to
oil
motion
it.
valve,
lost
in
the
will not pound, and no damage will result even after parts
and bearings are badly worn.
Stuffing boxes are provided
at the ends of bearings or baffle rings on the crank shaft, so
how much
the bearing
The system
tank, which is somewhat lower than the vaporizing receptacle, and a gasoline circulating pump, which, while the
engine
is
running,
pumps
is
a small
amount
of gasoline into
In
attached to the air suction pipe.
faster
than
the
reliable,
pump pumps
is
This results
in
l6o
The
air is
drawn
is
through openings,
and siphons up the exact amount of gasoline, which is
adjusted by a micrometer screw, and one adjustment only,
necessary for a given engine.
The speed of the engine is controlled by two throttling
valves on one stem, operated by a hand lever. These valves
is
under
all
or
full
is
by the violent agitation it receives at the crank case, previous to its transfer to top side of piston, and subsequent
compression before the explosion takes place. This method
less volatile and cheaper grades of gasobe
line than can
employed where the carbureting system
is
used.
The sparker
is
of the
which
is
worked from
the outside of the cylinder by a connection from the eccentric which operates the gasoline and water circulating
pumps. This type of sparker is found to be the most durable, the least liable to
economical of current.
spark can be regulated to a nicety, while the engine is running a convenience when engines are being adjusted to
;
some
The sparker
161
RUNNING GEAR
OP*
In Fig. 105 is illustrated the carriage gear made by Chesnay, De Falletane & Co., Dijon, France. The motor is of
the air-cooled type, and set vertically in the fore box, which
is
FIG. 105.
The
transmission mechanism four speeds are provided.
motor shaft is pinioned to a counter shaft, on which is
mounted a four step cone
pulley, connected
by a
single belt
l62
As
ease.
From
the counter
shaft the
power
is
transmitted
by
is
arid the
lever handle at A, at the side of the seat; its further movement operates a band brake on the second counter shaft.
is
vapor and
air
mixer
cooled
coils.
The
The pressure
ground.
Fto keep up
in the
163
is
of
air
and
vapor.
The pressure
which
is
'
FIG. 106.
It is
now
CYLINDER COOLER.
economy and
power
to
The Lowell Model Company, Lowell, Massachusetts, manufacture small gasoline motors for tricycles and very light
carriages. Fig. 107 is their three-quarter actual horse-power
164
der,
which
is
contained
is
in
8^
inches
weight,
minum
is
used
in
some
of
the
parts,
close regulation of
obtained
by a specially
speed
devised valve in the transfer port,
tricycles.
is
3^
H. P. MOTOR.
the
is
shown on
left of
Lugs
FIG. 108.
coil, as desired.
The company
When
long.
165
from
12 to 14 feet
fitted
with a
base,
sizes,
wheel.
They
also
furnish other
power.
French origin, and now adopted, with modifications, in England and the United States by a number of motor
carriage
builders.
The cylinders are offset just enough to allow of a
double crank at 180, so that ignition
instant, thus almost
may
same
made
cycle
effect.
entirely
tion
The
cylinders
are
air-
sized
motors for
FIG. 109.
DUPLEX MoTQR
and
carriages
tricycles.
The Crest Manufacturing Company, Dorchester, Massachusetts, are building motors similar to this pattern with modi-
propel
it
When
"
it
is
not
firing a
force tends to
The
l66
way
to
to that
kick
riage in which
it
is
fixed.
Now,
if
to
cause
to
the
two cylinders be
it
cartied
together with forward ends towards each other and opposite, an equal explosion taking place in each cylinder simul-
moving the
pistons to
The
motor,
made by the
FIG. IIO.T-THE
is
illustrated in Fig.
DUPLEX MOTOR.
no.
less
carriages, weighing
4 horse power. They also furnish a 2i-horse power motor
for tricycles.
This motor
is
air-cooled
;
is
of
speed
which makes
this a
I6 7
They
coil,
battery,
We illustrate
in,
112
the
method
of attaching the
motor
in Figs.
runabout.
FIG. in.
The cut
of tricycle
THE TRICYCLE
shown
is
DESIGN.
The frame
is
of steel pipe,
is
i^
The motor
is
account.
is
the
power required
68
FIG. 112.
THE RUNABOUT
FIG. 113.
DESIGN.
REAR VIEW.
169
it
is
well
known
that this
FIG. 114.
H.
P.
material,
and
it
is
the
MOTOR.
The
and short braces are J-inch steel tubing, 18 gauge.
rear axle should have all bearings of either the roller or ball
I/O
now
automobile supplies.
The Crest Manufacturing
cylinder, 2^-horse
tion,
Company
power motor,
Duplex, that
is
also build a
single
light
vehicles.
This
is
illustrated in Fig.
It will
14.
be noticed that
both the duplex and the single motors have their cylinders, cylinder heads and crank chambers put together with
four through bolts, which is a great convenience in separating the parts for cleaning or repairs, as also contributing
largely to the lightness of construction so desirable in the
N.
J.
The spark-igniting
sprocket wheel on the crank shaft.
device is operated by miter gears on the valve shaft.
The two-cylinder motor is of four brake horse power at
700 revolutions per minute.
W
JO
171
172
o
fi
This company build the motors and entire motor equipment for parties who desire to assemble their own motor
carriage.
Chapter
XL
CHAPTER XL
AUTOMOBILE BICYCLES AND TRICYCLES.
THE AUTOMOBILE BICYCLE.
In Figs. 117 to 120 are represented one of the
German
is
two
disks
is
This peculiarity is justified by the resistance that it is necessary to give a wheel, light upon the whole, that is actuated
much
the
more
ease
of sliding, in
stretches,
it
when ready
easily regulated at
from
10
pounds.
3 to 24 miles an
The speed
hour by means
is
of a
76
button placed under the thumb of the rider the noise and
odor of the motor are almost nil powerful brakes render
the cyclist always master of his machine, even in the steepest
;
many
valuable improvements
its
per-
FIG. 117.
BICYCLE.
machine
formed
we have
The frame
sim-
of the
D E,
is
FG, G H,
struction,
for example,
The wheels
tires.
around the
is
at
/, is
axis,
177
The
steer-
C F.
The
provided with a
VERTICAL VIEW.
FIG. 118.
we
along.
frame and
are,
caused by a
FIG. 119.
PLAN.
1/8
The gaso-
mechanism, shown
valves, O.
FIG. 120.
(4).
The
is
piston
thus
',
air valve.
As may be
To
is
1/9
nected with the cock that regulates the flow of the gasoline,
the valve that admits the gas into the ignition chamber, and,
at
U,
The
rider
threading, closes
all
time.
is
The
latter is thus
named because
funnel,
/,
evaporates therein.
suc-
The
is
to
its
mixture
valve chamber,
is
placed, like
rider.
If,
The
We
it
now remains
of its distribution
is
for us to
made.
The
180
of a single lever.
18
and
which
it is
mechanism
is
installed
upon
the cooling box of the cylinders. It is constructed as follows: The extremity of the rod, K", is jointed at r' with a
that oscillates around the fixed point, /, and is continuously brought back to its normal position by a spring, S,
lever,
r,
as soon as the passage of the cam, K, over the roller, K", has
of this lever,
r, is
whose extremity commands, at / the valves represented in Fig. 1 20 (6). At about its center, the lever (5), is
jointed again to a crosshead, m, and held upon it with hard
lever,
/,
tf
friction
by two
blocks, n and
notches.
The
nately against
spiral springs.
',
and w'
On
/,
is
thrust alter-
t'
(6)
conjoined cylinder.
which
is
l8l
But
as
tt ',
These points
ter
shown
and reciprocally.
bet
ment.
bicycle
guard.
82
s
w
_-
1>
183
The
This reservoir
reservoir, G,
122, the
is
FIG. 122.
is
THE VAPORIZER.
To
ascertained.
The hood
is
furnished with a
84
ply valve,
valve,
lating
thin,
is
k.
The reguwhich
is
arranged to slide
communicates
VALVE CONTROLLER.
the pipe,
air
conveyed
through
The proportion
vapor and
/,
of gasoline
to the
-THE TUBE
IGNITER.
posi-
by engagement
with the finger as it is screwed
The
the charge
by heating the
nickel tubes projecting about 2\ inches from the rear ends
In this box is placed
of the cylinders into the ignition box.
ignition
of
is
effected
i8 5
a heating- vapor burner, receiving its vapor from the vertical tube at the side of the box, which contains a wick
The
heat.
heating- burner,
arranged
in
burner,
tube
its
and
on
the
the
oblique
other side
bustion
from
the
burner.
comparted
hood,
in a
(Fig.
The
FIG. 125.
On
pair to each
furnished with
cylinder.
THE
at
IGNITION Box.
the
rear
of
the
86
at all times
when they
except
in
alternation
more
drive wheel
is
secured a cam,
_B,
in frictional
FIG. 126.
c,
c, c' .
The
cylinders,
engaged
and
their
exhaust mechanism
are
in alternation
l8/
asbestos cord.
The
forated.
asbestos cord
serves as
muffler which
bands
by means
may
of a
ated by a crank and miter gear. The oil for the lubrication of the cylinders is contained in the upper oblique
tube of the frame, and is fed to the cylinders by a sight
feed,
To
o.
start the
with gasoline
motor
is
partly filled
by giving
alcohol torch.
When
it
As
is
opened, the
The proportion
of the
air is
air
88
When
lated.
bands
is
fairly
of the
rubber
released.
which
is
b,
at the
proper moment
To
usual way.
The engine
The pneumatic
tires are
made
specially large
115 pounds.
The
189
The
slight elevation
FIG. 127.
of
this vehicle
gives
it
a perfect
ground.
The
and
is
rated at
at 800 revolutions
per min-
190
ute, at
per hour.
The driver with his right hand steers the vehicle by the
hand wheel, while with his left hand he holds a vertical lever
which controls all the movements for regulating the running.
By pushing
or
the motor
tightened to start
the vehicle, after the motor has been started by the flywheel
or a crank. By turning the handle of the lever to the right
left
is
is
of
from
its
mounted upon
ball
man
of the
sits in
steers-
behind, his feet resting on each side upon a platform provided with a straw mat. He merely has to move
sits
driving wheel.
it
be run at an expense of
scarcely more than a cent a mile, and that the price of it is
low enough to place it within the reach of persons of modfor a trip of
erate means.
72 miles, that
it
may
and plan
view of a motor tricycle that has lately been put on the market in France by the Compagnie des Automobiles du SudOuest, of which M.
the manager.
As
FIGS. 128
AND
of the vehicle,
is
129.
THE PY MOTOR
TRICYCLE.
accommodation
two
C, is
riders,
back to back.
The motor,
for
the single
radial disks for
of
It is
capable
working up to 3 horse power. It is located on the lefthand side of the frame, with the explosion chamber at the
of
192
The exhaust
controlled by a small longitudinal shaft, actuated by worm gearing, d, from the motor
rear.
is
valve, 5,
of the
A.
The
muffler
is
located at
Three forward speeds of 5, 10 and 15 miles and one backward motion are provided, these being obtained by a series
x.
of gear-wheels
on the motor
shaft,
circles.
The
a,
gear.
fricti >n
is
arranged
shaft, a.
under the
seats,
where
is
also
The
mount
193
The method
of converting a
to a quadricycle for
two
motor
tricycle for
one person
FIG. 130.
all
that
is
clip
and
bolt.
These
springs,
thus
protected from wind, dust and mud. The steering is controlled by the rear rider, and is arranged in such a manner
that in taking a corner the inside wheel
194
back wheels.
is
feet 7 inches,
3 feet
inches.
A novel combination of
the motive
steer-
come
to public notice.
It is
of
German
"
comes under the name of the Kuhlstein-Volmer detachable motor or fore carriage, and has been in use
in France as the Pretot motor carriage.
It is illustrated in
origin and
"
Fig. 131.
is
New York
Company, Astor
City.
The
that one
In fact,
vehicle at will.
four-
195
is
is
pivot block, which extends upwardly from the lower bearing plate through a deep collar in which it turns in the
FIG. 131.
upper
plate.
is
sufficiently stiff
and
The operating
levers are
carried
The
riage
is
here illustrated in
its
parts.
196
is
section
ROLLER BEARING.
grit.
133
shows
the
rollers enclosed
between
held in
place by spindles.
Fig.
roller
FIG. 133.
134
shows
system
the
resting
plate.
is
suitable
FIG. 134.
ON LOWER
requiring a fifth-wheel.
They are manufactured
RAIL.
by
Christian
745
Third avenue,
Brooklyn,
City.
FIG. 135.
Nielson,
New York
197
The
try,
ilustrations, Fig.
England.
has the most compact form for
carrying capacity of
any motor vehicle as yet brought out. Its weight is about
280 pounds, with dimensions allowing it to pass readily
two-cylinder motor, acting
through ordinary doorways.
It
its
on cranks
at
impulse.
The
driver can use the pedals for a foot rest and be always ready
to help the motor on a severe upgrade. Great ease and
comfort
is
The
gasoline
is
Electric ignition
is
used.
98
NO
tfj
199
200
of
of
of
FIG. 138.
made
in these vehicles
VICTORIA DE LUXE.
is
carburetor
is
It is
generally
in the
3
.M
I
o
p
d
B
2OI
2O2
FIG. 140.
FIG. 141.
203
of the car
FIG. 142.
splice
it
204
in
which
it
is
almost impossible to
upset indeed, the stability is so great that the vehicle can be
swung round in a narrow road when going at high speed, a
long,
it
is
feat
the back wheels, the front wheels being driven, and this is a
reversal of the usual practice for which certain advantages
The
are claimed.
prevent
side-slip,
One
of the
in France,
is
In Fig.
method
146
is
shown the
of its operation.
details of
The
tricycle
for starting
is
and
205
as a
dent the motor becomes inoperative, or as a help in ascending steep grades. The motor is journaled upon the sleeve
of the main axle, as shoxvn by the brackets, Fig. 144, and
FIG. 143.
is
geared to the
member
of the
THE DE DION-BOUTON
differential
frame by a
link.
It
TRICYCLE.
2O6
of
the
relief cock, Z, to
piston
when
starting
is
146,
in
To
the
left is
the vaporizing
in
air entering
fi
FIGS. 144
AND
145.
left
in
at
the
right
regulates
the
flow
to
the
207
motor
cylinder.
The
of admission
down
in
itself is
arranged to
up and
between the
slide
COMPRESSION COG*
FIG. 146.
DETAILS OP MOTOR.
horizontal plate and the surface of the liquid, this plate being
In order to avoid
attached to the lower end of the tube.
The
H, of the motor is of cast steel, with projecting flanges which serve to increase its radiating surface and
cylinder,
208
prevent overheating
above
is
chamber
is
to the valve, L,
is
At W\s shown
r.
The
The
ton rod, P.
piston,
shafts,
<9, is
5 and
shaft, 5, carries
its
This induction
coil is
From
vacuum
in the top
ond descent
At the
of admission closes.
