Functions: Domain, Range, Operations

Mathematics 17
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines-Diliman

Lecture 14

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Relations

Recall: X Y = {(x, y) | x X and y Y }

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Functions

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Relations

Recall: X Y = {(x, y) | x X and y Y }

Definition
A relation is a non-empty set of ordered pairs.
A relation from X to Y is a non-empty subset of X Y .

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Relations

Recall: X Y = {(x, y) | x X and y Y }

Definition
A relation is a non-empty set of ordered pairs.
A relation from X to Y is a non-empty subset of X Y .
Example.
Let X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 },
Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }, R = {(x2 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), (x3 , y3 )}.

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Relations

Recall: X Y = {(x, y) | x X and y Y }

Definition
A relation is a non-empty set of ordered pairs.
A relation from X to Y is a non-empty subset of X Y .
Example.
Let X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 },
Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }, R = {(x2 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), (x3 , y3 )}.
Since R X Y , and R 6= ,

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Relations

Recall: X Y = {(x, y) | x X and y Y }

Definition
A relation is a non-empty set of ordered pairs.
A relation from X to Y is a non-empty subset of X Y .
Example.
Let X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 },
Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }, R = {(x2 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), (x3 , y3 )}.
Since R X Y , and R 6= , R is a relation from X to Y .

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A relation from X to Y can be viewed as an association of elements of X

to those of Y .
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

R = {(x2 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), (x3 , y3 )}

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Functions

Definition
A function from X to Y , denoted f : X Y , is a relation from X to Y
such that for every x X, there is a unique y Y such that (x, y) f .
Alternatively, it is an association of elements such that each x X is
paired with exactly one y Y .

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X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }

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X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

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X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

f = {(x1 , y1 ),

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X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

f = {(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ),

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X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

f = {(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), (x3 , y2 ),

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

f = {(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), (x3 , y2 ), (x4 , y1 )}

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A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , B =

g = {(x, y) A B | y = 2x}

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Functions

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A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , B =

g = {(x, y) A B | y = 2x}
g=

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Functions

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A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , B =

g = {(x, y) A B | y = 2x}
g = {(1, 2),

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A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , B =

g = {(x, y) A B | y = 2x}
g = {(1, 2), (2, 4),

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A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , B =

g = {(x, y) A B | y = 2x}
g = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10)}

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All functions are relations but not every relation is a function.

X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

R is not a function
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Functions

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Determine whether or not the following represent functions.

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Determine whether or not the following represent functions.

1. f = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 3)}

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

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Determine whether or not the following represent functions.

1. f = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 3)} Yes.

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Determine whether or not the following represent functions.

1. f = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 3)} Yes.
2. g = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4)}

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Determine whether or not the following represent functions.

1. f = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 3)} Yes.
2. g = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4)} No.

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Determine whether or not the following represent functions.

1. f = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 3)} Yes.
2. g = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4)} No.


3. h = (x, y) | x2 + y 2 = 1

R R

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

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Determine whether or not the following represent functions.

1. f = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 3)} Yes.
2. g = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4)} No.


3. h = (x, y) | x2 + y 2 = 1 No, because (0, 1) h and
(0, 1) h.

R R

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Determine whether or not the following represent functions.

1. f = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 3)} Yes.
2. g = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4)} No.


3. h = (x, y) | x2 + y 2 = 1 No, because (0, 1) h and
(0, 1) h.


4. p = (x, y) | y x2 = 2

R R

R R

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Determine whether or not the following represent functions.

1. f = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 3)} Yes.
2. g = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4)} No.


3. h = (x, y) | x2 + y 2 = 1 No, because (0, 1) h and
(0, 1) h.


4. p = (x, y) | y x2 = 2 Yes, because for each x in , there
corresponds only one y,

R R

R R

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

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Determine whether or not the following represent functions.

1. f = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 3)} Yes.
2. g = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4)} No.


