Logarithms: Properties and Equations involving them

Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines-Diliman

Lecture 20

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Logarithms

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Outline

Properties of Logarithms

Equations involving Logarithmic Expressions

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Logarithms

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Logarithm of a Product

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

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Logarithms

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Logarithm of a Product

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

Then x = bm and y = bm .

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Logarithm of a Product

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

Then x = bm and y = bm .Thus,

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Logarithm of a Product

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

Then x = bm and y = bm .Thus,
xy = bm bn

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Logarithm of a Product

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

Then x = bm and y = bm .Thus,
xy = bm bn = bm+n

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Logarithm of a Product

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

Then x = bm and y = bm .Thus,
xy = bm bn = bm+n logb (xy) = m + n

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Logarithm of a Product

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

Then x = bm and y = bm .Thus,
xy = bm bn = bm+n logb (xy) = m + n = logb x + logb y.

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Logarithm of a Product

Let x, y > 0, b > 0, b 6= 1. Let m = logb x and n = logb y.

Then x = bm and y = bm .Thus,
xy = bm bn = bm+n logb (xy) = m + n = logb x + logb y.

Theorem
If b, x, y > 0 and b 6= 1 then
logb (xy) = logb x + logb y.

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Logarithm of a Quotient

Similarly,
x
bm
= n
y
b

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Logarithms

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Logarithm of a Quotient

Similarly,
x
bm
= n = bmn
y
b

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Logarithms

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Logarithm of a Quotient

Similarly,
x
bm
x
= n = bmn logb ( ) = m n
y
b
y

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Logarithms

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Logarithm of a Quotient

Similarly,
x
bm
x
= n = bmn logb ( ) = m n = logb x logb y
y
b
y

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Logarithm of a Quotient

Similarly,
x
bm
x
= n = bmn logb ( ) = m n = logb x logb y
y
b
y

Theorem
If b, x, y > 0 and b 6= 1 then
 
x
logb
= logb x logb y.
y

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Logarithms

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xp = (bm )p

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Logarithms

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xp = (bm )p = bmp

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Logarithms

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xp = (bm )p = bmp logb (xp ) = p m

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Logarithms

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xp = (bm )p = bmp logb (xp ) = p m = p logb x.

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xp = (bm )p = bmp logb (xp ) = p m = p logb x.

Theorem
If b, x > 0, b 6= 1, and p

R then
logb xp = p logb x.

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Logarithms

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Examples:

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Logarithms

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012

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Logarithms

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

2012 log2 4

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

(iMath-UPD)

=
=

Logarithms

2012 log2 4
2012 2

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

(iMath-UPD)

=
=
=

Logarithms

2012 log2 4
2012 2
4024

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

=
=
=

2012 log2 4
2012 2
4024

2 Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

=
=
=

2012 log2 4
2012 2
4024

2 Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9

Solution:
log6 4 + log6 9 =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

=
=
=

2012 log2 4
2012 2
4024

2 Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9

Solution:
log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 9) =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

=
=
=

2012 log2 4
2012 2
4024

2 Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9

Solution:
log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 9) = log6 (36) =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

=
=
=

2012 log2 4
2012 2
4024

2 Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9

Solution:
log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 9) = log6 (36) = 2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

=
=
=

2012 log2 4
2012 2
4024

2 Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9

Solution:
log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 9) = log6 (36) = 2
3 Evaluate log9 150 log9 2 2 log9 5

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

=
=
=

2012 log2 4
2012 2
4024

2 Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9

Solution:
log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 9) = log6 (36) = 2
3 Evaluate log9 150 log9 2 2 log9 5
Solution:
log9 150 log9 2 2 log9 5

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

=
=
=

2012 log2 4
2012 2
4024

2 Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9

Solution:
log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 9) = log6 (36) = 2
3 Evaluate log9 150 log9 2 2 log9 5
Solution:
log9 150 log9 2 2 log9 5

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

log9 150 log9 2 log9 25

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

=
=
=

2012 log2 4
2012 2
4024

2 Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9

Solution:
log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 9) = log6 (36) = 2
3 Evaluate log9 150 log9 2 2 log9 5
Solution:
log9 150 log9 2 2 log9 5

=
=

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

log9 150
 log
 9 2 log9 25
150
log9
2(25)

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

=
=
=

2012 log2 4
2012 2
4024

2 Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9

Solution:
log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 9) = log6 (36) = 2
3 Evaluate log9 150 log9 2 2 log9 5
Solution:
log9 150 log9 2 2 log9 5

=
=
=

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

log9 150
 log
 9 2 log9 25
150
log9
2(25)
log9 3

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Examples:
1 Evaluate log2 42012
Solution:
log2 42012

=
=
=

2012 log2 4
2012 2
4024

2 Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9

Solution:
log6 4 + log6 9 = log6 (4 9) = log6 (36) = 2
3 Evaluate log9 150 log9 2 2 log9 5
Solution:
log9 150 log9 2 2 log9 5

=
=
=
=

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

log9 150
 log
 9 2 log9 25
150
log9
2(25)
log9 3
1
2
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4 Express log7
Solution:

7
x2 +xy

log7

(iMath-UPD)

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

Logarithms

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4 Express log7
Solution:

7
x2 +xy

log7

(iMath-UPD)

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

log7 7

Logarithms

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4 Express log7
Solution:

7
x2 +xy

log7

(iMath-UPD)

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

log7 7 log7 (x2 + xy)

Logarithms

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4 Express log7
Solution:

7
x2 +xy

log7

(iMath-UPD)

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

=
=

log7 7 log7 (x2 + xy)

log7 7

Logarithms

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4 Express log7
Solution:

7
x2 +xy

log7

(iMath-UPD)

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

=
=

log7 7 log7 (x2 + xy)

log7 7 log7 x(x + y)

Logarithms

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4 Express log7
Solution:

7
x2 +xy

log7

(iMath-UPD)

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

=
=
=

log7 7 log7 (x2 + xy)

log7 7 log7 x(x + y)
1

Logarithms

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4 Express log7
Solution:

7
x2 +xy

log7

(iMath-UPD)

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

=
=
=

log7 7 log7 (x2 + xy)

log7 7 log7 x(x + y)
1 (log7 x + log7 (x + y))

Logarithms

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4 Express log7
Solution:

7
x2 +xy

log7

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

=
=
=
=

log7 7 log7 (x2 + xy)

log7 7 log7 x(x + y)
1 (log7 x + log7 (x + y))
1 log7 x log7 (x + y)

5 Express 12 logb m + 32 logb 2n logb m2 n as a single logarithm with a

coefficient 1.

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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7
x2 +xy

4 Express log7
Solution:

log7

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

log7 7 log7 (x2 + xy)

log7 7 log7 x(x + y)
1 (log7 x + log7 (x + y))
1 log7 x log7 (x + y)

=
=
=
=

5 Express 12 logb m + 32 logb 2n logb m2 n as a single logarithm with a

coefficient 1.
Solution:
1
2

logb m +

(iMath-UPD)

3
2

logb 2n logb m2 n

Logarithms

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7
x2 +xy

4 Express log7
Solution:

log7

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

log7 7 log7 (x2 + xy)

log7 7 log7 x(x + y)
1 (log7 x + log7 (x + y))
1 log7 x log7 (x + y)

=
=
=
=

5 Express 12 logb m + 32 logb 2n logb m2 n as a single logarithm with a

coefficient 1.
Solution:
1
2

logb m +

(iMath-UPD)

3
2

logb 2n logb m2 n

Logarithms

logb m 2

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7
x2 +xy

4 Express log7
Solution:

log7

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

log7 7 log7 (x2 + xy)

log7 7 log7 x(x + y)
1 (log7 x + log7 (x + y))
1 log7 x log7 (x + y)

=
=
=
=

5 Express 12 logb m + 32 logb 2n logb m2 n as a single logarithm with a

coefficient 1.
Solution:
1
2

logb m +

(iMath-UPD)

3
2

logb 2n logb m2 n

Logarithms

logb m 2 + logb (2n) 2

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7
x2 +xy

4 Express log7
Solution:

log7

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

log7 7 log7 (x2 + xy)

log7 7 log7 x(x + y)
1 (log7 x + log7 (x + y))
1 log7 x log7 (x + y)

=
=
=
=

5 Express 12 logb m + 32 logb 2n logb m2 n as a single logarithm with a

coefficient 1.
Solution:
1
2

logb m +

(iMath-UPD)

3
2

logb 2n logb m2 n

Logarithms

logb m 2 + logb (2n) 2 logb m2 n

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7
x2 +xy

4 Express log7
Solution:

log7

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

log7 7 log7 (x2 + xy)

log7 7 log7 x(x + y)
1 (log7 x + log7 (x + y))
1 log7 x log7 (x + y)

=
=
=
=

5 Express 12 logb m + 32 logb 2n logb m2 n as a single logarithm with a

coefficient 1.
Solution:
1
2

logb m +

(iMath-UPD)

3
2

logb 2n logb m2 n

=
=

Logarithms

logb m 2 + logb (2n) 2 logb m2 n

1
3
logb (m 2 (2n) 2 ) logb m2 n

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7
x2 +xy

4 Express log7
Solution:

log7

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

log7 7 log7 (x2 + xy)

log7 7 log7 x(x + y)
1 (log7 x + log7 (x + y))
1 log7 x log7 (x + y)

=
=
=
=

5 Express 12 logb m + 32 logb 2n logb m2 n as a single logarithm with a

coefficient 1.
Solution:
1
2

logb m +

3
2

logb 2n logb m2 n

logb m 2 + logb (2n) 2 logb m2 n

1
3
logb (m 2 (2n) 2 ) logb m2 n

logb

(iMath-UPD)

=
=

Logarithms

m 2 (2n) 2
m2 n

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7
x2 +xy

4 Express log7
Solution:

log7

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

log7 7 log7 (x2 + xy)

log7 7 log7 x(x + y)
1 (log7 x + log7 (x + y))
1 log7 x log7 (x + y)

=
=
=
=

5 Express 12 logb m + 32 logb 2n logb m2 n as a single logarithm with a

coefficient 1.
Solution:
1
2

logb m +

3
2

logb 2n logb m2 n

logb m 2 + logb (2n) 2 logb m2 n

1
3
logb (m 2 (2n) 2 ) logb m2 n

logb

logb

(iMath-UPD)

=
=

Logarithms

m 2 (2n) 2
2
m n
2 2n
3

m2

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7
x2 +xy

4 Express log7
Solution:

log7

as a sum of constants and logarithms.