209
cam
coil,
when
the piston rises after its descent, it compresses the residual gases of explosion, and at this instant
the cam, M, lifts the exhaust valve and the gas leaves the
position
The discharge
box, or muffler,
exhaust
pipe, F, in the
der, in
Fig. 146.
is
shown attached
The two
to the
of
Waltham,
De Dion-Bouton &
Co. in the
VEHICLES OF THE
The
which
in principle
MASS.
and mechanism
cycle,
2IO
those
that
who want
is
It is
finish.
The
to convert
it
on sound mechanical
extra wheel that
is
lines,
and
of very rich
into a tricycle.
These vehicles comprise a line of gasoline-propelled automobiles which have recently been placed on the market by
the Waltham Manufacturing Company, Waltham, Mass., of
Their mode of propulsion
is
by the
<
FIG. 147.
is
explained in their
own
simplicity.
They are not only simple in construction, but very inexpensive to run, and the result obtained seem to give the
best of satisfaction.
The
rises
of
moment
the charge
is
pis-
which
is
211
its
FIG. 148.
FIG. 149.
CHANGING THE
The
radi-
RIG.
The cost
of feeding a
motor
of this kind
power
is
quite small.
A
and
212
now
among our
is
classed
be attached
if
which are
desired.
of the machine,
weight
seat,
which
is
proportionately distributed,
close to the ground, and thereby insuring the greatest safety.
The carburetor, battery and other parts are placed in con-
venient positions in line of the frame, and the rider has full
control of the machine in his left hand, where a simple turn
of the handle-bar grip connects and disconnnects the
current.
With a
little
shown
in
Fig. 146.
Fig. 148
shows the
facility of
ning gear and seat forward from the motor, and in Fig. 149
shown the trailing attachment of the second seat and
is
De Dion
tricycles.
It is
is,
built
J.
and
152,.
a most con-
venient tandem rig for two persons, one in front in a comthe other on the saddle, steers the
fortable buggy seat
;
The
central frame,
213
is
of steel
stiff
this a
structure.
FIG. 150.
The quadricycle
The motor
it
tires.
When
charged
of
214
H
LO
CD
215
Bouton
The
steering
FIG. 152.
is
hubs of
spindle to the arms of the front axle pivots at the
each wheel.
Chapter XII.
CHAPTER
XII.
The more
and
is
noticeable
throughout the country. The doctor, in either city or country, can now step into his buggy, ready harnessed, and be
off
calls in the
does not even mind a long drive that would jade a horse.
The fire chief reaches his call in less time than ever before.
The ambulance
is
start,
and makes
Each
of the kinds of
motive power
is cleanly
radius
of
special
power and
endurance, their progressive march of usefulness will go on
and find their great calling as sure as has been the progress
in its habits,
our railways.
will soon follow.
of
Good
its
way
the rest
memory
of
220
lines, for
FIG. 153.
in
use in
France for riding parties, and will soon be seen and appreciated in the United States.
THE FETTER GASOLINE CARRIAGE.
An
gear
illustrated in Fig.
The motor
54,
in Fig.
155.
placed over the driving axle. From the
crank shaft a sprocket wheel and chain transmits the power
is
to a friction sprocket,
in a
seat.
A second
brake, V, V,
is
The exhaust
is
cam on
The low speed gear, Z, has an overrunThe motor is of one horse power at 200
221
FIG. 154.
FIG. 155.
FETTER MOTOR.
222
The crank
shaft of the
holds
motor is bored
and
a day's run.
plugged
The gasoline gravitates to the inlet valve, A, through the
perculator, G, and atomizes by the air drawn in through B
;
it
oil for
The engine
FIG. 156.
The whole
off,
54.
is
approved.
The Bergman
is
in elevation in Fig.
gear
a
1
56,
in Fig. 157.
is
made
of steel tubing.
The
tires
front wheels
rear wheels,
position,
is
tires.
5
223
The
cylinder,
the seat
is
for steering
FIG. 157.
tank
is
The
automatically under
mixture
is
all
224
The
is
always
in the
same proportion
to that
by a revolving slide.
small pipe from the exhaust carries heat to the carburetor to counteract its cooling by evaporation.
for the air, being regulated
The
is
on the front
A pneumatic whistle
hangs
French gasoline
motor carriage of very light weight, 575 pounds, and in Fig.
1
59 an outline section of the motor. The carriage frame is
In Fig. 158
made
is
shown
at
A, Fig.
158, carried
on
swivel at
vent torsion
body
Cn
00
225
226
and
At N,
in the
dash-board
the lubricating oil can, with tubes leading to the running parts of the motor.
The speed changes are made by gears in a three-speed
strap
gear train at D, and controlled by the lever, E.
box,
is
FIG. 159.
The
Speeds of
4, 10, 15
and
two movements
cated
by
The
oil
cylinder and internal moving parts are lubridash in the closed crank chamber.
The
special feature
of this
motor
is
22/
the carburetor, H,
the pipe connection with the Bunsen burner case above the
platinum ignitor, F. The Bunsen burner, G, has a vapor-
The other
izer.
by inspection.
NEW YORK
CO.
As
a class
it
is
somewhat unique
as
302
WEST
CITY.
is
the
in-
encompassing the
on one
the fuel are held in position. The motor acts upon the
wheel by means of a loosely mounted pinion meshing into
enables the
latter to
reversing the motor-wheel with the steering bar and starting the motor, the vehicle runs backward.
Fig. 1 60 shows the motor wheel attached to a carriage,
ism.
By simply
in its
proper
position.
motors
motor wheel,
Fig. 161,
in a pair of
spur
228
FIG. 160.
THE DRIVING
WHEEL.
FIG. 161.
FIG. 162.
SECTION O
229
is
FIG. 163.
The
is
its
appearance of the
and in
of the vehicle,
230
FIG. 164.
WHEEL
Co.
INTERNATIONAL MOTOR
23
is
FIG. 165.
and
is
set vertically at
M, over
the front
the cylinder.
The
carburetor, C,
is
232
making
FIG.
66.
for steering
is
PLAN.
seat
suspended on springs.
ball bearings.
lated
Electric
233
location.
heretofore
known
are
for vehicles;
all
of
the
four-cycle
compression type. The smallest ribbed air cooled motor weighs 50 and
the 2 horse
power motor
of the
same
VERTICAL
MOTOR.
FIG. 167.
type weighs 75 pounds, without flywheels. All their motors are crank encased with aluminum.
The
FIG.
68.
is
3^ horse
HORIZONTAL MOTOR.
^34
FIG. 169.
The
235
motor.
The duplex
air
169,
minum crank
The motors
FIG. 171.
riages as built by
The motors
Grout
of these
Bros.,
Orange, Mass.
carriages consist of
two
cylinders,,
236
FIG. 172.
FIG. 173.
THE;
TWO-PASSENGER TRAP.
FIG. 174.
FIG, 175.
THE STANHOPE.
THE STANHOPE
QUARTER VIEW.
237
238
power or
of each vehicle.
trap, as are the other vehicles, are furnished with electric side lights with a current from the
ignition dynamo which
sparks the motor and also furnishes cur-
wheel
base, 63 inches.
Weight from
1,000
which the
company of
They
if
desired.
their motors.
The downward
chamber.
cylinder of sufficient
amount
FIG. 176.
239
240
end
when
of the cylinder.
The charge
made by
the expansion
of the gasoline and air mixture contained in the annular
is
FIG. 177.
SINTZ CYLINDER.
ignitor,
241
is
illustrated the
motor carriage
of the Mueller
III.
FIG. 178.
the circulation
compression type,
is
bracketed
242
to the frame
A sprocket
slow speed.
loose
pulley speeds.
FIG. 179.
for
Knuckle
joints at the
movements
which
also con-
BUII/T
243
on the market,
its
The
steer-
FIG.
80.
course.
the
244
The
body
The power
FIG.
is
8 1.
crank shaft
is
rear wheel.
exhaust.
One
of the mufflers
245
ing over the motor for starting, the locking of the friction
gear, regulation of the speed by the quantity of the charge,
an increase of power on up grades and the wheel brake
motion
is
FIG. 182.
left
hand on
The
Maximum
246
closed upon the handle lifts the rod linked to it and the stop
on the starting pawl, when the pawl drops into the teeth of
the geared crank wheel and a fore and aft motion of the
lever starts the motor in motion
at the
of
bottom
of the cut,
is
FIG. 183.
given a horizontal
movement
the lower
left
at the
that oper-
hand corner
shown
at
in the cut.
of the
hand
small hook pawl from the lever of the rock shaft which
makes contact of the
driving pulley with the friction rim
of the vehicle wheel, thus allowing the motor freedom to
start.
When
the motor
is
started the
hand
clip is released
the springs draw the rod down, throws up the starting pawl
and locks the hook pawl in the arm of the rock shaft controlling the contact of the
of the carriage.
shown
in Fig. 183.
The
On
is
a link
it
also operated
hand
arm and
247
is
lever.
other half
is
One-half of the
its
brake arm
in contact
V pulley
tire.
which a
"
wagon
takes the
in Figs.
bility of the
proved by the
trip of
Many improvements
248
VI
be
9
to
II
<L>
* 3
g
S
<
2 49
250
tires,
FIG.
86.
FIG. 187,
Ball bearings are used at all important points, thus securing the greatest possible freedom from
friction and wear.
tically puncture-proof.
88
is
which
251
it
will be readily
running
observed that the main driv-
hand
third
all
of
the vehicle.
The brake
pulley
FIG.
88.
is
its
which also carries the arm that operates the motor friction
disks, so that by a single movement from the vertical to the
rear of the operating hand lever the motor
is
disconnected
is
252
the vehicle.
that have been lately put on the
be mentioned an automatic oiler,
carriages
boxes.
vehicles,
obviating
the counterbalance
mode
may
all
is
The phaeton
VEHICLE COMPANY.
buggy, or runabout, a
light running vehicle, highly finished, and well adapted for
a physician or business man.
Weight, 500 pounds.
In Fig. 189
is
253
The motors
The
jacketed and connected to a water tank under the footboard, which is perforated with 50 i-inch copper tubes, so-
pump.
The power is transmitted from
trifugal
shaft,
which
is
controlled
When
connection
its full
is
automatically changed
rent recharges the battery.
when
gear
in, and allows of the
full
power
which
of the
quickly thrown
motor
to be used for
254
255
256
pounds
Compression, 75 pounds
ignition
exhaust, 20 pounds.
In Fig. 191
prizes in
is
illustrated the
England
in 1896,
and
Cosmopolitan race
in
New
FIG. 191.
chain
5,
10 and 20
miles per hour, and can reach 30 miles per hour on asphalt
roads. The motors are independent, so that a disabling
of
VEHICLES
THE DURYEA
OF
MANUFACTURING
257
COMPANY,
PEORIA, ILL.
The
to have
qualities, as
shown in the
results of the
Chicago Times-Herald
The low
FIG. 192.
styles
tions.
made by
It
is
this
light,
all
objec-
sufficient
we
In Fig.
Fig. 192
193
is
illustrated the
same
style of vehicle
mounted
258
think
appearance.
is light,
FIG. 193.
in the
THE DURYEA
IN
SNOW.
power.
259
motor.
head
of
and
sparkers.
FIG. 194.
parts
to
make
three
a locomotive,
260
may
isp
1
&
-
FIG. 195.
rider.
The
lateral swing of the lever steers, twisting the handle, throttles the motor, while a vertical motion starts and changes
the speed.
much
safer,
is
instantaneous,
although driven at
26l
large
is used by the
which
downward
the
starts
foot,
motor, thus
by pushingavoiding the soiling of the hand in applying a crank to the
FIG. 196.
motor
shaft.
electric ignition
fly
wheel.
the cylinders.
In Fig. 196
in the
it is
axle.
is
is in
contained
the large
262
make a complete
tomobile work for pleasure or
vehicles that
their
line of gasoline
business.
motor
wants of au-
Runabout.
The general
all
signed with similar parts and the running and motor gear
are interchangeable on all the light carriages.
The touring
for
its
cart
is
kind.
box
hand
for parcels or
grip, its
its
The suspension
steel
their carriages
all
Among
the distinctive
are,,
away
by a button under the foot, which conthe speed, which may be varied from a slow walk to
device, actuated
trols
An
never
absolutely
fails,
and
is
new sparking
device, which
is
positive,,
practically indestructible.
Every part
is
encased and
gear.
A flexible
is
FIG. 197.
FIG. 198.
THE RUNABOUT.
264
FIG. 199.
FIG. 200.
THE TRAP.
FIG. 201.
FIG. 202.
THE SURREY.
265
266
The
to
and
style
good
most acceptable
the automobile type of
pleasure carriages.
The
The general
public
is
the rela-
each special
commonly used
of fuel
combustion motors.
in internal
The
"
consequence of
the
automobiles.
Engines of this character, in order to be generally available, must utilize some form of liquid fuel that is obtainable
in all localities.
The
is
The
fuel
to be
importance
To
thermodynamic value
(5)
must be
safe.
fuel
exists.
It
is
267
Liquefied air
....
15,000
Ibs.
per
Ib.
battery.
down
Ibs.
sure,
139,100
develop
Coal of 14,600 B. T. U., used in a
steam
efficiency,
sumed
per cent,
would yield
....
oil of
in
per
of
12%
plant
Petroleum
30
ft.
efficiency,
Ib. air.
per
1,408,000
ft.
Ibs.
per
Ib. coal.
4,794, 120
ft.
Ibs.
per
Ib. oil.
will be seen
of
would
yield
Thus
Ibs.
an explosive engine
cent,
ft.
that one
pound of petroleum or
refined kerosene oil used to produce power in an internal
combustion oil engine develops far more mechanical energy
it
than an equal weight of any other medium, either for producing or storing power.
In consequence of the wastefulness incident to
all
small
in
air,
to equal the
power obtainable
As
oil, costing about one cent.
a reservoir of power, one gallon of oil is superior to one ton
268
in
economy
to
air
If
commercial mineral
In fact, kerosene
oil.
is
simply gaseous solar energy, having the capacity of liquefying at ordinary temperatures.
Domestic kerosene of 120 degrees Fahr. flash and 150
degrees Fahr. fire test has a specific gravity of about 0.785,
will
6.539 pounds.
Petroleum and
same
all
calorific value
its
The weights
of the
gallon of kerosene
1
per cent, less value, gallon for gallon, for fuel purposes
than kerosene
oil.
per cent,
less
chased at 10 cents per gallon, gasoline should be purchasable at 8.2 cents per gallon in order to compete.
It is
though lower
is
method
in
of 100
is
always higher
thermal units.
William Street,
of utilizing oil of
power purposes.
high
fire
test for
New
"Secor"
motors for
all
FIG. 203.
269
2/0
The
baffling
problem
of
At
motor.
features
(3) it is
(i) it
In regard to the
fect
combustion
is
first
feature,
(2) it is
it
three distinctive
reliable in operation;
The importance
of the
in variation of
2/1
Referring to the third special feature in the Secor automobile motor, absence of vibration, it is well known that the
ordinary methods of balancing either stationary or marine
are
engines
entirely
inadequate when
to auto-
applied
mobiles.