3. h = (x, y) | x2 + y 2 = 1 No, because (0, 1) h and
(0, 1) h.


4. p = (x, y) | y x2 = 2 Yes, because for each x in , there
corresponds only one y, y = x2 + 2,

R R

R R

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

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Determine whether or not the following represent functions.

1. f = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 3)} Yes.
2. g = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4)} No.


3. h = (x, y) | x2 + y 2 = 1 No, because (0, 1) h and
(0, 1) h.


4. p = (x, y) | y x2 = 2 Yes, because for each x in , there
corresponds only one y, y = x2 + 2, such that (x, y) p.

R R

R R

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We can also think of a function as a machine which processes an input

and gives exactly one output for each input.

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Functions

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We can also think of a function as a machine which processes an input

and gives exactly one output for each input.

In a way, the value of y depends on x.

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We can also think of a function as a machine which processes an input

and gives exactly one output for each input.

In a way, the value of y depends on x. Thus, x is called the independent

variable and y is called the dependent variable.

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We can also think of a function as a machine which processes an input

and gives exactly one output for each input.

In a way, the value of y depends on x. Thus, x is called the independent

variable and y is called the dependent variable.
Whenever (x, y) f , we write

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

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We can also think of a function as a machine which processes an input

and gives exactly one output for each input.

In a way, the value of y depends on x. Thus, x is called the independent

variable and y is called the dependent variable.
Whenever (x, y) f , we write y = f (x).

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X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }

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X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

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X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

f (x1 ) =

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Functions

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X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

f (x1 ) = y1 ,

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X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

f (x1 ) = y1 , f (x2 ) =

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Functions

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X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

f (x1 ) = y1 , f (x2 ) = y2 ,

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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X = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, Y = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

f (x1 ) = y1 , f (x2 ) = y2 , f (x3 ) = y2 , f (x4 ) = y1

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Let f be a function from X to Y .

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Let f be a function from X to Y .

1

If y = f (x), y is the image of x under f and x is a pre-image of y

under f.

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Functions

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Let f be a function from X to Y .

1

If y = f (x), y is the image of x under f and x is a pre-image of y

under f.

X: domain of f , denoted dom f .

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Functions

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Let f be a function from X to Y .

1

If y = f (x), y is the image of x under f and x is a pre-image of y

under f.

X: domain of f , denoted dom f .

Y : codomain of f , denoted codom f .

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Functions

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Let f be a function from X to Y .

1

If y = f (x), y is the image of x under f and x is a pre-image of y

under f.

X: domain of f , denoted dom f .

Y : codomain of f , denoted codom f .

range of f , denoted ran f : set of all y Y to which some x X is

associated.

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Functions

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Let f be a function from X to Y .

1

If y = f (x), y is the image of x under f and x is a pre-image of y

under f.

X: domain of f , denoted dom f .

Y : codomain of f , denoted codom f .

range of f , denoted ran f : set of all y Y to which some x X is

associated. That is,
ran f = {y Y | y = f (x) for some x X}.

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Let f be a function from X to Y .

1

If y = f (x), y is the image of x under f and x is a pre-image of y

under f.

X: domain of f , denoted dom f .

Y : codomain of f , denoted codom f .

range of f , denoted ran f : set of all y Y to which some x X is

associated. That is,
ran f = {y Y | y = f (x) for some x X}.

If a
/ dom f , we say that f is not defined or does not exist at a.