7
x2 +xy

log7 7 log7 (x2 + xy)

log7 7 log7 x(x + y)
1 (log7 x + log7 (x + y))
1 log7 x log7 (x + y)

=
=
=
=

5 Express 12 logb m + 32 logb 2n logb m2 n as a single logarithm with a

coefficient 1.
Solution:
1
2

logb m +

3
2

logb 2n logb m2 n

logb m 2 + logb (2n) 2 logb m2 n

1
3
logb (m 2 (2n) 2 ) logb m2 n

logb

logb

(iMath-UPD)

=
=

Logarithms

m 2 (2n) 2
2
m n
2 2n
3

m2

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6 Given loga 2 = 0.3 and loga 3 = 0.48. Find loga 72.

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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6 Given loga 2 = 0.3 and loga 3 = 0.48. Find loga 72.

Solution:
loga 72

(iMath-UPD)

loga 8 9

Logarithms

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6 Given loga 2 = 0.3 and loga 3 = 0.48. Find loga 72.

Solution:
loga 72

(iMath-UPD)

=
=

loga 8 9
loga (23 32 )

Logarithms

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6 Given loga 2 = 0.3 and loga 3 = 0.48. Find loga 72.

Solution:
loga 72

(iMath-UPD)

=
=
=

loga 8 9
loga (23 32 )
loga 23 + loga 32

Logarithms

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6 Given loga 2 = 0.3 and loga 3 = 0.48. Find loga 72.

Solution:
loga 72

(iMath-UPD)

=
=
=
=

loga 8 9
loga (23 32 )
loga 23 + loga 32
3 loga 2 + 2 loga 3

Logarithms

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6 Given loga 2 = 0.3 and loga 3 = 0.48. Find loga 72.

Solution:
loga 72

(iMath-UPD)

=
=
=
=
=

loga 8 9
loga (23 32 )
loga 23 + loga 32
3 loga 2 + 2 loga 3
3(0.3)+

Logarithms

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6 Given loga 2 = 0.3 and loga 3 = 0.48. Find loga 72.

Solution:
loga 72

(iMath-UPD)

=
=
=
=
=

loga 8 9
loga (23 32 )
loga 23 + loga 32
3 loga 2 + 2 loga 3
3(0.3)+ 2(0.48)

Logarithms

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6 Given loga 2 = 0.3 and loga 3 = 0.48. Find loga 72.

Solution:
loga 72

(iMath-UPD)

=
=
=
=
=
=

loga 8 9
loga (23 32 )
loga 23 + loga 32
3 loga 2 + 2 loga 3
3(0.3)+ 2(0.48)
1.86

Logarithms

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7 Are f (x) = log5 (x 2)2 and g(x) = 2 log5 (x 2) the same

functions?

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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7 Are f (x) = log5 (x 2)2 and g(x) = 2 log5 (x 2) the same

functions?
Solution:

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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7 Are f (x) = log5 (x 2)2 and g(x) = 2 log5 (x 2) the same

functions?
Solution:
Same functions mean they have the same domain and are equal at
each x in the domain.

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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7 Are f (x) = log5 (x 2)2 and g(x) = 2 log5 (x 2) the same

functions?
Solution:
Same functions mean they have the same domain and are equal at
each x in the domain.
dom g =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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7 Are f (x) = log5 (x 2)2 and g(x) = 2 log5 (x 2) the same

functions?
Solution:
Same functions mean they have the same domain and are equal at
each x in the domain.
dom g = (2, +)

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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7 Are f (x) = log5 (x 2)2 and g(x) = 2 log5 (x 2) the same

functions?
Solution:
Same functions mean they have the same domain and are equal at
each x in the domain.
dom g = (2, +) since x 2 must be positive.

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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7 Are f (x) = log5 (x 2)2 and g(x) = 2 log5 (x 2) the same

functions?
Solution:
Same functions mean they have the same domain and are equal at
each x in the domain.
dom g = (2, +) since x 2 must be positive.
dom f =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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7 Are f (x) = log5 (x 2)2 and g(x) = 2 log5 (x 2) the same

functions?
Solution:
Same functions mean they have the same domain and are equal at
each x in the domain.
dom g = (2, +) since x 2 must be positive.
dom f = \{2}

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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7 Are f (x) = log5 (x 2)2 and g(x) = 2 log5 (x 2) the same

functions?
Solution:
Same functions mean they have the same domain and are equal at
each x in the domain.
dom g = (2, +) since x 2 must be positive.
dom f = \{2} since (x 2)2 must be positive.