In a
wagon
there
is
no foundation whatever.
Again the
Inasmuch
as
it is
a carriage motor,
it
cal
ous from end to end, and the charge placed between two cannon balls of equal dimensions and weight, each equally free
to
move
would be
gun
kself
nil.
The problem of
cating engine
is
more
all
stresses
in the
Chapter XIII.
ELECTRIC MOTIVE POWER FOR VEHICLES.
THE ELECTRIC BROUGHAM A FRENCH VICTORIA THE JENATZY DOG PHAETON THE KRIEGER COUPE THE JEANTAUD CAB AND COUPE THE PATIN DOG CART THE
BARROW ELECTRIC TRICYCLE VEHICLES OF THE
UNITED STATES AUTOMOBILE COMPANY
ELECTRIC BROUGHAMS AND CABS.
VEHICLES OF THE GENERAL ELECTRIC AUTOMOBILE COMPANY THE ELECTRIC AUTOMOBILE AMBULANCE THE
WAVERLY ELECTRIC MOTOR VEHICLES THE COLUMBIA ELECTRIC VEHICLES AUTOMOBILES OF THE
AMERICAN ELECTRIC VEHICLE COMPANY
VEHICLES OF THE RIKER ELECTRIC
VEHICLE COMPANY STORAGE BATTERIES AND GENERATORS.
THE WILLARD AUTOMOBILE BATTERIES THE CARE OF AUTOMOBILE STORAGE BATTERIES PRIMARY BATTERIES FOR
ELECTRIC VEHICLES AN ELECTRIC AUTOMOBILE
CHARGING AND REPAIR STATION THE HYDROMETER SYRINGE THE " MULTUM IN PARVO " CARRIAGE LAMP AN ELECTRIC
AUTOMOBILE TOY.
CHAPTER
XIII.
in that line, as
shown
power
for
motor
ically in the
which
is
New
fidently
is
no
of storing electricity
now one
is
of the
of
econom-
problems
undergoing development.
expected improvements
worked
will
out,
and
it is
con-
continue by which
2/6
the amount of
less
is
than
formerly.
The factor of weight is one of the features in electric
vehicles that practical men are working to overcome, and it
is said that whenever a storage battery or a system of stor-
One
motor vehicle
is
met
with.
shall
is
perfectly
by observing the
latter,
tion of the
needle.
ampere
as an elastic equalizer
tricity
off, in
plicated machinery
it
compressed
and vibration.
It is
for
many have
contributed to
its
success,
which has
outcome
of electric
line
Number-
2//
It delivers
reciprocating parts has at last been developed.
and
constant
and
torque, pure
simple
regular, and has a
power
Its
power.
is
tant,
was found
The
to be superior.
degree
difficult
to
overestimate.
Our compressed
air
their system.
The
time
electric
falls
degree
in the
near future.
2/8
radii of operation
conveyance.
As
results
It
battery presents
some remarkable
in its fitness and
large reserve
at instant
power
fully
command
charged
its
its
Its
entire
very
freedom
among
its
advantages.
Tests of the principal types of storage batteries in use in
are trustworthy as to their specific
capacity at their various rates but their stability is not
always assured under the severe vibration due to vehi-
Europe
as published
cular
traffic.
Improvements are
towards an enduring
in order,
and progressive
tery.
Fortunately materials are at hand and systems of developing the plates are now being- perfected that will render
them thoroughly
reliable
2/Q
The
cabs.
battery
is
FIG. 204.
THE PHAETON.
The
which
The motors
in
many
are geared
French design.
United States
with a
ELECTRIC BROUGHAM.
FIG. 205.
drop
floor,
280
A FRENCH VICTORIA.
The
FIG. 206.
is
&
SCHIVRE.
riage.
It
springs, and
is
The complete
28l
shaft,
The
tery charge.
FIG. 207.
Automobile
of France, is a utility
to five persons.
temporary
JENATZY DOG-PHAETON.
for
two
fora
accommodation
seat,
motor, series
The battery is in
regulation for 3} and ;i miles per hour.
two groups, connected in parallel for the low speed, and in
series for the higher speed.
a second shaft
shaft carries
is
two
connected to
loose pinions
it
by a universal
meshing
in
joint,
which
282
differential
speeds in
all.
The
is
box extension.
The
steering
is
which are
is
a novelty in the
fixed
method of placing
steer-
of
which are
It
winding give
up to
12 miles
per
hour.
In going down hill the motors act as generators feeding
back to the battery.
is
of the coupe.
FIG. 208.
FIG. 209.
KRIEGER COUPE.
283
284
FIG. 210.
THE JEANTAUD
CAB.
FIG. 2ii.
285
is
and
in Fig. 211
FIGS. 212
AND
213.
is
not the
riages a bipolar
motor
of
and
286
3 to
1 1
around a
centrally
located
steering pivot,
and to make
is
somewhat
a novelty in
its
The
is
is
troller.
The
is
reported as a
The driving
is
new
for
The driving
shafts,
is
field poles,
and carries
287
rimmed
FIG. 214.
brought
line.
The
288
motor
is
289
of the frame;
FIG. 216.
The motor
is
series
is
also used
as a brake.
of the steer-
290
The storage
under the seat
battery is placed
the vehicle and
of
flexible
BARROW
TRICYCLE.
operates a brake.
is
placed
under
The
controller
the
seat
and
side.
many
is
FIG. 218.
THE ELECTRIC
VICTORIA.
The
extended
room
for storage so
little
thought
motor
vehicles.
The
battery
is
291
suspended underneath
The
motor
electric
is
mounted
No
rear shaft
of
The weight
is
The
brake, which
of the ordinary
is
applied
band type.
The motor
of this carriage
is
ammeter combined.
The steering is by lever connections with hub pivoted
The wheels are of the wire suspension type with
gear.
three-inch pneumatic
tires.
The
electric
The
body
by
292
The wheels
disks, dished
are novel
with their
being
is
tire.
Fig. 219 represents a very clear front view, and Fig. 220
a side view in outline of the brougham.
FIG. 219.
THE BROUGHAM
FRONT.
with
its
seat, laid horizontally, is the conlever rising on the outside and at the left of
the driver.
The brake
293
294
motor
body
shafts.
The motors
of the vehicle.
The
into
FIG. 221.
The
controller
is
switch.
An emergency
switch
is
power
est vehicle
The
speed of
controller
per hour.
with a separate but interlocking
12 miles
is fitted
out
is
each division.
of a division of
295
FIG. 222.
(see
Fig. 221).
In the main
what
is
in case for
2 96
batteries,
which
consists of 48 cells of
FIG. 223.
Company
THE HANSOM
of the
CAB.
New York
Electrical Vehicle
They
in
New York
cab service.
297
Figs. 224
built
and 225 we
some
illustrate
of the vehicles
this
by
company.
he phaetons for
physicians and pleasure riding are in
between
a doctor's carriage and a
design
Stanhope, consistI
FIG. 224.
Handsome
all of
solid
rubber
tires.
The
front axle-
upon springs secured to special iron extensions from the body, and the wheels are turned for steering
by knuckle joints or side pivots, and moved by a steering
tree
is
carried
seat.
The
rear axle
is
also
298
fixed
set of springs.
FIG. 225.
which
is
In this
pivot
trie
is
The
The eye
is
axle
is
custom-
299
from that
it is accustomed to
seeing, the company believing
that any radical changes in design should come by degrees
to avoid public aversion to
riding in objectionably conspicu-
ous vehicles.
The motors
tion of the
that
it
is
not perceptible.
This result
is
arched
locked in
When
place.
in position the
bottom
is
raised
and
vehicle
grades, or
starting
the motor circuits on the vehicle, through the media of contact switches, by simply sliding the trays into the compart-
ment
300
The motors
are
two
in
power
The
two
field
The gears
The ratio is
The
is
It is of the series-multiple
operated by a hand lever.
type, adapted to give four speeds and one brake position.
The first notch puts the two motors in series with the field-
and
is
magnet
armatures
in scries,
each motor
in
two motors
in
the
field coils of
in
series.
tures
.act as
all in
series
on a short
braking dynamos.
fields
and arma-
circuit,
This
is
emergency or
all of
301
mum
two
and
this is
employed
in
in
connection
is
lowest.
This connection
is
only used
in starting
rail
and
in
convenient reach.
This enables
The
fifth-wheel
hand wheel on horizontal axis and operating- through gearing a worm or tangent screw, which works in a worm gear
axle.
works most
satisfactorily.
It
302
fitted
tracks.
The wheels
are
The wheels
are
The
built
electric
by
F. R.
Wood &
Vincent's Hospital.
finished.
handsome
It is
The openings
Son, of
are
all
New York
9 and
the ambulance
The Wood
is
25 to 30 miles.
pedestal gear
is
used,
it
making
possible to
vertically
in
of a speaking-tube.
The
inside
trimming
is
of leather,
and
the bed slides out, and being caught by irons, stands out
parallel with the sidewalk, thus enabling a patient to be
placed upon the bed without the necessity of being jolted,
which
is
inside
and outside
each.
The mountings
The ambulance
are
all
service in
of brass.
our American
cities is
the
303
304
model one
is
we
it
probably the
is
little
wonder
first electric
that
we
ambulance,
is
Every second
a great favorite
ure of interest
of
is
among
is
hospital authorities.
Another
feat-
An ambu-
lance
in
We
them
The
Company, Indianapolis,
company has enabled
on bicycle
prin-
ciples,
tubing and brazed joint fittings, giving a rigidity to the frame not to be obtained with
riveted or screwed joints. The wheels are wire spoked for
light vehicles
and with
The motor
shaft
is
is
steel
ball bearings.
rigidly
hung
The motor
is
of the
Three
30$
sizes of
The
cell.
They
Wattmeter
placed convenient for observing the discharge of the battery, enabling the operator to see at a
is
seat
Each vehicle has five speeds forward and three backward the forward speeds varying from three to fourteen
;
The
is
drum
is
operated by
when
the vehicle
is
is
left alone.
306
is
a combination
wagon
14 miles
in the
FIG. 228.
cut,
when
a very styl-
capacity.
It is
is
308
309
3 io
speed of from
strong, of the
8 to
12 miles
FIG. 231.
III.
New York
City.
have been
commercially
successful,
and
have
first
proved
popular.
Among
produced, known
Mark
III.,
as almost
come
311
to be generally recognized
a standard type of
This carriage,
in its latest
It is
The body
is
mounted by means
of transverse springs
FIG. 232.
in turn
is
VI.
two driving
left
and
12 miles
wheels.
By
may
be
312
313
314
The
batter}*, consisting of
is
Another well-known
this
company,
is
2,570 pounds.
style of pleasure carriage,
made by
Mark
VI., Fig.
single 3O-ampere
motor
is
pneumatic
In the
tires.
Mark
The
VI.,
Daumon
somewhat
motor
axle.
The
vehicle
is
modates a footman.
The
usual features, including individual pivotal steering by front wheels, single motor operating, through balance gear and single gear reduction, and
controller, affording three speeds by means of different
The carriage
groupings of the battery, are employed.
a
of
and
is
mileage of 30 miles
capable
weighs 3,250 pounds,
per charge, and the maximum speed of 1 1^ miles per hour.
Their delivery wagon is built with a special view to severe
city delivery service.
The
finish of the
main panel
is
black,
the center panel velvet brown, and the lowest panel maroon.
The wheels
solid
tires*.
axles are
315
The two
bolts,
no
dead load
of
is
1,000 pounds.
is
finished
The average
25 miles.
and upholstered
in
accordance with
by means
of the front
controlled by the usual three-speed controller and footoperated band brake. Half of the battery of 44 cells is
placed beneath the driver's seat, and half carried in a comThe cells used have a
partment above the rear axle.
capacity of 100 ampere hours, and propel the carriage about
28 miles per charge, the maximum speed being about 12
miles per hour.
Wooden wheels, 36 and 42 inches in diameter, are used, provided with 2^-inch Kelly solid rubber
The
materials,
signal, etc.
237,
The
3 i6
FIG. 236.
FIG. 237.
COLUMBIA RUNABOUT.
317
318
similar in point of running gear and electhe bodies are dissimilar, conforming
but
equipment,
to two well-known existing types of horse-drawn vehicles,
trical
driving.
finished,
green,
finely
and
14 miles per
These carriages,
1,900
pounds
each.
accommodate ten
passengers inside and three .on the top seat outside, besides
the occupants of the driver's seat. The inside compartment
is entered from the rear by means of two steps, and is upholstered in dark green leather, with morocco
dows are provided with silk shades, and the
finish.
work
The
is
win-
finished
319
wheel gauge 5^ feet. The wheels are 36-inch front and 42inch rear, and are equipped with 3^-inch Kelly solid rubber
accomplished by means of a lever, standing
normally parallel to the driver's seat, and capable of a forward and backward movement. The customary foot-opertires.
is
Steering
driver's
is
The motor
supports of
sudden
is
is
strains.
This company
vehicles, of
pelled,
already been
built.
We
illustrate
now
who
are
located at 134
The
horse power
tires.
Motor, 4
3 20
c
u
W
fc
<^
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
The top
The
wooden
four persons.
Motor, 4
The
The
always
in the lead, it is
now making
a better
The storage
One charging
means
of
The
328
rubber
cells,
burned
light,
is
compact construction.
of the vehicles
vary according to
This
hour.
operator's
controlled
hand.
foot lever,
grade.
is
left
two
meet
With
To
in turning corners.
removed
vehicle.
tric
made
possible,
recommends
itself at
wagon
sign,
now
of electric
N.
J.
power
for vehicles
is illus-
trated in the phaeton, Fig. 245, and the Victoria, Fig. 246, each
J K.
W. motor
is
FIG. 245.
THE PHAETON.
>
FIG. 246.
THR
VICTORIA.
330
two
for the
sudden thrust or
strain put
compensate
upon the motor when
the current
backward.
is
edged with metal, and meshes into the large gear driving
wheel on the axle.
These vehicles have three speeds ahead and two to the
FIG. 247.
THE RUNABOUT.
rear, with a
maximum
Wheel
Weight about
1,800
pounds
The Runabout, Fig. 247, is a lighter vehicle, with 28-inch
front, and 32-inch rear wheels; base, 50 inches; tread, 4&
331
rear.
A maximum speed of
10 miles
The Dos-a-Dos,
FIG. 248.
of
THE
DOS-A-DOS.
tread,
gear
They
332
33$
FIG. 250.
THE BROUGHAM.
respectively.
Each vehicle
which
is
4,000
as stated before,
Maximum
and with a
total
334
The Theater
weighty
vehicle,
still
more
substantial
and
on wood spoke
diameter, with a 66-inch wheel
pounds.
is
tires
68 inch rear.
Weight, 5,500
Two
motors of
K.
W.
FIG. 251.
THE DEMI-COACH.