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f : X Y
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

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f : X Y
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

dom f =

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Functions

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f : X Y
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

dom f = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 },

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f : X Y
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

dom f = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, codom f =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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f : X Y
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

dom f = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, codom f = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 },

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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f : X Y
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

dom f = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, codom f = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }, ran f =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

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f : X Y
X

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

dom f = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }, codom f = {y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 }, ran f = {y1 , y2 }

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , B =

g : A B, such that for each x A, g(x) = 2x

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A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , B =

g : A B, such that for each x A, g(x) = 2x

g(1)

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A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , B =

g : A B, such that for each x A, g(x) = 2x

g(1) = 2,

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A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , B =

g : A B, such that for each x A, g(x) = 2x

g(1) = 2, g(2) = 4,

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A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , B =

g : A B, such that for each x A, g(x) = 2x

g(1) = 2, g(2) = 4, g(3) = 6, g(4) = 8, g(5) = 10

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A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , B =

g : A B, such that for each x A, g(x) = 2x

g(1) = 2, g(2) = 4, g(3) = 6, g(4) = 8, g(5) = 10

dom g = A, codom g = B,

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A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , B =

g : A B, such that for each x A, g(x) = 2x

g(1) = 2, g(2) = 4, g(3) = 6, g(4) = 8, g(5) = 10

dom g = A, codom g = B, ran g = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

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Finding the (Natural) Domain of a Function

We consider real-valued functions, meaning functions whose

codomain is .

If the domain of a function f is not specified, we take it to be the set

of real numbers x such that f (x) .

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Finding the (Natural) Domain of a Function

We consider real-valued functions, meaning functions whose

codomain is .

If the domain of a function f is not specified, we take it to be the set

of real numbers x such that f (x) .

1
2

Denominators should not be zero

Radicands of radicals with even index must be nonnegative

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Functions

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Consider f = {(x, y)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R R | y = 2x + 1}.

Functions

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Consider f = {(x, y)

R R | y = 2x + 1}.

This will be written simply as f (x) = 2x + 1.

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Consider f = {(x, y)

R R | y = 2x + 1}.

This will be written simply as f (x) = 2x + 1.

For any x

R,

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Functions

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Consider f = {(x, y)

R R | y = 2x + 1}.

This will be written simply as f (x) = 2x + 1.

For any x

R, 2x + 1 is also a real number.

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Functions

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Consider f = {(x, y)

R R | y = 2x + 1}.

This will be written simply as f (x) = 2x + 1.

For any x

R, 2x + 1 is also a real number. Therefore,

dom f = R

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

2x
.
x2 5x

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

2x
.
x2 5x

Solution:

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

2x
.
x2 5x

Solution:
x2 5x 6= 0

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

2x
.
x2 5x

Solution:
x2 5x =
6
0
x(x 5) =
6
0

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

2x
.
x2 5x

Solution:
x2 5x 6= 0
x(x 5) 6= 0
x 6= 0, 5

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

2x
.
x2 5x

Solution:
x2 5x 6= 0
x(x 5) 6= 0
x 6= 0, 5
Therefore, dom f =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

R \ {0, 5}.

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

2x
.
x2 5x

Solution:
x2 5x 6= 0
x(x 5) 6= 0
x 6= 0, 5
Therefore, dom f =

R \ {0, 5}.

We say that f is not defined at 0 and at 5.

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

x2 4x + 3.

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0
(x 1)(x 3) 0

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0
(x 1)(x 3) 0
critical points : 1, 3

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0
(x 1)(x 3) 0
critical points : 1, 3

Table of Signs:

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0
(x 1)(x 3) 0
critical points : 1, 3

Table of Signs:
(, 1) (1, 3) (3, +)
x1
x3
(x 1)(x 3)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0
(x 1)(x 3) 0
critical points : 1, 3

Table of Signs:
x1
x3
(x 1)(x 3)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

(, 1) (1, 3) (3, +)

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0
(x 1)(x 3) 0
critical points : 1, 3

Table of Signs:
x1
x3
(x 1)(x 3)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

(, 1) (1, 3) (3, +)

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0
(x 1)(x 3) 0
critical points : 1, 3

Table of Signs:
x1
x3
(x 1)(x 3)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

(, 1) (1, 3) (3, +)

+
+

Functions

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Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0
(x 1)(x 3) 0
critical points : 1, 3