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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7 Are f (x) = log5 (x 2)2 and g(x) = 2 log5 (x 2) the same

functions?
Solution:
Same functions mean they have the same domain and are equal at
each x in the domain.
dom g = (2, +) since x 2 must be positive.
dom f = \{2} since (x 2)2 must be positive.

Thus, f and g are different functions.

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Change of Base Formula

Since y = logb x by = x,

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Change of Base Formula

Since y = logb x by = x,
getting logarithms of both sides of the exponential equation...

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

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Change of Base Formula

Since y = logb x by = x,
getting logarithms of both sides of the exponential equation...
loga by

(iMath-UPD)

loga x

(for a R, a > 0, a 6= 1)

Logarithms

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Change of Base Formula

Since y = logb x by = x,
getting logarithms of both sides of the exponential equation...
loga by
y loga b

(iMath-UPD)

=
=

loga x
loga x

(for a R, a > 0, a 6= 1)
logarithm of a power

Logarithms

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Change of Base Formula

Since y = logb x by = x,
getting logarithms of both sides of the exponential equation...
loga by
y loga b
y

(iMath-UPD)

=
=
=

loga x
loga x
loga x
loga b

(for a R, a > 0, a 6= 1)
logarithm of a power
multiplicative property

Logarithms

Lec. 20

10 / 23

Change of Base Formula

Since y = logb x by = x,
getting logarithms of both sides of the exponential equation...
loga by
y loga b
y

=
=
=

loga x
loga x
loga x
loga b

(for a R, a > 0, a 6= 1)
logarithm of a power
multiplicative property

Theorem
If a, b, x R with a, b, x > 0 and a, b 6= 1 then

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

10 / 23

Change of Base Formula

Since y = logb x by = x,
getting logarithms of both sides of the exponential equation...
loga by
y loga b
y

=
=
=

loga x
loga x
loga x
loga b

(for a R, a > 0, a 6= 1)
logarithm of a power
multiplicative property

Theorem
If a, b, x R with a, b, x > 0 and a, b 6= 1 then
logb x =

(iMath-UPD)

loga x
loga b

Logarithms

Lec. 20

10 / 23

Examples:

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

11 / 23

Examples:
1 Express log7 3 as a logarithm to the base 5
Solution:
log7 3 =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

11 / 23

Examples:
1 Express log7 3 as a logarithm to the base 5
Solution:
log5 3
log7 3 =
log5 7

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

11 / 23

Examples:
1 Express log7 3 as a logarithm to the base 5
Solution:
log5 3
log7 3 =
log5 7
2 Express logb x in terms of common and natural logarithms.

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

11 / 23

Examples:
1 Express log7 3 as a logarithm to the base 5
Solution:
log5 3
log7 3 =
log5 7
2 Express logb x in terms of common and natural logarithms.
Solution:
logb x =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

11 / 23

Examples:
1 Express log7 3 as a logarithm to the base 5
Solution:
log5 3
log7 3 =
log5 7
2 Express logb x in terms of common and natural logarithms.
Solution:
log x
logb x =
log b

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

11 / 23

Examples:
1 Express log7 3 as a logarithm to the base 5
Solution:
log5 3
log7 3 =
log5 7
2 Express logb x in terms of common and natural logarithms.
Solution:
log x
ln x
logb x =
=
log b
ln b

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

11 / 23

Equations involving Logarithmic Expressions

Recall:
logb x = y x = by

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

12 / 23

Equations involving Logarithmic Expressions

Recall:
logb x = y x = by
logb x1 = logb x2 x1 = x2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

12 / 23

Equations involving Logarithmic Expressions

Recall:
logb x = y x = by
logb x1 = logb x2 x1 = x2
In logb x, b and x must be positive and b 6= 1

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

12 / 23

Solve for x.
1. log8 32 = x

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

13 / 23

Solve for x.
1. log8 32 = x
8x = 32

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

13 / 23

Solve for x.
1. log8 32 = x
8x = 32
2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

13 / 23

Solve for x.
1. log8 32 = x
8x = 32
23x

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

13 / 23

Solve for x.
1. log8 32 = x
8x = 32
23x = 2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

13 / 23

Solve for x.
1. log8 32 = x
8x = 32
23x = 25

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

13 / 23

Solve for x.
1. log8 32 = x
8x = 32
23x = 25
3x = 5

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

13 / 23

Solve for x.
1. log8 32 = x
8x = 32
23x = 25
3x = 5
5
x=
3

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

13 / 23

2. log2 (log2 (log2 x)) = 1

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

14 / 23

2. log2 (log2 (log2 x)) = 1

log2 (log2 x) =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

14 / 23

2. log2 (log2 (log2 x)) = 1

log2 (log2 x) = 21

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

14 / 23

2. log2 (log2 (log2 x)) = 1

log2 (log2 x) = 21 = 2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

14 / 23

2. log2 (log2 (log2 x)) = 1

log2 (log2 x) = 21 = 2
log2 x =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