Demi
coach.
pounds.
and 42
tread.
Has
is
solid tires
The speeds
maximum
335
two
which
FIG, 252.
THE THEATER
Bus.
axle
by a
is
differential
gear
in the
hub
of the other
336
in a
snowstorm.
DELIVERY WAGON.
form
of a cylinder
arranged in
parallel,
On
the
left
hand end
337
is
a small
FIG.. 254.
THE TRUCK.
of the cylinder
on which a spring
temporary
pawl
whatever position it is placed, yet yielding to the motion
of the lever when forced forward or backward by the hand.
in
second notch, 6 to
338
FIG. 255.
Two
IN
different speeds
SNOW.
Thus one lever is used for a forward or backward movement. The driver sits on the left
hand side of the seat, operating the driving lever with the
The steerright hand and the steering lever with the left.
for backing
may
be used.
left.
lie in
An
electric
push button
is
bottom
339
The signal
thumb of the
is
left
is
The
is
is
a three-
the hub
is
pivoted on
its
The
it
may be placed.
under the carriage, the brake rod extends
to a band brake wheel secured on the rear tubular propell-
for
From
this lever
ing shaft adjoining the large gear wheel, also keyed on the
same shaft. To exclude dust, these are covered by a metal
casing.
An
Fig. 249.
case
is
By the
side of the
34O
The
"
vertical,
two
In the main
to the rear.
is
is
reset simply
On
position.
The
when
fully charged.
it is
one of
pneumatic
tires.
diameter,
The motor
is
fitted
with
2^-inch
hub
341
8 to
i.
is
FIG. 256.
ball bearings
hub
to
The motor, D,
342
The compensating gear, Fig. 257, is within the hub/ has its
yoke carrier, G, G, made fast on the hollow driving shaft, B,
and carries with it the two bevel pinions on the studs, g
The bevel gear, G\ is keyed to the inner sleeve of the wheel
hub, H. The bevel gear, G*, is keyed to an inner solid shaft,
JP, which extends across to and is fast to the hub of the
l
loose flange,
holds the shell of the
opposite wheel.
hub to the end bearing of the hollow driving shaft, B.
l
FIG. 257.
COMPENSATING GEAR.
from end
is,
thrust.
PIVOTED HUB.
FIG. 258.
in
of this
arrangement
that both the hollow and the central solid shaft extend
supported by
the wheel hub, N,
bolt,
The
l
,
with a shoulder, k
in ball bearings.
An
extension of the
343
The storage
battery is no doubt destined to occupy a permanent place as a propelling power in all electrically driven
automobiles. A large number of people interested in stored
power
power
articles of
manufacture which
permit of so many variations in regard to mechanical structure or capacity. Within the last few years there have been
vast improvements made, not so much in regard to capacity
as to perfection in mechanical details.
The
successful auto-
same
times greater.
A storage battery could be put in some of the present
types of carriages that would operate the same for a distance
is
many
of 200 miles
Any
manufac-
turer of storage batteries, or any expert in the storage battery business, can furnish a battery having extremely high
capacity and light weight, with consequent short life there;
fore, all
in
regard to inven-
tions
in
344
A battery
A battery to
life.
good
this
durability.
To
illustrate
how
light a battery
present type of
been found
it
should not be
and
all
made
less
switch principle
is
The
knife-
troller, as
345
obtained.
As
we would suggest
that,
where
when
reached to two and four- to five-tenths volts per cell that is,
the cell shows by the voltmeter 2.5 volts. The amperage will
;
time
is
cess
is
the desire
charging
amperes
if
a i2O-volt generator
not approved, as
is
needed.
much energy
is
to
is
to hasten
about 20 to 25
nomical, a current
no
is
and
mobile wishes to
install
larger,
system
if
346
In
Fig. 259
we
illustrate a single
cell of
the Willard
They
are manu-
THE WILLARD
FIG. 259.
CELL.
of the plates of
which the
pure rolled
lead,
347
side of the
ing integral with the original plate. On either
sheet of lead there are formed thin leaves or shelves about
one-fourth
center,
tween them.
The
active material
is
produced
web
all
by
electro-chemical
and on
of the leaves,
filled.
held in place, as in automobile service this feature practically overcomes the washing action due to the movement of
the electrolyte in the cells
during
vehicle.
improved hard rubber separating sheath, which is corrugated, ribbed and slotted in such manner as to create absolutely
in its use,
and
at the
same
avoiding
all
abnormal disintegration.
The voltage
of these
cover, great
the unnoticed
of the plates.
.348
In Fig. 260
is
cells in
minimum
at
Among
On
eight-hour rate.
Be sure that the electrolyte covers the plates at
and
all
times
in all cells.
FIG. 260.
Do
the carriage.
cell at
the eight-hour
rate.
at the
month.
Replenish electrolyte for loss in ordinary use with
10
349^
parts water and one part sulphuric acid. When loss is due
to spilling in shipment use four parts water and one part
sulphuric acid.
a short drop
may break
a celL
FIG. 261.
more complete and detailed direction for the management of these batteries is given in a booklet which may be
obtained by addressing the manufacturers.
In Fig. 261 is illustrated a switchboard for charging an
35
line, consisting
of a fuse, an under-load switch connecting the negative current through the ammeter and double knife-switch to
series.
is direct.
are
all
T. D.
In a general
BUNCE.
way
the
owner
of an electric
and care
it
who
of assistance
to
those
When
it
is
it is
first
35
in
The
tical in construction.
work of
work on the
the
Each
cell
does
its
iden-
cells,
proportion of
work,
is
out of order,
this cell,
now
possible in
New York
City to
call at a charging station, have your battery tested and a
report made as to its condition on blanks especially prepared for this purpose. If any defect is found it may be
remedied
It is
removed and
all
the
the current
is
turned on.
The cause
cells
is
to
it
remove a defective
cell,
and
it
is
put
in service, and,
it
This will
left
stand-
352
ing for any great length of time before again using it. The
agitation of the battery while in use has a tendency to stir
up the
can sometimes
tendency to stir
it
will
have a
The
work when used shortly after being charged, but
ran out in half the time when left standing over night.
Too much reliance should not be placed on the open cirdeposited.
amount
of
maximum
as the
left in
the
The maximum
jars.
sooner
battery will often give its full voltage when being charged
and often hold it for sometime afterward, but on being
on for power
called
it
out,
it
level stretch
of
road, the
If,
on starting
full
speed on a
On
353
washing soda has been dissolved. This neutralizes any acid that may have been spilled
and causes quicker drying. The battery trays should be
in
which a
liberal quantity of
treated in the
When
same way.
may be done
not require
the
are
in
so
as
cells
renewing
long
working order, but a
sufficient quantity must be kept in them to cover the top of
the plates about one-half an inch.
The specific gravity of the acid is a reliable test of the
condition of the
The Beaume
cells.
scale
They should
all
read uniformly.
In this
generally used.
is called to the hydrometer
syringe,
illustrated in Fig. 263, as an almost indispensable instrument
for these tests and for other purposes.
hydrometer
is
connection attention
Many
using primary
batteries for
made
motor
as to the possibilities of
vehicles.
We
hear of no
opinion
is
motive power.
We
battery current.
toy.
We
The
354
Anyone who
is
and
motor vehicles, cannot doubt the wide field that the electric
motor vehicle will cover. There is no doubt but the steam
and the gasoline vehicle will each have its field of
ness, and while the same will be comparatively large,
will in
by
usefulin fact
electric vehicle.
In
upon the ability of the vehicle to perform the required service under the existing conditions of roads and streets. This
division will leave to the steam and gasoline vehicles the
entire field covering exceedingly bad roads, such as pre-
dominate
in
some parts
of the
in cities,
good roads
is
entirely
and
in the
order
in
In this
damage
damage
355
result to
above
88,
is,
effect
ill
whatever.
The
possibility of
SECOND
is
In this again
entirely superior to either of the
ease of operation.
others.
It
in the slightest
degree
no one
damage may
result
by
trifling
THIRD.
In this there is
Possible prohibitory legislation.
no possible objection that can be made to the electric carriage, for
it is
This again
is
not true of
there
It
may
veillance, in
worthy
of police sur-
FOURTH.
General elegance.
is
entirely
3$6
no uncleanliness, no
vapors, no odors, no vibrations, no heat, no oil, and pracNeither of the other types of carriage can
tically noiseless.
some
of
all
of
them
dis-
advantageous.
FIFTH. Convenience.
operation
it
when wanted.
and be ready
for
is unnecessary to
await the
steam carriage, and unnecessary
It
generation of steam, as in a
mere matter
much
of a trifling
article so expensive
be,
and
in
which the
may
be
357
subjected.
Thus
it
will be seen,
electric
is
field practically
alone.
passed.
well
trained
force
of
men
are
constantly
was plenty
in
of
room
made.
That
cells is
eter
built
automobile
syringe, illustrated
in
Fig. 263,
was designed.
By
358
FIG. 262.
THE CHARGING
STATION.
359
compressing the bulb and inserting the slender tube through the vent hole
in the cover of the cell, sufficient acid may
slightly
next
is
The
made.
laborious
method
of
sel, is
ac-
used
tion.
It is
THE
'
'
New York
MUI/TUM IN PARVO
'
'
City.
CARRIAGE LAMP.
known
as the
"
Multum
in
Parvo
"
lamp,
manner without
interfering with the free movements of
the occupants. The lamp has a specially
in
the
most
desirable
is
suspended on springs
FlG
263>
_ HYDRO M-
ETER SYRINGE.
360
The whole
is
covered
FIG. 264.
THE
the back.
New York
City.
Fig.
265,
New York
Those
familiar
City.
with
AUTOMOBILE TOY.
wonderful
source
of
361
mechanism
Two
it is
dry
unsurpassed.
cells of
regular
size, easily
electrical
batteries.
batteries.
is
trimmings, and
beautifully
fitted
enameled
in
Chapter XIV.
HOW TO
CHAPTER
HOW
XIV.
Yy.
inch to the
foot.
for
tion, rear
view
proceed by another path to bring the work up to that standard of high-class carriage building which the vehicle as a
mode of travel deserves, and to make it a pleasure carriage,
rather than a machine or engine. The effect of beauty is the
predominating force which influences the carriage maker;
that other factor, strength, will in the
The
7 feet
meantime
assert itself
elliptic springs
3 66
HOW TO
367
and to the rocker of the body. The rockers are reinforced with an iron edge plate, screwed to the inside
surface from the dash to the lazy back, 2| inches wide
and i inch
front views
the
of
thick, as
shown by the
the
of
side
pumphandle-shaped
forged flaps, which rest on each
The
|-inch bolts.
straight line,
T(ig. 2),
The iron
with
solid
elliptic,
is
sup-
by
bar of ash
is
let
tom, which in turn holds up the floor that the cells rest upThis is the front bar of the three which compose the
on.
support for the floor of the battery trays, which are made of
hard ash, and must be seasoned (kiln-dried). The top of the
battery chest
is
made
of
The
the boards.
battery caisson
is
is
on iron braces,
and
(Fig.
i).
The
seat
frame
is
The handle
bar, ^f (Fig.
i)
is
Y,
368
The
the
T\-inch bolt.
rings.
The top
from dto
d', of
is
C.
The movement
is
crosswise
c e' of
the in-
necessary in
wheel,
b,
J^(Fig.
(Fig.
i) is
Z, by means
of the segments,
bar, B,
the
moved
move
When
4).
is
moved
left side,
turns are
which
made
4).
result
is
when
all
right of
broken
If
we bridge
line.
Our drawings
the idea, the size of the wheels, springs, and axles can be
measured, and so far as the position of the motor, the
battery, the controller, the steering gear and brake are con-
HOW TO
369
method
case,
and
is
present in every
with two or three perches, but this is not the only method
Some are without rigid perches and some perches
may be pivoted. The brake is as important to a motor carused.
and when
set so as
to
turning of the driving wheels. This clutch is therefore constructed on both driving wheels alike the lever, r (Fig. i), is
;
flat
rod
5-1
6-inch thick
by
Then the
which
flat bar, Q, is
at the
back end
pivoted at
is
Wto
P"
7 which
1
finally is
think
it
better to
fix
370
advantage
in
is
is
an
is
it
may
be
them and the appearance cannot be adThe clumsy appearance of the motor
much
to injure them.
If
carefully de-
we
and cut a
shown
scroll
in Figs.
and
off, we
will
the brace
//',
and bolt
We
fix
this to the
We turn
off
the stay
HOW TO
bottom
to take the
of the wing,
which
is
371
The
bolted.
bolts
are
first
when
filed
up
in
It
good shape.
makes a good
and one
job,
is
to calculate
to fasten
it
and expense will begin and a nice piece of iron work will be
spoiled, because of the bolt being just where it can be seen.
These small things look well they are noticeable more than
;
the axles, and they can be turned to add much to the appearance of the work. The point to keep in sight is to work in
the regular carriage making way, or better, but not worse.
If there is a machinist who can iron off a motor
carriage
better than the carriage smith irons off his victoria or
brougham, then he can iron anything from a locomotive to
all
that
is
heavy or
light.
they are intended to improve the construction of the carriages in this country. They are already strong enough,
they are already heavy enough, and they are big enough,
is
crudely done.
It is
rough,
it
is
not sym-
spoke we must
We
If
we
dish
plumb the
372
it
when
up
The
shown on
motor.
know
is
best mechanic in
We are
Hub "
for this
Chapter XV.
SPECIAL
CHAPTER
XV.
This
off
the power,
a source of
is
economy
full
first
possible, at very
moderate speed, under the momentum of the vehicle.
If a vehicle has two brakes, a band and a tire brake,
always
cies of danger.
tire
power
on, and,
if
and every time, except in emergenbrake wears and injures the tires.
Do
know
the road.
Never
by
throwing on the high speed power. If it does not move by
the slowest motion gear, which should always be the strong-
predicament.
In steering, a driver
is
is
376
Too many
driving.
As much
by
tions or a
there
bad condition
When coming
is
of the road.
to a stop at a curb or
drawn
on the road,
it is
de-
the
momentum
last
of the vehicle,
moment.
This
is
stop.
Reversal of the power and motion of a vehicle while speeddangerous, and even at moderate speed is undesirable,
and should never be done unless sudden danger makes it
ing
is
It
necessary.
breakdown. In
strains the
all
may
cause a
to a gradual stop
if
by timely shutting
off
standstill.
Finally,
it
should be the
first
work
of a
purchaser or
working details the whys and wherefores of every movement before an attempt is made to run the vehicle on a street
its
or road.
It is
recommended
that the
driving wheels be
377
first trip
out.
SPECIAL
The
action of steam
that but
little
tails of all
The
pump
is
used than on
is la-
down grades
pump by
necessary although, when once a person gains experience, the condition of the road largely helps to remind
him of the time to increase or decrease the boiler feed. In
gauge
is
some vehicles
a supplementary
pump
is
provided that
movement
re-
of a
pump
point,
limit.
vaporizing
coil,
izing
from the
This
is
a short time.
may
be large enough
full
of
used.