Table of Signs:
x1
x3
(x 1)(x 3)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

(, 1) (1, 3) (3, +)

+
+

Functions

Lec. 14

17 / 26

Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0
(x 1)(x 3) 0
critical points : 1, 3

Table of Signs:
x1
x3
(x 1)(x 3)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

(, 1) (1, 3) (3, +)

+
+

Functions

Lec. 14

17 / 26

Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0
(x 1)(x 3) 0
critical points : 1, 3

Table of Signs:
x1
x3
(x 1)(x 3)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

(, 1) (1, 3) (3, +)

+
+

Functions

Lec. 14

17 / 26

Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0
(x 1)(x 3) 0
critical points : 1, 3

Table of Signs:
(, 1) (1, 3) (3, +)
x1

+
+
x3

+
(x 1)(x 3)
+

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

17 / 26

Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0
(x 1)(x 3) 0
critical points : 1, 3

Table of Signs:
(, 1) (1, 3) (3, +)
x1

+
+
x3

+
(x 1)(x 3)
+

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

17 / 26

Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0
(x 1)(x 3) 0
critical points : 1, 3

Table of Signs:
(, 1) (1, 3) (3, +)
x1

+
+
x3

+
(x 1)(x 3)
+

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

17 / 26

Example: Find the domain of f (x) =

Solution:

x2 4x + 3.

x2 4x + 3 0
(x 1)(x 3) 0
critical points : 1, 3

Table of Signs:
(, 1) (1, 3) (3, +)
x1

+
+
x3

+
(x 1)(x 3)
+

+
dom f = (, 1] [3, +)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

17 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3 + 2

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3 + 2 = c2 c

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3 + 2 = c2 c

f (x + h) f (x)
h

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3 + 2 = c2 c

f (x + h) f (x)
[(x + h)2 3(x + h) + 2]
=
h

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3 + 2 = c2 c

f (x + h) f (x)
[(x + h)2 3(x + h) + 2] (x2 3x + 2)
=
h

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3 + 2 = c2 c

f (x + h) f (x)
[(x + h)2 3(x + h) + 2] (x2 3x + 2)
=
h
h

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3 + 2 = c2 c

f (x + h) f (x)
[(x + h)2 3(x + h) + 2] (x2 3x + 2)
=
h
h
x2 + 2xh + h2
=

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3 + 2 = c2 c

f (x + h) f (x)
[(x + h)2 3(x + h) + 2] (x2 3x + 2)
=
h
h
x2 + 2xh + h2 3x 3h
=

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3 + 2 = c2 c

f (x + h) f (x)
[(x + h)2 3(x + h) + 2] (x2 3x + 2)
=
h
h
x2 + 2xh + h2 3x 3h + 2
=

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3 + 2 = c2 c

f (x + h) f (x)
[(x + h)2 3(x + h) + 2] (x2 3x + 2)
=
h
h
x2 + 2xh + h2 3x 3h + 2 x2 + 3x 2
=

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3 + 2 = c2 c

f (x + h) f (x)
[(x + h)2 3(x + h) + 2] (x2 3x + 2)
=
h
h
x2 + 2xh + h2 3x 3h + 2 x2 + 3x 2
=
h

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3 + 2 = c2 c

f (x + h) f (x)
[(x + h)2 3(x + h) + 2] (x2 3x + 2)
=
h
h
x2 + 2xh + h2 3x 3h + 2 x2 + 3x 2
=
h
2xh 3h + h2
=
h

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3 + 2 = c2 c

f (x + h) f (x)
[(x + h)2 3(x + h) + 2] (x2 3x + 2)
=
h
h
x2 + 2xh + h2 3x 3h + 2 x2 + 3x 2
=
h
2xh 3h + h2
=
h
h(2x 3 + h)
=
h