14 / 23

2. log2 (log2 (log2 x)) = 1

log2 (log2 x) = 21 = 2
log2 x = 22

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

14 / 23

2. log2 (log2 (log2 x)) = 1

log2 (log2 x) = 21 = 2
log2 x = 22 = 4

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

14 / 23

2. log2 (log2 (log2 x)) = 1

log2 (log2 x) = 21 = 2
log2 x = 22 = 4
x = 24

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

14 / 23

2. log2 (log2 (log2 x)) = 1

log2 (log2 x) = 21 = 2
log2 x = 22 = 4
x = 24
x = 16

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

14 / 23

3. log(x+1) (3x + 1) = 2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

15 / 23

3. log(x+1) (3x + 1) = 2

3x + 1

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

15 / 23

3. log(x+1) (3x + 1) = 2

3x + 1

(iMath-UPD)

(x + 1)2

Logarithms

Lec. 20

15 / 23

3. log(x+1) (3x + 1) = 2

(iMath-UPD)

3x + 1

3x + 1

(x + 1)2

Logarithms

Lec. 20

15 / 23

3. log(x+1) (3x + 1) = 2

(iMath-UPD)

3x + 1

(x + 1)2

3x + 1

x2 + 2x + 1

Logarithms

Lec. 20

15 / 23

3. log(x+1) (3x + 1) = 2

(iMath-UPD)

3x + 1

(x + 1)2

3x + 1

x2 + 2x + 1

x2 x

Logarithms

Lec. 20

15 / 23

3. log(x+1) (3x + 1) = 2

(iMath-UPD)

3x + 1

(x + 1)2

3x + 1

x2 + 2x + 1

x2 x

x(x 1)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

15 / 23

3. log(x+1) (3x + 1) = 2

3x + 1

(x + 1)2

3x + 1

x2 + 2x + 1

x2 x

x(x 1)

x = 0 or x = 1

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

15 / 23

3. log(x+1) (3x + 1) = 2

3x + 1

(x + 1)2

3x + 1

x2 + 2x + 1

x2 x

x(x 1)

x = 0 or x = 1

But if x = 0, the base of the logarithm would be 1.

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

15 / 23

3. log(x+1) (3x + 1) = 2

3x + 1

(x + 1)2

3x + 1

x2 + 2x + 1

x2 x

x(x 1)

x = 0 or x = 1

But if x = 0, the base of the logarithm would be 1.

x=1

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

15 / 23

4. logx 2 + logx 5 =

(iMath-UPD)

1
2

Logarithms

Lec. 20

16 / 23

4. logx 2 + logx 5 =

1
2

logx (2 5) =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

1
2

Lec. 20

16 / 23

4. logx 2 + logx 5 =

1
2

logx (2 5) =
logx 10 =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

1
2
1
2

Lec. 20

16 / 23

4. logx 2 + logx 5 =

1
2

1
2
1
logx 10 =
2
1
2
x
= 10

logx (2 5) =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

16 / 23

4. logx 2 + logx 5 =

1
2

1
2
1
logx 10 =
2
1
2
x
= 10

logx (2 5) =

x = 100

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

16 / 23

4. logx 2 + logx 5 =

1
2

1
2
1
logx 10 =
2
1
2
x
= 10

logx (2 5) =

x = 100

Check...

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

16 / 23

4. logx 2 + logx 5 =

1
2

1
2
1
logx 10 =
2
1
2
x
= 10

logx (2 5) =

x = 100

Check...
x = 100

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

16 / 23

5. 2 log5 (x 2) log5 x = log5 (x + 1)

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

17 / 23

5. 2 log5 (x 2) log5 x = log5 (x + 1)

log5 (x 2)2 log5 x = log5 (x + 1)

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

17 / 23

5. 2 log5 (x 2) log5 x = log5 (x + 1)

log5 (x 2)2 log5 x = log5 (x + 1)

(x 2)2
log5
= log5 (x + 1)
x

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

17 / 23

5. 2 log5 (x 2) log5 x = log5 (x + 1)

log5 (x 2)2 log5 x = log5 (x + 1)

(x 2)2
log5
= log5 (x + 1)
x
(x 2)2
= x+1
x

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

17 / 23

5. 2 log5 (x 2) log5 x = log5 (x + 1)

log5 (x 2)2 log5 x

(x 2)2
log5
x
(x 2)2
x
(x 2)2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

= log5 (x + 1)
= log5 (x + 1)
= x+1
= x(x + 1)

Lec. 20

17 / 23

5. 2 log5 (x 2) log5 x = log5 (x + 1)

log5 (x 2)2 log5 x

(x 2)2
log5
x
(x 2)2
x
(x 2)2

= log5 (x + 1)
= log5 (x + 1)
= x+1
= x(x + 1)

x 4x + 4 =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

17 / 23

5. 2 log5 (x 2) log5 x = log5 (x + 1)

log5 (x 2)2 log5 x

(x 2)2
log5
x
(x 2)2
x
(x 2)2

= log5 (x + 1)
= log5 (x + 1)
= x+1
= x(x + 1)

x 4x + 4 = x2 + x

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

17 / 23

5. 2 log5 (x 2) log5 x = log5 (x + 1)