In
some
tically
is
With
SPECIAL
3/9
the large size of the air tank the pressure on the gasoline will
scarcely vary more than one or two pounds in an hour,
which
at the side
is
not
With an
little
attention.
stable,
will
rig.
The
motor vehicle
is
quite
different
380
in the various
as noted
on the
to be observed
Chapter XVI.
CHAPTER
XVI.
The use
been on
of
The bar
to the initial
low pressure
which was
limited to from 300 to 600 pounds per square inch, until the
beginning of the last decade, when high pressure air service,
for motive power,
of
compressed
air at
ery
and
wagon
is
is
now
A deliv-
storage capacity of 18 cubic feet of compressed air at a pressure of 4,200 pounds per square inch.
The air is delivered from the high pressure steel bottles
by a
line
differential valve,
and reheated
in a steel coil
its
384
cle
is
when running
at
ordinary speed.
In the United States, the American Air Power Company,
the International Air Power Company, and the New York
Knight patents.
A runabout wagon has been constructed by Mr. C. D. P.
Gibson for the Air Vehicle Company, with an air engine
weighing but 36 pounds, and with compressed
air storage
five hours,
a vehicle.
Thus the
of
from 20 to 30 miles
possibilities of
compressed
high
in
such
charge at some
facilities for
recharging at several points from pipe-line air hydrants, the problem has been
practically solved and we illustrate in Fig. 267 a shop
;
hand wheel
is
385
3 86
387
388
389
39
is
which
is
and
is
it
wheels through a
move
It will
feet
wide by
FIG. 272.
Worcester works for shipping machinery and hauling supIn this truck the air is reheated by passing through
a hot water tank charged to a high pressure.
In Fig. 269 is illustrated the same kind of truck loaded
plies.
a switching engine.
Fig. 272
is
air
Compressed
air
R.
391
T.
AN AUTOMATIC
^Jd/i.1.
ELECTRIC AIR PUMP.
4VB1
,f\.u i
J.v_
rviv-c/v-i.
iv.-i.v-
^i-JL^v.
jru.ivi.ir.
FIG. 273.
The
motor and
Pump
Co.,
New York
upon a base
8 x 10 inches, and stands 10 inches high. Its pumping power
is derived from an electric motor of six horse
power geared
City.
to an air
electric
pump
air
pump
are set
392
and
from a nearly
full
charged automobile
work
thus
This
pump
also has
many
is
certainly a very
Chapter XVII.
MISCELLANEOUS.
VEHICLES, MOTORS, APPLIANCES, ETC., ETC.
CHAPTER
XVII.
MISCELLANEOUS.
THE VICTOR AUTOMOBILE.
tion of the
may be
gasoline or
kerosene..
The
is
made
entirely of steel, a
ance Company.
A pair of
dirt
vertical
and run
in
an
is
oil bath.
heater utilizes the exhaust for heating the boiler feedwater the residue exhaust is air condensed.
Water
is
standing the pressing of a button starts an auxiliary pump for bringing the water up to its proper height. In
addition, there is an automatic boiler supply regulator convehicle
is
which
is
composed
of
396
minimum
Any
accidental drop in
safe point,
steam displaces
an auxiliary
pump and
is
quickly
restored.
In
case
all
the
FIG. 274.
boiler
feed
devices
should
become
sight
tank at
all
is
is
self-locking, or
MISCELLANEOUS.
397
again seated. In operation there are only two things to keep in mind, the steering
and the link valve lever on which the hands rest as easily
is
as in driving a horse.
enumerated
is
new
mobile of the
it is
later models.
There
no doubt
in the future
prospect of kerosene as a
safe and available fuel for explosive motors, and the constant
is
power
in details of
motors for
its
use,
growing expanded use for motor vehias well as for launches and yachts.
It is the
its
safest
and vaporizes
it
It
air
vaporizing
bulb
vaporizing the
oil,
to
the
for
proper
temperature
with
this
heat
and
the
heat of
which,
398
FIG. 275.
FIG. 276.
MISCELLANEOUS.
399
the
end
tained
of
its
the
stroke,
following
is
advantage
ob-
No condensation of the gas can take place against the cylinder wall, as the piston has swept the whole cylinder, and,
nothing but pure air being drawn into the cylinder, which
is
is
injected.
The great
is
now
oil
so
without an engineer, or expensive battery and ignition apparatus, is sure to be the one wanted, and kerosene from its
general use will occupy a prominent place in all these
more especially in that of the horseless vehicle.
fields,
we
illustrate
street,
New York
It is
devices for
of the explosive
economy and
and speedy
vehicle.
lever only, the ingenious and efficient speed-gearing yields at will to any of the four varying rates of forward
By one
.speeds
400
MISCELLANEOUS.
4OI
bly from the slowest to the highest limit desired. All lubrication is entirely automatic.
Not only the carriage but the
entire mechanism is carried on springs, thus avoiding jarring
its
durability,
"
motor
is
is
ensured.
The
"
controlled
smell
"
Lancamobile
by
makes gasoline now
available without
its
many
pre-
vious disadvantages.
Speeds range from three miles to
The
construction
of frame and mechanism
hour.
thirty per
is
it.
AN EXPERIMENTAL SHOP.
we illustrate a model gasoline motor of a halfmade in " The Franklin Model Shop " of Parsell & Weed, 129 and 131 West 315! Street, New York City.
The motor parts are made on a wrought iron frame suitable
The details of this motor
for attaching to a light vehicle.
In Fig. 278
horse power
book on
"
Messrs.
experi-
modern machine
tools, and,
with
AO2
prepared to do all kinds of fine work, models, and for building automobile engine parts, vaporizers, etc., to order from
Their drafting department is also
inventor's own designs.
FIG. 278.
cus-
tomer's sketches.
we
illustrate a
motor
and an
air
Street,
New York
FIG. 279.
truck, built
by
L.
J.
Wing, 95 Liberty
City.
MISCELLANEOUS.
The
power in
initial
this
system
is
403
a gasoline double-cyl-
inder motor
compressed
motor and
for
working
air
brakes
as auxiliary
power
starting
heavy
loads, etc.
As shown
power
is
mon wagon.
The power plant can be attached to any truck or wagon
by removing the front wheels, axle and lower half of fifthwheel and substituting the power plant. Then by putting
on the storage tanks, air-brakes, etc., the old horse truck
becomes a practical and reliable auto-truck, capable of doing
a greater amount of transporting at less cost than by horses
and occupying but one-half the room on the street. It
does not
soil
tired or sick.
and require
but
little
"
so as to
of
the
operator
remove the
404
produced by
being-
itself
to vaporize liquid
when
cold,
of the
heated, and
fuel
supply pipe
is first
some portion
when
it
has
reached the required temperature the supply of liquid gasoline under air pressure is turned on, and becomes vaporized
or turned into a gas in passing through the heated pipe it
issues through the burner under the boiler, where it may be
;
ignited.
For purpose
of
economy,
in both fuel
and water
burner
is
pierced with
many
blown
out.
when turned on
way on
it
number
of parts
It consists
in diameter.
Pro-
MISCELLANEOUS.
movable.
This instrument,
pended by means
known
of an iron brace
405
as the igniter,
screwed
fast to the
is
sus-
bottom
face.
vehicle in
Figs. 280
FIGS. 280
known
AND
281.
portions of
the framework are represented as being broken away in
order to show the igniter plainly. Fig. 282 is a diagram of
;
necting
push
the same.
button
is
The
usually
Two
cells
of
dry battery
are contained in a neat cylindrical case, three inches
in
diameter
and
fifteen
Battery
JBojC
FIG. 282.
406
outside of
it.
in
New York
Brooklyn Borough,
City, furnish gasoline motors with water-jacketed and rib-cooled cylinders for
bicycles, tricycles, carriages and launches.
Street,
is
furnished in sizes of i,
3, 5,
6 and
10 horse power.
The
MISCELLANEOUS.
407
When
motor
frame.
The crank
case
is
made
of
FIG. 283.
53 pounds.
is
which
is
also ribbed,
and the
408
MISCELLANEOUS.
409
THE LANGMUIR
This
tire
embraced
in
TIRES.
all
tires that
"
was necessary
to
make a
radical departure
tire, it
O O
UNDER LOAD
NORMAL
FIGS. 286
AND
287.
LANGMUIR.
had a very
resilient
of the channel,
and, as the
fills
fill
is
brought into
use, whereas,
is
applied, there
is
quite
410
person
is
of the channel,
whereas
amount
in the
"
of
rubber
Langmuir
"
amount
In applying
used, as the tire
is
of the wheel, plus three times the depth of the rubber, using
the same principle as applied in cutting iron or steel channels, and by so doing the matter of compression is eliminated, the results being that the tire will not open at the
joint, will
is
is
eliminated.
The reason
manufactured from
inch to
inches in diame-
in
every instance.
These
tires are
AUTOMOBILE TIRES.
We illustrate, in
and
much
Figs. 288
the form of
its
of fastening.
The
MISCELLANEOUS.
41 1
tire
mounting.
a piece
FIG. 288.
The
TIRE.
fastened to a band
is
tire,
or
moulded
for
any
wheel.
The rubber
making
tires
are
In Fig. 289
is
tire for
412
to the
much
of construe
heavier loads.
Their durability
They
is
FIG. 289.
automobile
tire,"
THE SOLID
TIRE.
New York
&
Whiting,
City.
AUTOMOBILE LAMPS.
MISCELLANEOUS.
413
blow out under any conditions of road travel has been met
by the Dietz Company, who have produced a lamp with a
strong light, with chimney draft, that is reliable for automoand will burn 24 hours with one filling. It burns
with a clear white flame of 20 candle power, and lights up
the road for a distance of 200 feet or more.
bile service,
The lamp
is
in design, resembling,
volume
of light
and throws
directly ahead.
FIG. 290.
THE DIETZ
AIR PASSAGES
OP LAMP.
FIG. 291.
LAMP.
The front of
made from the
door.
The
The
flaring
is
reflector
is
414
in its
tubular principle the sides being double form an air chamber, the cold air being drawn into the outer chamber at the
;
top descends to the burner, and the hot air and products of
combustion escape through the central passage.
means
By
continually supplied to
the burner, and a perfect combustion is the result the lamp
emitting a clear white flame devoid of smoke or odor, and
is
guish.
BALL BEARINGS.
In Fig. 292 we illustrate a ball separating device made by
the Sartus Ball Bearing Company, 618 Broadway, New
York City.
The use of
retainers
and sepa-
RATORS
causes wear.
known
As
exception, wear
that the balls in these
proves, in the most positive manner,
roll freely, but necesbearings, during use, do not always
sarily slide at times.
by experiments.
MISCELLANEOUS.
415
is
to put
in ball bearings,
and to better
lows
marked with
letters as fol-
A A
B is
is
a bicycle
a belt
E is
shaft.
modate
this
method
of illustration, but
sponds
on
a bicycle.
From the foregoing it will be readily
understood that when shaft, I), and
pulley, C, revolve, hub, A, will also
THE
FIG. 293.
rotate on
TEST.
its
bearings,
it
is
it
amount
416
of the
Sartus ball
retainer.
a tire
FIG. 294.
FIG. 295.
fixed support
of
pump known
important advantage
hand or
to the trade
is
as
powerful leverage of the well-known "toggle-joint" principle as the piston finishes its stroke.
MISCELLANEOUS.
417
This
pump
is
The
which
stand,
In
Fig-.
295
illustrated the
The
pump on a slotted
direct
296,
is
the
This
is
designed to be carried about in the vehicle, and will make a pressure of over 250
inch.
One
of the
to the
motor
cycle,
alarm.
It
is
The
"
entirely
Ideal bell
new
"
is
principle,
constructed on an
which
makes
FIG. 296.
BICY-
CLE PUMP.
it
battery current.
gong, making
(In the
new
construc-
made
gives a
is
much
also
It also
;
this
In
is
all
4i8
THE "IDEAL
FIG. 297.
is
ternal mechanism,
It will
be noticed that
FIG. 298.
which
is
BELL SECTION.
of
FIG. 299.
ITS OPERATION.
MISCELLANEOUS.
post, 16, then to the
419
14,
on armature
is
attracted and
bar, 6, so
comes
in
contact with the magnet the momentum of the lever hammer breaks the circuit, and when the hammer rebounds the
is
BAU BEARINGS
AUTOMOBII
FIG. 300.
A GOOD
LUBRICANT.
there
New York
City.
The want
420
Wm.
made by
Avenue, Borough
It
is
P.
Miller's
of Brooklyn,
ball bearings.
New York
City.
inter-
of seamless
and the
mobiles
who
are
now
connections,
etc.,
They carry a
full line of
and
will be sent to
anyone on application.
MISCELLANEOUS.
manufactures
also
automo-
oiler, as illustrated
bile
421
in
Fig. 301.
The spout
is
drawn out
as to be easily
the
oil
well,
so arranged
of
extending 3!
it, thus ren-
inches beyond
it
dering
possible to reach
any
motor or running gear.
To
close
As
a precaution against
leakage the screw head is
solid
packed
washers,
with
making
leather
it
abso-
to pass through
it.
One
ments
ITS
struction
automobile
is
con-
a smooth run-
ning gear.
This can only be obtained
with perfect tools for cutting the teeth of the gear
wheels and pinions, so that
FIG. 301.
THE
OILER.
422
Newark, N.
The system
J.
of
FIG. 302.
of the
Messrs. Gould
is
one
tion of mechanical
of gear wheels
work.
&
FIG. 303.
MISCELLANEOUS.
423
power and
in the
running- gear.
FIG. 304.
We illustrate
Machine
Co., Spring
The Universal
vanced design
of
and Varick
Streets,
New York
City.
milling machine embodies the most adthis class of tool, and is advantageously
automobile
424
face work.
for the
It is also
Power
feeds
changes of feed, ranging from .003 to J inch advance per revolution of spindle, and any desired feed is instantly obtained
to correspond to the
A new
all
number
of the feeds, in
in all positions.
a stationary elevating
screw which is provided with a rotating nut, so that when
the machines are placed on cement floors or in fireproof
feature of this .machine
is
The
it
elevating nut
is
ment.
the adjustments.
The turret screw machine
in thousandths, are
provided
modern machine
tool espe-
all
cially
is
and motor
other
parts
required
to
be
threaded.
It has a very large capacity automatic wire feed mechanism for making the ball-bearing cups and cones from the
The machine has ample power for the heaviest kind of
bar.
work.
The regular
at a ratio of 8 to
i.
friction-geared spindle
is
back-geared
is
also
back-geared at a ratio of 14 to i.
The turret has large hexagonal faces, so that universal
MISCELLANEOUS.
425
The power
one of which
feed
is
FIG. 305.
is
slip friction, so
A separate
become
set of feeds is
The machine
is
by sim-
426
The gap
the chips.
The double
when
required.
is
a form of machine
r\n
11
FIG. 306.
in the construc-
The machine
It is
so arranged that the tools can be in operation on both ends of the piece simultaneously, thus saving a
large
amount
is
of time
com-
MISCELLANEOUS.