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Let f (x) = x2 3x + 2.
1

f (2) = (2)2 3(2) + 2 = 0

f (3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 20

f (c) + f (1) = (c2 3c + 2) + (12 3(1) + 2) = c2 3c + 2

f (c + 1) = (c + 1)2 3(c + 1) + 2 = c2 + 2c + 1 3c 3 + 2 = c2 c

f (x + h) f (x)
[(x + h)2 3(x + h) + 2] (x2 3x + 2)
=
h
h
x2 + 2xh + h2 3x 3h + 2 x2 + 3x 2
=
h
2xh 3h + h2
=
h
h(2x 3 + h)
=
h
= 2x 3 + h
Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

18 / 26

Operations on Functions

Let f and g be functions.

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

19 / 26

Operations on Functions

Let f and g be functions.

Sum: (f + g)(x) := f (x) + g(x)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

19 / 26

Operations on Functions

Let f and g be functions.

Sum: (f + g)(x) := f (x) + g(x)
Difference: (f g)(x) := f (x) g(x)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

19 / 26

Operations on Functions

Let f and g be functions.

Sum: (f + g)(x) := f (x) + g(x)
Difference: (f g)(x) := f (x) g(x)
Product: (f g)(x) := f (x)g(x)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

19 / 26

Operations on Functions

Let f and g be functions.

Sum: (f + g)(x) := f (x) + g(x)
Difference: (f g)(x) := f (x) g(x)
Product: (f g)(x) := f (x)g(x)
f 
f (x)
(x) :=
Quotient:
, g(x) 6= 0
g
g(x)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

19 / 26

Operations on Functions

Let f and g be functions.

Sum: (f + g)(x) := f (x) + g(x)
Difference: (f g)(x) := f (x) g(x)
Product: (f g)(x) := f (x)g(x)
f 
f (x)
(x) :=
Quotient:
, g(x) 6= 0
g
g(x)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

19 / 26

Operations on Functions

Let f and g be functions.

Sum: (f + g)(x) := f (x) + g(x)
Difference: (f g)(x) := f (x) g(x)
Product: (f g)(x) := f (x)g(x)
f 
f (x)
(x) :=
Quotient:
, g(x) 6= 0
g
g(x)
Note that dom(f + g) =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

19 / 26

Operations on Functions

Let f and g be functions.

Sum: (f + g)(x) := f (x) + g(x)
Difference: (f g)(x) := f (x) g(x)
Product: (f g)(x) := f (x)g(x)
f 
f (x)
(x) :=
Quotient:
, g(x) 6= 0
g
g(x)
Note that dom(f + g) = dom f

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

19 / 26

Operations on Functions

Let f and g be functions.

Sum: (f + g)(x) := f (x) + g(x)
Difference: (f g)(x) := f (x) g(x)
Product: (f g)(x) := f (x)g(x)
f 
f (x)
(x) :=
Quotient:
, g(x) 6= 0
g
g(x)
Note that dom(f + g) = dom f dom g

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

19 / 26

Operations on Functions

Let f and g be functions.

Sum: (f + g)(x) := f (x) + g(x)
Difference: (f g)(x) := f (x) g(x)
Product: (f g)(x) := f (x)g(x)
f 
f (x)
(x) :=
Quotient:
, g(x) 6= 0
g
g(x)
Note that dom(f + g) = dom f dom g = dom(f g)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

19 / 26

Operations on Functions

Let f and g be functions.

Sum: (f + g)(x) := f (x) + g(x)
Difference: (f g)(x) := f (x) g(x)
Product: (f g)(x) := f (x)g(x)
f 
f (x)
(x) :=
Quotient:
, g(x) 6= 0
g
g(x)
Note that dom(f + g) = dom f dom g = dom(f g) = dom(f g)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

19 / 26

Operations on Functions

Let f and g be functions.