log5 (x 2)2 log5 x

(x 2)2
log5
x
(x 2)2
x
(x 2)2

= log5 (x + 1)
= log5 (x + 1)
= x+1
= x(x + 1)

x 4x + 4 = x2 + x
4 = 5x

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

17 / 23

5. 2 log5 (x 2) log5 x = log5 (x + 1)

log5 (x 2)2 log5 x

(x 2)2
log5
x
(x 2)2
x
(x 2)2

= log5 (x + 1)
= log5 (x + 1)
= x+1
= x(x + 1)

x 4x + 4 = x2 + x
4 = 5x
4
x =
5

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

17 / 23

5. 2 log5 (x 2) log5 x = log5 (x + 1)

log5 (x 2)2 log5 x

(x 2)2
log5
x
(x 2)2
x
(x 2)2

= log5 (x + 1)
= log5 (x + 1)
= x+1
= x(x + 1)

x 4x + 4 = x2 + x
4 = 5x
4
x =
5
But if x = 45 , then log5 (x 2) would be undefined.

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

17 / 23

5. 2 log5 (x 2) log5 x = log5 (x + 1)

log5 (x 2)2 log5 x

(x 2)2
log5
x
(x 2)2
x
(x 2)2

= log5 (x + 1)
= log5 (x + 1)
= x+1
= x(x + 1)

x 4x + 4 = x2 + x
4 = 5x
4
x =
5
But if x = 45 , then log5 (x 2) would be undefined.
The equation has no solution.
(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

17 / 23

6.

1
2

log3 (x2 + 6) = log3 4 log3 x

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

18 / 23

6.

1
2

log3 (x2 + 6) = log3 4 log3 x

log3 (x2 + 6) 2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

18 / 23

6.

1
2

log3 (x2 + 6) = log3 4 log3 x

log3 (x2 + 6) 2

(iMath-UPD)

log3

Logarithms

4
x

Lec. 20

18 / 23

6.

1
2

log3 (x2 + 6) = log3 4 log3 x

log3 (x2 + 6) 2
p
x2 + 6

(iMath-UPD)

log3

4
x

Logarithms

4
x

Lec. 20

18 / 23

6.

1
2

log3 (x2 + 6) = log3 4 log3 x

log3 (x2 + 6) 2
p
x2 + 6
p
x x2 + 6

(iMath-UPD)

=
=
=

log3

4
x

4
x
4

Logarithms

Lec. 20

18 / 23

6.

1
2

log3 (x2 + 6) = log3 4 log3 x

log3 (x2 + 6) 2
p
x2 + 6
p
x x2 + 6
2

x (x + 6)

(iMath-UPD)

log3

4
x
4

16

Logarithms

4
x

Lec. 20

18 / 23

6.

1
2

log3 (x2 + 6) = log3 4 log3 x

log3 (x2 + 6) 2
p
x2 + 6
p
x x2 + 6

x (x + 6)

16

x + 6x 16

(iMath-UPD)

log3
4
x
4

=
=

Logarithms

4
x

Lec. 20

18 / 23

6.

1
2

log3 (x2 + 6) = log3 4 log3 x

log3 (x2 + 6) 2
p
x2 + 6
p
x x2 + 6

log3

4
x
4

x (x + 6)

16

x + 6x 16

(x + 8)(x 2)

(iMath-UPD)

=
=

Logarithms

4
x

Lec. 20

18 / 23

6.

1
2

log3 (x2 + 6) = log3 4 log3 x

log3 (x2 + 6) 2
p
x2 + 6
p
x x2 + 6

log3

4
x
4

x (x + 6)

16

x + 6x 16

(x + 8)(x 2)

4
x

x2 = 8 or x2 = 2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

18 / 23

6.

1
2

log3 (x2 + 6) = log3 4 log3 x

log3 (x2 + 6) 2
p
x2 + 6
p
x x2 + 6

log3

4
x
4

x (x + 6)

16

x + 6x 16

(x + 8)(x 2)

4
x

x2 = 8 or x2 = 2
But x2 = 8 has only imaginary solutions.

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

18 / 23

6.

1
2

log3 (x2 + 6) = log3 4 log3 x

log3 (x2 + 6) 2
p
x2 + 6
p
x x2 + 6

log3

4
x
4

x (x + 6)

16

x + 6x 16

(x + 8)(x 2)

4
x

x2 = 8 or x2 = 2
But x2 = 8 has only imaginary solutions.

x2 = 2 x = 2,
(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

18 / 23

6.

1
2

log3 (x2 + 6) = log3 4 log3 x

log3 (x2 + 6) 2
p
x2 + 6
p
x x2 + 6

log3

4
x
4

x (x + 6)

16

x + 6x 16

(x + 8)(x 2)

4
x

x2 = 8 or x2 = 2
But x2 = 8 has only imaginary solutions.

x2 = 2 x = 2, but when x = 2, log3 x is undefined.

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

18 / 23

6.