427
work
is
anti-friction bearings
dirt.
The
provided with pan, and also power feed, with ample changes
for the different classes of work.
to
cover the
Co.,
whose factory
is
at Piermont,,
office at
trucks and delivery wagons, in connection with their business of building launches and yachts with gasoline motive
power.
Their motor
is
in line
The company
powers to order.
now
is
absolutely odorless, and in which the vibration usual in gasoline motor vehicles has been entirely eliminated.
The economy in fuel is the best that has yet been obtained,
428
FIG. 307.
FIG. 308,
MISCELLANEOUS.
429
Their automobile carriage can be operated by any intelligent person, and is under perfect control in all its movements.
speed
as fast as
is
a grade of 20 per
cent, at
from three to
six
to climb
miles per
hour.
In Fig. 308
is
illustrated the
Hasbrouck motor.
we
illustrate a
tricycles;
ignition
pattern.
Three
sizes are
now
in
course of manufacture
if horse
power motor
I
a three horse
pounds.
The
cylinder,
cylinder head
and valve
chamber are
By
speed
is
sparks,
made both by
all
430
FIG. 309.
MISCELLANEOUS.
431
we
illustrate a novelty in
operated by kerosene
The
an
air
compressor
oil.
application of the explosive motor to the compresis of recent date, and will eventu-
FIG. 310.
ally
become
of great
43 2
of retort,
proper time.
it is
immediately vaporized.
The
retort
is
so pro-
portioned that the kerosene vapor will not more than fill
the same under any condition, thereby preventing the vapor
the return, or compression stroke, the air in cylinforced into the vapor in retort, producing a combusti-
Upon
der
is
ble
stroke.
The volume
in excess of
that required
omy
in fuel
consumption
The kerosene
is
always considerably
by the vapor
in
the retort to
supplied to the retort against no pressure, but is largely assisted by the suction of piston, thereby
relieving the pump of excessive duty. The pump is operis
The governor
If
the
pump
fails
MISCELLANEOUS.
decrease of power and speed
is
433
immediately accompanied
the
if
this
By
sene
pump had
a fixed stroke.
arrangement no adjustments
supply
(which
might
be
improperly
handled
by
of
the retort at the proper time, tends to keep the retort more
uniformly heated, than if the charges were occasionally
omitted the speed of the engine is also more regular.
;
owner
of modified designs to
pleases us to
become a
attention.
we may
434
Iron your .vehicle for safety and wear first then evolve
graceful form combinations.
picture steering front
axle parts, drop forged from stiff, strong steel.
Both the
;
We
pivot arm and yoked bed embody artistic outline, are forged
to require the minimum of machine finishing, and must find
favor
among
FIG. 311.
FIG. 312.
commend
is
created.
MISCELLANEOUS.
435
To keep a storage battery in good condition and to prevent break-downs as well as expensive repairs, each cell
should be tested from time to time by a low reading volt-
The
users of
gasoline
vehicles
which occurs
in the voltage
approaches exhaustion.
This will enable one to
fall
as the battery
POCKET
;,
VOLT-AMMET^E
L.M.PIGNOLET.
tell
when
M'.F'R.
the
ammeter
will enable
weak
cells
<
and o
from o to
to 10
amperes
scales, read-
in fourths.
of
it
perfectly
to battery testing.
The division of the 3-volt scale are tenths of a volt, mak-
436
as
of the
electrical resistance.
New
York.
For
electrical
castings
is
much
dynamos and
elec-
parts
and
electrical
hardness
obtained.
country
castings, which,
upon being analyzed, show themselves purer than commerpig copper, as they subject the copper to a special
ing process before it is cast.
cial
refin-
copper, the
crystals
entirely alike.
showing a
harmonious union
at certain heats
and
and are
&
J.
MISCELLANEOUS.
437
The growth
fire
With
Dolfini
In
its
it
come
has
"coping" with
made
it is
dem
at perfection
and
simplicity, cleanliness
electric
is
ignition
without odor
cal
Engine.
So
if
is
the
is
The
used, and
men
fail,
depended upon.
known
perfect.
no flame
started instantly.
best
is
and regulating
while starting
an acid
and
into
brought
carbon dioxide,
impossible.
solution
the
is
carbonate
intimate
in
substances, namely,
water, which
when
called
mixture
develop
gas
presence of which combustion is
pressure is developed by the gas and the
in the
The
fire.
They
are built by A.
Avenue, Brooklyn.
W.
Dolfini
&
Co., 332
Classon
43 8
This
is
especially
little
From
FIG. 314.
Throwing
movement
to the left
The
to the sprocket
hand
is
disk.
positive performance of
its
different
movements
is,
MISCELLANEOUS.
A MOISTURE-PROOF VENEER FOR VEHICLE
to the finish
439
BODIES.
cation
veneers of
all
also
manufactures automobile
bodies to order.
and
we
in Fig. 316 a
illustrate a ball
axle,
Townsend
New York
Building,
Street,
City.
In this age of horseless vehicles the question of ball bearings is one of great value, not only to the builders, but to*
the users of such vehicles.
No
ball
440
ble;
and with
order to give to
it
FIG. 315.
plicity, to
and sim-
demonstrate that
ball
as practical
as
greater results.
ball
To
duce the
least possible resistance. Grinding is the only prosuch surfaces can be obtained.
which
cess by
Ball bearing axles which have hollow or grooved cones
MISCELLANEOUS.
44
ball cups)
than
objectionable
many imagine. Grooved
cones and cups have a construction which prevents perfect
the balls slip or slide over such
rolling with the balls
are
much more
in a ball
in
FIG. 316.
at right angles to
balls
of the balls.
ing friction
is
facility,
and
slid-
eliminated.
It
in
walls.
Friction
is
the economies
axle
is
of business.
44 2
one which
fails
to
do
whether
this,
it
ing,
if
and cents
them
to operate a vehicle without a properly concosting
structed and made antifriction axle. But when they substiof dollars
bit
man
realizes that
it is
which has
ordinary axles, or an improperly constructed ball bearing or roller bearing axle, than
it will if it had a properly constructed ball bearing axle,
his vehicle
he
is
plain,
he purchases.
Chapter XVIII.
LIST OF
CHAPTER
XVIII.
PATENTS
Issued in the United States on Automobiles and
-1877
1856
Bradley, G., Driving Gear
Robingson, J., Steering Gear
26,466
Road Engine
Carr, J. C., Road Engine
Monnot, C. B., Motor Wheel
Snyder, G. T., Road Engine
Wade, J. W., Steam Wagon
26,911
Hicks, B.
16,044
15,820
-1859Bailey,
H., Vehicle
J.
I^ong, R. H.,
Gear
J.
- 1878
Steam Vehicle
K.,
Cornish, B. F.,
1860
Steam Vehicle
-1861
Fisher,
32,991
H.,
42,203
Motor Vehicle
62,264
- 1870
Sabin,
I.
Steam Vehicle
1871
Motor Wheel
Craig, T.,
McKinley,
J. B.,
1872
Coe,
I,.
104,888
"5,786
111,761
Traction Engine
P.,
Steel-Austin,
3,997
W.
Steering Gear
154,846
Running Gear
157,884
H.,
Motor Vehicle
Stickney, A.
Steam Vehicle.,
Motor Wagon
B.,
Wagon
227,096
244,117
S Steam Vehicle..
Long, G. A., Steam Tricycle
Freeman,
Woolsey,
I.
J. S.,
E.,
.270,186
,
Steam Vehicle
Motor Tricycle
.281,859
282,299
.281,091
.285,942
.282,022
- 1884 S.,
Pneumatic Vehicle..,
.300,290
- 1885 Troy, D.
S.,
317,895
350,017
.341,858
345,327
.346,974
163,681
1887
- 1876
L,auck, J. M.,
222,352
1886
- 1875 Milliken,
Elfers, A. H.,
Troy, D.
- 1874 Cowles, E.
207,524
1881
Steam Wagon
123,809
206,176
Steam Wagon
W., Steam
J.
Young, F.
- 1883 -
Motor Vehicle
197,423
189,977
- I880
Motor Vehicle
Clardy,
I,
197,485
- 1879 -
1867
Hake,
195,702
Road Engine
Hussey, W. Iy.. Road Engine
Harris, O. C.,
H.,
191,407
C.,
1864
Leky R.
Running Gear.
Ballard,
183, 177
178,809
J.
446
1888
Benz,
Richmond,
Thorp, T.
Motor Vehicle
C.,
W.
Knight,
W.
Farrell,
W.
Rodgers,
Elec. Vehicle
Motor Vehicle
Pneumatic Vehicle
408,231
j
Uo8,232
Peckham,
408,233
411,196
4 7
.
. .
417,938
Adair,
J.,
95
407,093
Vehicle Gear
E.,
'
J.
421,887
537,673
540,648
541,001
532,596
535,605
542,319
Motor Vehicle
567,445
572,498
569,1/5
432,136
418,893
424,207
Barrows, C.
425,076
432,237
538,763
Motor Vehicle
Motor Vehicle
Ellis-Stewart, Motor Gear
Goddard, C. J., Vehicle Motor
Grant, W. W., Motor Vehicle
429,681
532,016
- 1896
408,430
Elec. Vehicle
512,327
415,790
398,548
513,773
530,550
1895
(-406,833
495,53*
P.,
C.,
394,734
1889
495,709
- 1894 Rand, A.
376,638
383,561
-j
Stevens,
J.
J.,
Delahunt,
Duryea, J.
562,289
C.,
568,431
F.,
572,051
570,203
574,200
552,757
570,396
1 570,395
434,148
441,305
441,565
428,917
426,384
Motor Vehicle
Marshall, A. C., Steam Vehicle
Mather, A. C., Vehicle Motor
Overman, E. V., Vehicle Gear
438,010
I^ibbey,
M.
A.,
438,168
Wynne,
F., Elec.
M.
A.,
(-464,246
-1464,248
447,6i6
1892
- 1893
C.,
.473,871
488,224
Vehicle Gear
Harris, W. T., Vehicle Motor
lyUhrig, C., Motor Vehicle
May bach, W., Motor Vehicle
Ames, A.
Motor Vehicle.
570,952
571,447
419,094
569,343
570,440
573,oio
571,392
Plass, R. H.,
Pennington, E.
J..
500,544
495,733
502,443
494,641
Motor Vehicle..
. .
<
570,441
574.262
570,501
- 1897 ~
{434^8
Vehicle Gear
573,334
420,606
431,993
Vehicle....,
561,997
442,985
434,949
Vehicle
1891
Kennedy, A.
De Dion-Bouton,
Diff.
Gear
583,018
592,682
582,251
..
577,716
574,388
577,185
577,572
,
584,666
588,856
585,159
586,084
588,103
587,714
,
576,517
576,439
,589,710
PATENTS.
Foye, G. W., Vehicle Motor
Gibbons, R.J., Motor Vehicle
Grant, A. W., Roller Bearings..
Grenlich, G. H., Motor Vehicle
Gruber, F, Vehicle Motor
Hertel, M. E., Motor Vehicle
Millot, J.,
581,816
Millot,
583,050
578,329
583,749
587,738
589,001
584,377
583,809
594,805
589,531
579,89<>
582,530
Motor Bicycle
Plass, R. H., Motor Vehicle
Praullette-Catois, Motor Vehicle
Riib, I,., Motor Cycle
Spaulding, H. C., Motor Vehicle...
Stewart, R. F., Speed Gear
Stock, G. M., Vehicle Motor
Trotter, J. M., Vehicle Motor
Woods, C. E., Elec. Vehicle
574,818
Pennington, E.
583,500
595,203
J.,
583,154
1898
576,158
.... 596,281
585,371
614,781
...
605,243
601,545
612,822
602,283
Traction Wheel
Vehicle Gear
Haynes-Apperson, Motor Vehicle
Hildebrandt, C. T., Vehicle Gear
Hildebrandt, C. T., Motor Vehicle
Hill, G. H., Motor Vehicle
Holmes, B., Motor Vehicle
Johnson, C. M., Motor Vehicle
Knudson, K., Vehicle Frame
Knudson, K., Elec. Vehicle
Krieger, I,., Elec. Vehicle
I,indsay, T.
J.,
Motor
Expl. Motor..............
- 1899 T. R.,
Anderson, B. C.
Almond,
J. C.,
{627,383
1627,382
Vehicle Gear.
Birrell, G. B..
Brewer,
W.
J.,
Brown,
602,621
Craig,
Canellopoulos,
604,754
613,272
Des Granges,
601,440
J. C.,
611,258
613,420
Eastman, H.
609,811
607,997
P.,
604,237
4 33
'
fe
Vehicle
Eisenhuth,
J.
607,443
Eisenhuth,
Eisenhuth,
J.
J.
|1
'
431
620,554
598,832
(610,465
607,116
601,205
Motor Vehicle
Gear
A.,
615,157
Driving Gear
I<ewis, G. W., Motor Vehicle
I^ewis, G. W., Vehicle
f 600,819
Winton,
...609,955
J.,
584,169
592,674
W. W.,
I,arue, C.,
554,3*9
Anderson,
Grant,
J.,
584,127
575,639
591,398
447
601,731
'
636,964
639,160
448
Field, T.
617,332
638,331
624,250
625,416
623,149
Vehicle Motor
Riker, A. I,., Elec. Vehicle
Riker, A. I,., Elec. Motor Vehicle
623,037
639,385
633,274
Speed Gear
.,
639,548
Motor Vehicle
Forbes, J.
Gibbs, W. E., Clutch
Glazier, J. I,., Motor Vehicle
Grant, W. W., Motor Vehicle
Guiiderson, G. J., Fric. Clutch
624,319
634,292
.635,477
635,684
630,054
Motor Vehicle
Motor Vehicle
C.,
Humphrey,
624,017
639,237
627,503
J. D.,
Inman, E.
R.,
j
'
C.,
636,999
Secor, J.
...632,874
Speed Gear
McAneely, M. F., Motor Vehicle
I,ucas, R.,
,638,933
Gear
Motor
638,816
617,660
r
"1632,762
Gear
617,819
Motor
'?
i?
(-635815
Bicycle.
'.
.627,359
C Motor Vehicle
618,915
Stoddard, E. J
633,666
Vehicle Motor.
(.623,190
626,735
Stutzman,
F.,
631,831
636,012
637.302
637,298
637 297
637.296
637.300
/ 3,4/o
Reversing Gear
1 630,471
623,820
Torbensen, V.
V.,
Clutch Gear
632,8-6-
637,658
Twitchell,
W.
E.,
Driving Gear
627,282
6 L'
29
626,296
Pennington, E. J., Steering Gear
627,523
Pennington, E. J., Motor Vehicle
Pettee-McCutchan, Comp. Air Motor. .638,660
629,521
Phelps, L,. J., Motor Vehicle
f
631, 438
631,437
623 224
'
621,436
622 729
627, 201
-j
H. B
632, 763
639,686
Motor Vehicle
'
Struss,
637,477
629 398
(.629,399
637,750
624,519
Exp. Motor
Motor Vehicle.