Sum: (f + g)(x) := f (x) + g(x)
Difference: (f g)(x) := f (x) g(x)
Product: (f g)(x) := f (x)g(x)
f 
f (x)
(x) :=
Quotient:
, g(x) 6= 0
g
g(x)
Note that dom(f + g) = dom f dom g = dom(f g) = dom(f g)
dom

f 
g

= (dom f dom g) \ {x | g(x)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

19 / 26

Operations on Functions

Let f and g be functions.

Sum: (f + g)(x) := f (x) + g(x)
Difference: (f g)(x) := f (x) g(x)
Product: (f g)(x) := f (x)g(x)
f 
f (x)
(x) :=
Quotient:
, g(x) 6= 0
g
g(x)
Note that dom(f + g) = dom f dom g = dom(f g) = dom(f g)
dom

f 
g

= (dom f dom g) \ {x | g(x) = 0}

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

19 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

2 x, g(x) = x + 1.

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

(f + g)(x)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

(f + g)(x) =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

2x+x+1

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

(f + g)(x) =

(f g)(x)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

2x+x+1

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

1
2

(f + g)(x) =
(f g)(x) =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

2x+x+1
2xx1

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

(f + g)(x) =

(f g)(x) =

(f g)(x)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

2x+x+1
2xx1

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

1
2
3

(f + g)(x) =

2x+x+1

(f g)(x) = 2 x x 1

(f g)(x) = 2 x(x + 1)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

1
2
3

(f + g)(x) =

2x+x+1

(f g)(x) = 2 x x 1

(f g)(x) = 2 x(x + 1)
dom(f + g) = dom(f g) = dom(f g)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

1
2
3

(f + g)(x) =

2x+x+1

(f g)(x) = 2 x x 1

(f g)(x) = 2 x(x + 1)
dom(f + g) = dom(f g) = dom(f g) = dom f dom g

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

1
2
3

(f + g)(x) =

2x+x+1

(f g)(x) = 2 x x 1

(f g)(x) = 2 x(x + 1)
dom(f + g) = dom(f g) = dom(f g) = dom f dom g =
(, 2]

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

1
2
3

(f + g)(x) =

2x+x+1

(f g)(x) = 2 x x 1

(f g)(x) = 2 x(x + 1)
dom(f + g) = dom(f g) = dom(f g) = dom f dom g =
(, 2] = (, 2]

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

1
2
3

(f + g)(x) =

2x+x+1

(f g)(x) = 2 x x 1

(f g)(x) = 2 x(x + 1)
dom(f + g) = dom(f g) = dom(f g) = dom f dom g =
(, 2] = (, 2]
f 
(x)
g

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

1
2
3

(f + g)(x) =

2x+x+1

(f g)(x) = 2 x x 1

(f g)(x) = 2 x(x + 1)
dom(f + g) = dom(f g) = dom(f g) = dom f dom g =
(, 2] = (, 2]

f 
2x
(x) =
x+1
g

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

1
2
3

(f + g)(x) =

2x+x+1

(f g)(x) = 2 x x 1

(f g)(x) = 2 x(x + 1)
dom(f + g) = dom(f g) = dom(f g) = dom f dom g =
(, 2] = (, 2]

f 
2x
(x) =
x+1
g
f 
dom
g

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

1
2
3

(f + g)(x) =

2x+x+1

(f g)(x) = 2 x x 1

(f g)(x) = 2 x(x + 1)
dom(f + g) = dom(f g) = dom(f g) = dom f dom g =
(, 2] = (, 2]

f 
2x
(x) =
x+1
g
f 
dom
= (dom f dom g) \ {x | g(x) = 0}
g

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

1
2
3

(f + g)(x) =

2x+x+1

(f g)(x) = 2 x x 1

(f g)(x) = 2 x(x + 1)
dom(f + g) = dom(f g) = dom(f g) = dom f dom g =
(, 2] = (, 2]

f 
2x
(x) =
x+1
g
f 
dom
= (dom f dom g) \ {x | g(x) = 0}
g
= (, 2]