1
2

log3 (x2 + 6) = log3 4 log3 x

log3 (x2 + 6) 2
p
x2 + 6
p
x x2 + 6

log3

4
x
4

x (x + 6)

16

x + 6x 16

(x + 8)(x 2)

4
x

x2 = 8 or x2 = 2
But x2 = 8 has only imaginary solutions.

x2 = 2 x = 2, but when x = 2, log3 x is undefined.

x= 2
(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

18 / 23

7. log4 (xlog4 x ) = 4

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

19 / 23

7. log4 (xlog4 x ) = 4

(log4 x)(log4 x) = 4

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

19 / 23

7. log4 (xlog4 x ) = 4

(log4 x)(log4 x) = 4
(log4 x)2 = 4

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

19 / 23

7. log4 (xlog4 x ) = 4

(log4 x)(log4 x) = 4
(log4 x)2 = 4
log4 x = 2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

19 / 23

7. log4 (xlog4 x ) = 4

(log4 x)(log4 x) = 4
(log4 x)2 = 4
log4 x = 2
x = 42 or x = 42

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

19 / 23

7. log4 (xlog4 x ) = 4

(log4 x)(log4 x) = 4
(log4 x)2 = 4
log4 x = 2
x = 42 or x = 42
1
x = 16 or x =
16

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

19 / 23

8. (log3 x)2 log3 x2 = log2 8

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

20 / 23

8. (log3 x)2 log3 x2 = log2 8

(log3 x)2 2 log3 x

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

20 / 23

8. (log3 x)2 log3 x2 = log2 8

(log3 x)2 2 log3 x = 3

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

20 / 23

8. (log3 x)2 log3 x2 = log2 8

(log3 x)2 2 log3 x = 3

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

(Let y = log3 x)

Lec. 20

20 / 23

8. (log3 x)2 log3 x2 = log2 8

(log3 x)2 2 log3 x = 3

(Let y = log3 x)

y 2y 3 = 0

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

20 / 23

8. (log3 x)2 log3 x2 = log2 8

(log3 x)2 2 log3 x = 3

(Let y = log3 x)

y 2y 3 = 0
(y 3)(y + 1) = 0

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

20 / 23

8. (log3 x)2 log3 x2 = log2 8

(log3 x)2 2 log3 x = 3

(Let y = log3 x)

y 2y 3 = 0
(y 3)(y + 1) = 0
y = 3 or y = 1

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

20 / 23

8. (log3 x)2 log3 x2 = log2 8

(log3 x)2 2 log3 x = 3

(Let y = log3 x)

y 2y 3 = 0
(y 3)(y + 1) = 0
y = 3 or y = 1
log3 x = 3 or log3 x = 1

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

20 / 23

8. (log3 x)2 log3 x2 = log2 8

(log3 x)2 2 log3 x = 3

(Let y = log3 x)

y 2y 3 = 0
(y 3)(y + 1) = 0
y = 3 or y = 1
log3 x = 3 or log3 x = 1
x = 33 or

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

20 / 23

8. (log3 x)2 log3 x2 = log2 8

(log3 x)2 2 log3 x = 3

(Let y = log3 x)

y 2y 3 = 0
(y 3)(y + 1) = 0
y = 3 or y = 1
log3 x = 3 or log3 x = 1
x = 33 or x = 31

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

20 / 23

8. (log3 x)2 log3 x2 = log2 8

(log3 x)2 2 log3 x = 3

(Let y = log3 x)

y 2y 3 = 0
(y 3)(y + 1) = 0
y = 3 or y = 1
log3 x = 3 or log3 x = 1
x = 33 or x = 31
1
x = 27 or x =
3

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

20 / 23

9. 32x1 = 4x+2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

21 / 23

9. 32x1 = 4x+2

log 32x1 = log 4x+2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

21 / 23

9. 32x1 = 4x+2

log 32x1 = log 4x+2

(2x 1) log 3 =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

21 / 23

9. 32x1 = 4x+2

log 32x1 = log 4x+2

(2x 1) log 3 = (x + 2) log 4

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

21 / 23

9. 32x1 = 4x+2

log 32x1 = log 4x+2

(2x 1) log 3 = (x + 2) log 4
2x log 3 log 3 = x log 4 + 2 log 4

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

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9. 32x1 = 4x+2

log 32x1 = log 4x+2

(2x 1) log 3 = (x + 2) log 4
2x log 3 log 3 = x log 4 + 2 log 4
2x log 3

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

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9. 32x1 = 4x+2

log 32x1 = log 4x+2

(2x 1) log 3 = (x + 2) log 4
2x log 3 log 3 = x log 4 + 2 log 4
2x log 3 x log 4 =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

21 / 23

9. 32x1 = 4x+2

log 32x1 = log 4x+2

(2x 1) log 3 = (x + 2) log 4
2x log 3 log 3 = x log 4 + 2 log 4
2x log 3 x log 4 = 2 log 4

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

21 / 23

9. 32x1 = 4x+2

log 32x1 = log 4x+2

(2x 1) log 3 = (x + 2) log 4
2x log 3 log 3 = x log 4 + 2 log 4
2x log 3 x log 4 = 2 log 4 + log 3