636,926
Controller.. |
637 299
621,532
Plass, R. H.,
Motor
621,158
637,015
620,602
635,506
Motor Bicycle
623,567
635, 171
J-,
635,603
.624,689
627,123
638,184
Pennington, E.
Gear
O'Donnell, M. J., Motor Vehicle
Ogden, J. W., Motor Vehicle
J.,
I,.,
639,256
620,166
Pender,
617,192
627,066
Traction Engine
Expl. Motor
vSterling,
630,032
F.,
Serpollet,
I.,
633,287
Parks, A.
Sedgwick,
Steele,
Carbureter
638,359
Schuyler,
. .
Iewis, T.
632,474
Bicycle Motor
J.,
Schultze,
619,505
.625,808
620,968
633,320
...639,399
Kempshall, E-, Tire
Knudsen, K., Elec. Vehicle (reissue) ... 11,724
.. 636,049
Korsmeyer, E. H., Expl. Motor
Korsmeyer, E. H., Motor Vehicle. ...636,948
Krieger, I,., Elec. Wiring (reissue) ... 11,780
-633,763
Krieger, I,., Motor Vehicle
...621,684
Krotz, A. S., Motor Vehicle
.633,014
Lawson, H. J., Motor Vehicle
637,665
633,319
...625,772
633,484
626,440
Iy. Iy.,
Schnepf,
Carbureter
I^ewis, G.
Revel,
623,383
634,067
j.
. .
634 514
.628,967
J f
24 414
'
1635.620
634,597
634 654
617.978
f 626,4 20
626,121
2 6,I22
PATENTS.
Wintzel-Whitney, Running Gear
Woods, C. E., Elec. Motor Vehicle
Woods, C. E., Elec. Controller
636.701
619,527
620,628
Jones,
631,917
631,917
IpOO
Anderson, J. C., Wheel
Baines, W., Vaporizer
Baines, W., Vehicle Gear
Bink, A., Motor Vehicle
Blackden, P. D., Brake
Bleveney, J. C., Pr. Trans.
642,777
,644,027
.640,522
.644,843
645,926
643,627
641,369
Motor Gear.
641,368
.
641,834
Drawbaugh,
D.,
643,865
.645,458
.640,753
645,312
Spark Gener
.643,087
646 399
644,225
.644,853
&
O.,
.642.594
.644,590
.644,798
Burner
Gray, E. F. Gearing
Harris, C. R., Vehicle Body Design.
Headech, E. T., Exp. Motor
Heerrnaus, T. W., Pr. Trans
Heggem, C. O., Motor Vehicle
Hildebrandt, C. T., Gear
I,.,
Kope, W.
Z,eitner, H.,
-643,505
Godding, M.
449
.646,386
641,204
.
32,198
.646,281
.643,130
.644,598
.641,511
Chapter XIX.
LIST OF
IN
MANUFACTURERS OF AUTOMOBILES
THE UNITED STATES, WITH
THEIR ADDRESSES.
CHAPTER
LIST
OF
California.
Baker
Oakland
Oakland Iron Works
Oakland
Steffy Mfg. Co., 1313 Fourth St San Diego
San Francisco
A. D. Stealey, 450 Main St
The Best Mfg. Co
San I^eandro
J. C.
Connecticut.
Bridgeport
National Bicycle and Motor Co.Bridgeport
Columbia Motor and Mfg. Co Hartford
Columbia and Blec. Vehicle
Hartford
Co., i I^aurel St
Director Wagon Co
Hartford
Hartford
Seery Steatn Carriage Co
Palmer Gasoline Engine Co
Mianus
Co., 69
345
Chicago
Co.,
Wabash Ave
Chicago
Elgin Automobile Co., 325 Wabash Ave
Chicago
Hartford Power and Supply Co. .Chicago
Hartley Power and Supply Co. Chicago
Illinois Elec. Vehicle and Trans.
Co., 1215 Monadnock Bldg ... Chicago
W. X,ewis
Chicago
McMullen Mfg. Co., 70 W. Jack-
G.
son Boule
Chicago
Co. ...Elgin
Peoria
Peoria
Sterling
Indiana.
Parry Mfg. Co
Haynes-Apperson Co
Munson Electric Motor Co
Illinois.
Mfg.
204
Dearborn St
Chicago Motor Vehicle
C. B.
Roach
Delaware.
UNITED
. .
H. A. House
-Carlisle
XIX.
Co.,
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Indianapolis
Kokomo
I,a
Porte
South Bend
Terre Haute Carriage and Buggy
Co
Terre Haute
vStudebaker Bros
Ave.,
Chicago
Jackson St.Chicago
Iowa.
Burg Wagon Co
Burlington
454
Overman Wheel Co
Kentucky.
I,ouisville Carriage
Louisville
Co
Motor Vehicle Co
flaine.
U. S. Motor Carriage Co
Hand & Harvey
American Automobile Co
Belknap Motor Co
Louisville
Crest Mfg. Co
Louisville
Everett
Greenfield
Broadway,...
Oakman Motor Co
Lewistoii
R. Grenter, Columbia
Stoker Works
Holyoke
Mass. Motor Vehicle Co
Holyoke
Portland
Portland
Chas.
Co., 87
Amesbury
Amesbury
General Elec. Co
Lynn
Heyman Motor Vehicle Co. .Melrose
American Motor Carriage Co.,
Glen Ave
Newton Center
Boston
...
Co.,
289
St..
Boston
South
Cummings Auto.
Co., 257
WashingBoston
ton St
& Truck Co
Graham Equipment
Summer St
Co.,
Boston
170
Boston
Newton
Cambridge
...
Whitcomb
Natick
Grout Bros. Machine Co
Orange
Sons
&
Chapman
Mfg. Co.
Staughton
Pilgrim Motor and Vehicle Co.Somerville
Co
Duryea Mfg.
Springfield
Hilsdale Smith
Springfield
Fred. C. Wright & Co
Springfield
G. A.
Carriage
Waltham
Waltham
Waltham
Co
Waltham Mfg. Co
Co
Boston
flichigan.
English Automobile Co
Dealers Vehicle Co
Bentoii
Detroit
Harbor
Detroit Automobile Co
Detroit
Detroit Horseless Carriage Co. Detroit
Fisher F.lec. Mfg. Co
Detroit
Detroit
Hart
Co., Ltd
&
and Vehicle
International Auto,
The Turbine
F. E- Stanley.
Wm.
Boston
St
Holyoke
Hyde Park
Lawrence
Stanley Mfg. Co
.
Elm
Elm St
St
Devonshire St
. . .
Baltimore
flassachusetts.
Co., 71
Co.
Branwell-Robinson Co
Carriage Mach.
210
Andover
Maryland.
Amesbury Auto.
Chicopee Falls
Dorchester
East Boston
Still
Motor
of
Co., 707
Chamber
Commerce
..Detroit
Gas Engine Co
Wolverine Motor Works
Olds Motor Works
Standard Novelty Co
Sintz
A. H. Herring.
....
Grand Rapids
Grand Rapids
Lansing
Port
St.
Huron
Joseph
flissouri.
Miss. Valley Auto. Trans. Co. East
W.
J.
Staples, 105
W. Main
St.
Louis
St..Marysville
Co
St. Louis
National Auto. Co., 714 Chestnut St
St. Louis
National Motor Co., 1909 Locust St
St. Louis
St. Louis Gasoline Motor Co.,
822 Clark Ave
St. Louis
St. Louis
Wagner Elec. Mfg. Co
LIST OF
AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS.
Nebraska.
Omaha Gas Engine Works.. Omaha
Omaha Gas Engine and MoOmaha
torCo
Auto
Acetylene Co.,
New Jersey.
Evans Pneumatic Motor
126 Market St
.Camden
Carriage
Camden
Co.,
Cartaret
gomery
Jersey City
Auto.
Messerer
Co.,
15
Newark
Springfield Ave
Smith Motor Co., 54 Morris
and Essex Railroad Ave.Newark
U. S. Standard Motor Vehicle Co.
Co.,
C.
Co., 30
W. Eisenhuth,
J.
40
G Edgar Allen,
-
New York
sau St
Industrial Invest,
Plainfield
York
York
York
New York
York
1 1
Broadway
York.
Co., 12 Clin-
ton St
Brooklyn
New
Broadway
Auto Truck Co., 253
Broadway & 541 Fifth Ave.. New
The General Power Co., 100
William St
New
Pneumatic Carriage Co., 253
New
Broadway
Strong Motor Co., 32 Broad1634
New York
Broadway
Broadway
way
The Fore Carriage
York
New York
New York
The
S.
York
New York
Undertakings
Co.,
New York
11
Pine
New York
St.
U.
York
New York
I,td., 52 Broadway
The Canda Mfg. Co.,
New York
way
International Motor Wheel Co.,
302
W. 53d
Fredk. E.
New York
St
Wood &
Son, 219
W.
New York
igth St
The Trenton Auto. Co., Eighth
Ave. and 49th St
New York
The Safety Three Wheel and
Vehicle Co., 228 E- 6$d St. New York
Geo. T. Hanchett, 123 liberty
St
I,.
J.
New York
Elec.
York
W.
Co., 25
33d St
W.
New York
x Y
Co., 134
Broad-
Co., 1634
N. Y.
New
Maltbey Auto.
Paterson
Hamil-
ton gt
Percy C.Ohl...
^ lec Vehicle
wa >
New York
and Elec. Vehicle
New York
Co., 100 Broadway
De a Vergne Refrigerating
^
Co
New York
Denison Motor Wagon Co
New York
Girard Avenue
Paterson
Newark
St..
Newark
105
Plain St
John
New York
New York
& Co
and Develop.
New
Co., 1123 Broadway
International Power Co., 253
New
Broadway
International Motor Vehicle
New
Co., 2158 Broadway
J udd Comisky Motor Vehicle
New
Co., 1724 Broadway
Newark
22 Clinton St
York
Park
Columbia
Co.,
Care
Guarantee andTrust Co..Camdeii
Tractor Truck and Auto. Co. Camden
Gen'l
15
Row
Burr
455
J.
Wing,
97 liberty St
New York
New York
New York
456
American Auto.
37 Nassau St
Co., 35
and
New York
Eighth
New York
and Motor
English
Co. 35 Broadway
New York
American Motor and Vehicle Co., 145 Broadway.... New York
Niagara Auto. Co
Niagara
English Motor and Auto.
Works
Oakfield
Rochester Elec. Motor Co. Rochester
John B. West, 105 Meigs St.. Rochester
Saul & Van Wagoner
Syracuse
John M. Walshe, Mgr., 117
N. Warren St
Syracuse
Syracuse
Syracuse Auto. Co
C. E. Tower
Syracuse
E. C. Stearns & Co
Syracuse
Mobile Co. of America (180
Times Bldg., N. Y.). .. Syracuse
Geo. R. Burwell
Toledo
Toledo Steam and Air Motor
Co
Toledo
Ave
Auto,
Ohio.
The Diamond Rubber Tire
Akron
Co
Bullock Elec. Co
Chas. Eckert
Cincinnati
.
...Cincinnati
Pennsylvania.
Elec. Storage Battery Co., igth
Co.,
1218
Betz
Philadelphia
Pittsburg
. .
..Pittsburg
Iy ancaster
Pittsburg
Pittsburg
Pittsburg
Pittsburg
Scranton
O. S. Kelly
Co
J y ozier
&
Springfield
Toledo
Rhode
Island.
Baldwin Auto. Co
R.
I.
R.
I.
Providence
Providence
Providence
Auto. Transit Co
Auto. Truck Co
Tennessee.
Harding Mfg. Co
Nashville
Virginia.
Columbia Motor Mfg. Co
Washington Auto. Co
West
Alexandria
Alexandria
Virginia.
Clarksburg
Wisconsin.
Keuosha
Mfg. Co.
Milwaukee Auto. Mfg. Co
Milwaukee
Wisconsin Auto, and Mach. Co. .Milwaukee
C. H. Seig
INDEX.
PACK
Acetylene as a Motive Power
Advantages of Different Powers.
Air Power
..
..
383
Alarm
..
418
..
Bell
Aluminum
Ammeter
19
22
..
79
175
295
Contests
Construction
Electric
>
t
16,17,
286
"
197 to 203
220
Petter "
252
"Quick"
"Riker"
328
"Stanley"
"Sintz"
238
170
101
"rnderberg"
' '
Victor
231
''
395
Waver ly "..
"Winton"
304
247
27
27510361
354
14
41 2
Machine .Shop
423
Manufacturers
453
Management
Numbers
Steam
Toy
375~377
Bacon, Roger
12
94
Ball Bearings
189-193
Quadricycle
213
"American"
319
94
"Bergman"
222
"Clarke"
109
224
310
168
256-257
343
Hydrometer
Battery,
357
Bearings, Roller
Bicycle Motors
Bell,
78
77,
175 to 178
Pumps
The Ideal
417
418
Boilers, Care of
67
"Field"
47
Various
Brass and Copper Goods
Brougham,
521063,110
.
Electric, details
Burners
55, 59,
420
292
62
194, 227
"Grout"
235
427
"Hertel"
243
"International"
227
281
"
"Krieger"
353
"Crest"
"
"
Duryea
" Fore
"
Carriage
Jenatzy
"
Jeantaud
350
Storage
Baldwin "
415
121 to 125
Primary
8310112, 395
360
414, 439
13
Tricycles
"
97
241
iS
Lamps
"
ibi
"
437
"Clement"
"Columbia"
357
Future
In use
"
' '
303
Cabs
Charging Station
Chemical Fire Engine
143
Bicycle
"Mueller"
"Patin"
"
Pennington
391
Ambulance
399
"Milwaukee"
404
Igniter
Automobile Air Pumps
.
"
"Locomobile"
.. 435
133 to 140, 183
Atomizers
Automatic Clutch
PAGE
Automobile " Lancaster
....
...
285
282
Lamp
..
19
133 to 140
219 to 271
359
Carriage, Kerosene
Charging Station Connections
.
397
349
INDEX.
458
PAGE
Chemical Fire Engine
PAGB
437
Clutch, Friction
Compensating Gears,
149
Gasoline Bicycles
175 to 188
Controller
44, 45, 7 2
73,
383
'.
245
436
162
184
Motor, First
13
Motors
Gear Cutting Machines
Gear, Electric, Speed
Gear, Speed
421, 422
288, 289
438
145
336
294,
349
98
246
Drop Forgings.,
Dudgeon Steam Carriage
46
1
26
Ignition Devices
Ignition Plug.
.
71
25
12110130
Motor Power
Motor Connections
275 to 361
360
...
291
Driving Gear
Automobile Co
2.SS
.*.
build
Cab,
Carriages
"
"
Carriage,
Jenatzy
K
Kerosene Motor Carriage.