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

1
2
3

(f + g)(x) =

2x+x+1

(f g)(x) = 2 x x 1

(f g)(x) = 2 x(x + 1)
dom(f + g) = dom(f g) = dom(f g) = dom f dom g =
(, 2] = (, 2]

f 
2x
(x) =
x+1
g
f 
dom
= (dom f dom g) \ {x | g(x) = 0}
g
= (, 2] \ {x | x + 1 = 0}

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Consider: f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1. Note that

dom f = (, 2] and dom g =

1
2
3

(f + g)(x) =

2x+x+1

(f g)(x) = 2 x x 1

(f g)(x) = 2 x(x + 1)
dom(f + g) = dom(f g) = dom(f g) = dom f dom g =
(, 2] = (, 2]

f 
2x
(x) =
x+1
g
f 
dom
= (dom f dom g) \ {x | g(x) = 0}
g
= (, 2] \ {x | x + 1 = 0}

= (, 2] \ {1}
Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

20 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1

(f g)(1)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1

(f g)(1) = f (g(1))

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

22

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

22=0

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) =

(f g)(x)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

22=0

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) =

(f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

22=0

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) =

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x + 1)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

22=0

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1
2

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) = 2 2 = 0

p

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x + 1) = 2 (x + 1) = 1 x

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

2

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) = 2 2 = 0

p

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x + 1) = 2 (x + 1) = 1 x

(f g)(1)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1
2
3

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) = 2 2 = 0

p

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x + 1) = 2 (x + 1) = 1 x

(f g)(1) = 1 1

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1
2
3

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) = 2 2 = 0

p

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x + 1) = 2 (x + 1) = 1 x

(f g)(1) = 1 1 = 0

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) = 2 2 = 0

p

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x + 1) = 2 (x + 1) = 1 x

(f g)(1) = 1 1 = 0

(g f )(1)

1
2

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) = 2 2 = 0

p

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x + 1) = 2 (x + 1) = 1 x

(f g)(1) = 1 1 = 0

(g f )(1) = g(f (1))

1
2

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1
2
3
4

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) = 2 2 = 0

p

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x + 1) = 2 (x + 1) = 1 x

(f g)(1) = 1 1 = 0

(g f )(1) = g(f (1)) = g( 2 1)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1
2
3
4

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) = 2 2 = 0

p

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x + 1) = 2 (x + 1) = 1 x

(f g)(1) = 1 1 = 0

(g f )(1) = g(f (1)) = g( 2 1) = g(1)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

Composition of functions

Composition of f and g: (f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Example: f (x) = 2 x, g(x) = x + 1

1
2
3
4

(f g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) = 2 2 = 0

p

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x + 1) = 2 (x + 1) = 1 x

(f g)(1) = 1 1 = 0

(g f )(1) = g(f (1)) = g( 2 1) = g(1) = 2

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

21 / 26

(f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

22 / 26

(f g)(x) = f (g(x))
Note that g is applied to x,

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

22 / 26

(f g)(x) = f (g(x))
Note that g is applied to x, then f is applied to g(x)

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

22 / 26

(f g)(x) = f (g(x))
Note that g is applied to x, then f is applied to g(x)
x dom(f g) precisely when

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

22 / 26

(f g)(x) = f (g(x))
Note that g is applied to x, then f is applied to g(x)
x dom(f g) precisely when x dom g

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

22 / 26

(f g)(x) = f (g(x))
Note that g is applied to x, then f is applied to g(x)
x dom(f g) precisely when x dom g AND

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

22 / 26

(f g)(x) = f (g(x))
Note that g is applied to x, then f is applied to g(x)
x dom(f g) precisely when x dom g AND g(x) dom f

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

22 / 26

(f g)(x) = f (g(x))
Note that g is applied to x, then f is applied to g(x)
x dom(f g) precisely when x dom g AND g(x) dom f
That is,
dom(f g) = {x | x dom g and g(x) dom f }