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

21 / 23

9. 32x1 = 4x+2

log 32x1 = log 4x+2

(2x 1) log 3 = (x + 2) log 4
2x log 3 log 3 = x log 4 + 2 log 4
2x log 3 x log 4 = 2 log 4 + log 3
x(2 log 3 log 4) = 2 log 4 + log 3

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

21 / 23

9. 32x1 = 4x+2

log 32x1 = log 4x+2

(2x 1) log 3 = (x + 2) log 4
2x log 3 log 3 = x log 4 + 2 log 4
2x log 3 x log 4 = 2 log 4 + log 3
x(2 log 3 log 4) = 2 log 4 + log 3
2 log 4 + log 3
x =
2 log 3 log 4

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

21 / 23

9. 32x1 = 4x+2

log 32x1 = log 4x+2

(2x 1) log 3 = (x + 2) log 4
2x log 3 log 3 = x log 4 + 2 log 4
2x log 3 x log 4 = 2 log 4 + log 3
x(2 log 3 log 4) = 2 log 4 + log 3
2 log 4 + log 3
x =
2 log 3 log 4
log(42 3)
x =
2
log 34

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

21 / 23

9. 32x1 = 4x+2

log 32x1 = log 4x+2

(2x 1) log 3 = (x + 2) log 4
2x log 3 log 3 = x log 4 + 2 log 4
2x log 3 x log 4 = 2 log 4 + log 3
x(2 log 3 log 4) = 2 log 4 + log 3
2 log 4 + log 3
x =
2 log 3 log 4
log(42 3)
x =
2
log 34
log 48
x =
log 94

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

21 / 23

9. 32x1 = 4x+2

log 32x1 = log 4x+2

(2x 1) log 3 = (x + 2) log 4
2x log 3 log 3 = x log 4 + 2 log 4
2x log 3 x log 4 = 2 log 4 + log 3
x(2 log 3 log 4) = 2 log 4 + log 3
2 log 4 + log 3
x =
2 log 3 log 4
log(42 3)
x =
2
log 34
log 48
x =
log 94
x = log 9 48
4
(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

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10. e2x ex = 6

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

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10. e2x ex = 6

e2x ex 6 = 0

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

22 / 23

10. e2x ex = 6

e2x ex 6 = 0

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

(Let y = ex )

Lec. 20

22 / 23

10. e2x ex = 6

e2x ex 6 = 0

(Let y = ex )

y2 y 6 = 0

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

22 / 23

10. e2x ex = 6

e2x ex 6 = 0

(Let y = ex )

y2 y 6 = 0
(y 3)(y + 2) = 0

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

22 / 23

10. e2x ex = 6

e2x ex 6 = 0

(Let y = ex )

y2 y 6 = 0
(y 3)(y + 2) = 0
y = 3 or y = 2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

22 / 23

10. e2x ex = 6

e2x ex 6 = 0

(Let y = ex )

y2 y 6 = 0
(y 3)(y + 2) = 0
y = 3 or y = 2
ex = 3 or ex = 2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

22 / 23

10. e2x ex = 6

e2x ex 6 = 0

(Let y = ex )

y2 y 6 = 0
(y 3)(y + 2) = 0
y = 3 or y = 2
ex = 3 or ex = 2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

22 / 23

10. e2x ex = 6

e2x ex 6 = 0

(Let y = ex )

y2 y 6 = 0
(y 3)(y + 2) = 0
y = 3 or y = 2
ex = 3 or ex = 2

ex = 3 x =

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

22 / 23

10. e2x ex = 6

e2x ex 6 = 0

(Let y = ex )

y2 y 6 = 0
(y 3)(y + 2) = 0
y = 3 or y = 2
ex = 3 or ex = 2

ex = 3 x = loge 3

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

22 / 23

10. e2x ex = 6

e2x ex 6 = 0

(Let y = ex )

y2 y 6 = 0
(y 3)(y + 2) = 0
y = 3 or y = 2
ex = 3 or ex = 2

ex = 3 x = loge 3 = ln 3

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

22 / 23

10. e2x ex = 6

e2x ex 6 = 0

(Let y = ex )

y2 y 6 = 0
(y 3)(y + 2) = 0
y = 3 or y = 2
ex = 3 or ex = 2

ex = 3 x = loge 3 = ln 3
ex = 2

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

22 / 23

10. e2x ex = 6

e2x ex 6 = 0

(Let y = ex )

y2 y 6 = 0
(y 3)(y + 2) = 0
y = 3 or y = 2
ex = 3 or ex = 2

ex = 3 x = loge 3 = ln 3
ex = 2 has no solution

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

22 / 23

10. e2x ex = 6

e2x ex 6 = 0

(Let y = ex )

y2 y 6 = 0
(y 3)(y + 2) = 0
y = 3 or y = 2
ex = 3 or ex = 2

ex = 3 x = loge 3 = ln 3
ex = 2 has no solution
x = ln 3
(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

22 / 23

Exercises:

1 ln
x = ln x
2

log3 x + log9 x + log27 x = 5.5

3x + 3x = 32x

32x 108 2x1 = 0

(iMath-UPD)

Logarithms

Lec. 20

23 / 23