Kerosene Motors
Knuckle Joint Bearings
397
398, 431
297
365
27510372
281
"Jeantaud''
"Columbia"
"Krieger"
Omnibus
"Riker''
2*5
310
282
Patin "
328
286
"Victoria"
280
Waverly
"
Engines, Steam
Traction
Experimental Shop
Explosive Motor Vehicles.. 115 to
t
Motors
Lamps, Carriage
License
Liquid Air
Lubricants
412
20, 21
Ig
419, 421
316, 335
..
Hansom Cabs
304
295, 296
64, 65,
66
871090
401
...157,406
196
46
Forgings, Carriage
Friction Clutch Gear
.
149
106
377
423 to 427
175 to 188
266,
398
429
Motors, Gasoline...
165, 166
150
24
.
Mufflers
433
375
Special
Motor Starter
Motor Starting
Motor Wheel
Wheel
Fisher Steam Carriage
42
47
Fifth
Fuel Regulator
..128
302
how to
"
38
Coils
Ambulance
"
130
Jump Spark
294
Lamp
. .
34 to 43
Ignition
41
428
33 to 48
Historical
433
Dynamo Sparker
39 40
,
Delivery Wagons,
15
37
228 to 230
152 to 154
N
Newton, Sir Isaac.
33
INDEX.
PAGE
Oil Cup...
Oil Motor.
..
421
.398, 431
Number
Patents,
Patents, I,ist of
Perkins' Steam
of
PAGE
Steam Fire Engine
Motors
92,
93
64 to 66, 107
in
Storage Batteries
25, 343
Switch-Board
349
415
13
445
Wagon
47
Pivots, Steering
26,
433
Plug, Ignition
130
Pumps, Tire
416
459
.'
436
26,74,75,76,409,410
391,416
Transmission Gear
438
Traction Engines
Trevithick Steam Carriage
Ouadricycles, Canda.
212
Orient.
210
87 to
90
36
193
"Bollee"
189
Barrow "
"Duryea''
"
De Dion-Bouton "
' '
357
.!
83 to
46
S6
34
33
77, 78
Steam Coach..
51 to
401
429
285
161, 221, 223, 242, 251, 341
12
126 to 129
.. 150
Starter for Explosive Motor
151 283,341,342
Steering Gear
12 to 37
Steam Propulsion, Early
Carriages
34 to 48, 94 to 112, 395
Boilers
52to6i, no
f
Dray
Design
98
204
167,191
Gear
"
Pennington
.147
"
197,202,203
"
"Py
Tandem
191
211
Truck, Auto
Truck, Electric
402
337
Smith Motor
Speed Gear, Electric
Speed Gear
Spring Propulsion
Sparking Coils
106
290
.260
Power
385
146
133 to 140, 183, 207
Valve Gear
186
Vehicle Bodies
Vehicle Gear
Veneer, Moisture Proof
Volt- Ammeter
439
161, 221, 223, 232, 261
439
435
w
Wind Propulsion
Yale Motor
157
...RAINBOW PACKING
Thousands
of
Imitators.
Ho Equal.
Will hold
Highest
Pressure.
IS RED.
^^^
Eclipse Sectional
Peerless Piston
Rainbow Gasket,
Ammonia
Packing.
iiuuiiiiiiiiiitriiiniHi
New
RUBBER GOODS
Catalogue.
...
WARREN
ST.,
NEW
YORK.
CO.,
KELLBPRINfiFIElD
SOLID RUBBER
We
make
IS
a special
THE BEST.
tire
for
heavy
etc.,
trically
welded
in the channel.
111
III
llllllllllllllllll!ll|llll>l!lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!lllllllllll!lllllltllllllltllllllllllll:lll<l:)'t=
of gliding along
RIKER
without
Electric Vehicles
entirely
overcome,
the
RIKER
pronounced
the
Perfect
Automobile
4fe
4n
words.
cbc Rikcr
tlcotric
Cutting
FOR
IPaclery
O
AUTOMOBILES
jlH
|
Motor
less
ides,
Cycles
Eberhardt's
Gears Cut
Original
to Order
System
Promptly
Eadial
Designer*
and Builders
of
Duplex
Cutter,
Write for
Catalogue
HIGH
Tools.
Prices.
OOULO
LASS
Machine
and
rv.
J.
Gasoline
FOR
LOWELL MODEL
CO.,
LOWELL, MASS.
Box 291
SPARKS
JUMP
is
Manufactured
tric Ignition.
by
C. F.
23
SPLIT DOUF,
Vandewater
St.
New York,
FOR AUTOMOBILES.
U.
S.
A.
RUNABOUTS TO CABS.
CO.,
U. S. A.
WILLIAM ROCHE'S
"Autogas"
Primary Dry
Are
made
automobile work,
specially
oline engine.
gasoline
for
Cell,
$5.
WILLIAM KOCHE,
Vesey
St., N. Y. City.
York.
General Offices, 15
Street,
The (special) Steel Castings manufactured by this Company are peculiarly adapted to fill the
requirements of the motor vehicle trade. Castings for this service may be made in any desired
size, shape and thickness can be tempered throughout and are sound and tough. The Elastic
Limit closely approaches the ultimate tensile strength, while the metal will bend cold under
the hammer, taking a decided set before failure. Its machining qualities are excellent. Parts
may be polished on a buffing wheel to resemble nickel plate and when so polished, resist the
action of rust remarkably well. In gears and all frictional services it compares favorably with
bronze and outwears open hearth steel in cut gears.
;
CO.,
NEW YORK,
STS.,
U. S. A.
Automobile Charging
and Repair Station
We
1891.
St.,
Incorp.
NKW YORK
1898.
CITY.
THE FRANKLIN
MODEL SHOP.
Equipped with new, up-to-date machinery and accurate electrical testing asraratus
of the best make. Our, practical experience covers a wide range in electrical,
experimental and gas engine work. We are prepared to make anything you
want in the line of special part. mixing valves, vaporizers, etc.
irawings
and designs made for special machinery. Write for pamphlet.
West
3ist St.
I. T.
all
department!-.
of
ATJTO-SAFETT OILER
...
Work Done
While You
Tin
imi
Goone
Wait.
Co,,
Wagons and
Carriages
Built
nea
and Repaired.
New
e v e nth
nue
York.
18th Street.
THE.
SARTUS
Registered
BALL RETAINER
ail
Leduces Friction to
Pat. Oct.
May
;i
Trade Mark.
SEPARATOR
Minimum.
4, '98.
2, '99.
ACCURACY
and
Clm E A M"ill E S S
ii itAiui ii v
STRENGTH
E.
H.
519
West 45th
its
BEST GRADES
|
New York
Street,
KELLOGG &
Sole Manufacturers of the
simplicity of manufacture.
CO.,
City.
Established
CO.,
World Renowned
||RR
nANTS
Uamburg, Bombay,
x
243
<*
^
Si
H
AIM O AMI*
IICW
li
TT
YOfKt U. S. /!
Erab AUTOMOBILE
TIRE
New
York.
WE MANUFACTURE
CARRIAGES
is
for
the
MARINE, INDUSTRIAL
HORSELESS
and
It
is
the
THE
31
NEW
YORK.
AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY
CONTAINING
Sold by
all
among
It is
newsdealers
who
$1.00 A YEAR.
E. L.
POWERS
10
American News
Co.
CENTS A COPY.
New
York.
FREDERICK
219 West 19th
R.
WOOD
& SON,
MANUFACTURERS,
.NEW YORK.
Street,
Motor Carriages,
and
Mail
Wagons and Gasoline
Launches of every style
and size promptly designed and built to or-
Special
Delivery
der....
IjANCAMOBILES
IjANCAmOBILES
IjANCAOTOBILE*
LANCARIOBILES
ANC A MOBILES
LANCAUIOBILES
Ij
EiANCAUIOBILES
LiANCAITCOBILES
ness.
JAMES
H.
LANCASTER
New
and mfrs.
CO., Inc.,
York, U. S. A.
Making can
DIETZ COMPANY,
R. E.
NEW
60 Laight Street.
YORK.
Established in 1840.
N. J.
....Manufacturers of
Our Motors
1225
Main.
GASOLINE
MOTORS
H. P. to 10 H. P.
with or without Water Jacket
... for ..
I
and LAUNCHES
Vertical or Horizontal
AUTOMOBILES
Electric Ignition.
lE^Large factory suitable for
experimental work. Any style
ot carriage built to order from
MALTBY AUTOMOBILE
CO,,
Launch Engine.
Bicycle Motor.
CARRIAGE
TIRE
o o
UNDER LOAD
....MANUFACTURED
NORMAL.
BY....
REVERE RUBBER
59 and 61
CO.,
READE STREET,
NEW YORK
No
Floats or
Submerged Working
Parts.
'
MERRILL
PNEUMATIC PUMP
Operated by
COMPRESSED
AIR.
is
Taken.
::::::
Types
Can be
Installed
::::::::
by Any Mechanic.
MERRILL PNEUMATIC
Duplex Displacement Type,
141
Broadway,
New
PUMP CO,
York.
<
achieved only by
effort
and experience.
For
fifteen
years
safe
In 1880
In
we use
1900
filled
t
Olds Motors are made...
We
factory that
we
yet produced.
believe our
We furnish
arate if desired.
Send
for catalogue
of construction
and
carries conviction.
detail
FOR.
Automobiles
AND BICYCLES
operated by 110 volt continuous
current or by storage battery.
SIMPLE,
DURABLE,
CONVENIENT.
Every Automobile
to save
labor.
time and
PUMP
CO.
NEW YORK.
AUTOTRUCKS
FOR HEAVY WORK.
Wing's
SYSTEM
Compressed
air
used for
L. J.
95-97 Uberf/Street.
etc.
WING,
New York
City, U. S. A.
Oil
Engine
FURMSHES
Applicable to
all
Purposes Everywhere.
ELECTRIC LIGHTING
SAFE
RELIABLE
DURABLE
CO.,
WILLIAM STREET,
NEW
YORK,
The
J-Jasbrouck ]y[otor
EQUIPPED WITH
HASBROUCK MOTORS.
Perfect Combustion.
Quick
No
to Start.
Vibration.
SAFE TO OPERATE.
Perfectly Balanced.
Speed from
Special attention given to
STAGE COACHES
from 10 to 20 Passengers.
Office,
20
NASSAU STREET,
N. Y.
LINK
of Milling Machines,
Screw Machines
and Cutter Grinders.
All used in the manufacture of
Automobiles,
are fully described in our
Catalogue for 1900. Sent free on
etc.
request.
Co.,
Ne^w York.
Philadelphia Store: 51 N. 7th St.
MANNING, MAXWELL
22
S.
CANAL
ST.,
& MOORE,
CHICAGO.
"MILLER'S"
EXCELSIOR
Automobile LUBRICANTS
*
FOR
FOR
Chains
Gears,
Ball-
Roller-
Bearings
W.
P.
MILLER'S SONS,
New Toy
Electric
Automobile
COMPLETE, READY TO RUN.
121^x6^x7^
Size,
inches.
PRICE COMPLETE
$5.00.
Write for catalog
of
Toys and
Novelties.
Manufactured exclusively by
CHRISTEW
White
Street,
New
CO.,
York.
NIELSOItf
MANUFACTURER OF THE
JHELSOir
ETC.
HAS NO EQUAL
WHAT WE
CLAIM.
RROOICT
flesh.
N VI.
Twenty-Second St.
VN"
Factory, 745 Third Avenue. iJl\vJVJJVJL. I i>, IX.
Office, 211
Telephone Call,
172 South.
AUTOMOBILES
Compact^^Uniformoc^Mechanically
Correct*
PRACTICAL-
DURABLE.
for information
and
of
motto* Power.
IN APPEARANCE.
prices.
UPTON MACHINE
\1
Go.
STATE STREET,
NEW
YORK,
Constructed on
en-
stronger
blow
than
battery power.
long
and 4 19.
Proof.
LIST.
DAVID ROUSSEAU,
310
New York
Mott Avenue,
City,
The Smith
Motor
Co.
Manufacturers of ...
Hydro=Carbon Motors.
Office
54-56 Morris
&
and Factory
NEWARK,
N.
J.
Continuou5=Current
Volt=Ammeter
POCKET
VOLT-AMMETEF
L.M.PIGNOLET.
FOR AUTOMOBILES
Volt-Meters,
78
LzOfcllS M.
CORTLANDT ST.,
PI6NOLET
NEW YORK.
M"^^oistare-proof
Wffitf
-**r
and Durability
^<D
x<?.
Worid
Vehicle J^arjels
...
VENEER
ANY
SIZE,
.Automobile Bodies..
flADE TO ORDER.
....
SEGUINE-AXFORD VENEER
CO.,
JERSEY CITY, N.
J.
AUTOMOBILE
PHOSPHOR BRONZE
ALUMINUM
NICKEL ALLOY
COMPOSITION
TEMPERED COPPER
MANGANESE BRONZE
CASTINGS
Plymouth
105
& SON,
WILLIAflS
E. A.
If
it.
-"^JBnni 11
ffs^Nftssff
for that work.
As
J.
9-31
^^*
^^fe^lill
H.
OTTATTTIV
QUALITY
I automobile.
WMBjumuu^
-arm tell
foil in an
a
will
We
guarantee
of our f orgin ^s
m
-*
tfae
d08e
to
size.
WILLIAMS &
RICHARDS STREET,
CO.,
BROOKLYN,
N. Y.
Clean,
Noiseless,
Odorless,
Simple,
Reliable,
Durable.
5TARTS INSTANTLY.
nade
Rega rd1i!s
of
H. 01. Dolfini
Brooklyn,
V.
flxlc.
111111111111111111111111111,11111111111111111111111111.111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
iiiiuiiii
AXLE MADE.
II
3 >
..... Ulritc
1123
CO.,
Broad -way,
York.
NeA?sr
in furnace may be
ignited or relighted at any time by simply pressing a button at
A. L.
BOQART
CO., "3
"
Clty
of
Scientific
and Practical
Books,
embracing works on
sent free to
all scientific
and
anyone requesting
it.
00,,
Address
Publishers,
Works
Other Valuable
BY
GARDNER
D.
HISCOX,
fins,
PLIHE
BY GARDNER
m
D.
OIL
HISCOX, M.E.
Third Edition.
Marine Propulsion,
Illustrated
etc.
by 270 Engravings,
LARGE OCTAVO.
384
PAGES.
PRICE,
$2.50.
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS
POWERS, DEVICES, AND APPLIANCES.
BY GARDNER
D.
HISCOX, M.E.
A Dictionary of Mechanical Movements, Powers, Devices and Appliances, embracing an illustrated description of the greatest variety of mechanical movements and
devices in any language. A new work on Illustrated Mechanics, Mechanical Movements, Devices and Appliances, covering nearly the whole range of the practical and
inventi\ e field, for the use of Machinists, Mechanics, Inventors, Engineers, Draughtsmen, Students, and all others interested in any way in the devising and operation of
mechanical works of any kind.
Large 8vo,
*
* Either of the above books will be sent
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*
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36J
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