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

22 / 26

(f g)(x) = f (g(x))
Note that g is applied to x, then f is applied to g(x)
x dom(f g) precisely when x dom g AND g(x) dom f
That is,
dom(f g) = {x | x dom g and g(x) dom f }
= dom g {x | g(x) dom f }

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

22 / 26

Example. f (x) =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

2 x, g(x) = x + 1, dom f = (, 2], dom g =

Functions

Lec. 14

23 / 26

Example. f (x) =

2 x, g(x) = x + 1, dom f = (, 2], dom g =

x dom g

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

23 / 26

Example. f (x) =
x dom g x

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

2 x, g(x) = x + 1, dom f = (, 2], dom g =

Functions

Lec. 14

23 / 26

Example. f (x) =
x dom g x

2 x, g(x) = x + 1, dom f = (, 2], dom g =

g(x) dom f

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

23 / 26

Example. f (x) =
x dom g x

2 x, g(x) = x + 1, dom f = (, 2], dom g =

g(x) dom f x + 1

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

23 / 26

Example. f (x) =
x dom g x

2 x, g(x) = x + 1, dom f = (, 2], dom g =

g(x) dom f x + 1 (, 2]

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

23 / 26

Example. f (x) =
x dom g x

2 x, g(x) = x + 1, dom f = (, 2], dom g =

g(x) dom f x + 1 (, 2] x + 1 2

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

23 / 26

Example. f (x) =
x dom g x

2 x, g(x) = x + 1, dom f = (, 2], dom g =

g(x) dom f x + 1 (, 2] x + 1 2 x 1

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

23 / 26

Example. f (x) =
x dom g x

2 x, g(x) = x + 1, dom f = (, 2], dom g =

g(x) dom f x + 1 (, 2] x + 1 2 x 1
dom(f g) = {x | x

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and x 1}

Functions

Lec. 14

23 / 26

Example. f (x) =
x dom g x

2 x, g(x) = x + 1, dom f = (, 2], dom g =

g(x) dom f x + 1 (, 2] x + 1 2 x 1
dom(f g) = {x | x

R and x 1}

= (, 1]

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

23 / 26

The domain of a sum, difference, product, quotient or composition of

functions is not obtained by simply examining the resulting function.

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

24 / 26

The domain of a sum, difference, product, quotient or composition of

functions is not obtained by simply examining the resulting function.
Example. f (x) =

x+1
2x 1
, g(x) =
x2
x+1

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

24 / 26

The domain of a sum, difference, product, quotient or composition of

functions is not obtained by simply examining the resulting function.
Example. f (x) =

x+1
2x 1
, g(x) =
x2
x+1

dom f =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

24 / 26

The domain of a sum, difference, product, quotient or composition of

functions is not obtained by simply examining the resulting function.
x+1
2x 1
, g(x) =
x2
x+1
\ {2}, dom g =

Example. f (x) =
dom f =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

24 / 26

The domain of a sum, difference, product, quotient or composition of

functions is not obtained by simply examining the resulting function.
x+1
2x 1
, g(x) =
x2
x+1
\ {2}, dom g = \ {1}

Example. f (x) =
dom f =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

24 / 26

The domain of a sum, difference, product, quotient or composition of

functions is not obtained by simply examining the resulting function.
x+1
2x 1
, g(x) =
x2
x+1
\ {2}, dom g = \ {1}

Example. f (x) =
dom f =

(f g)(x) =

x + 1 2x 1

x2 x+1

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

24 / 26

The domain of a sum, difference, product, quotient or composition of

functions is not obtained by simply examining the resulting function.
x+1
2x 1
, g(x) =
x2
x+1
\ {2}, dom g = \ {1}

Example. f (x) =
dom f =

(f g)(x) =

x + 1 2x 1
2x 1

=
x2 x+1
x2

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

24 / 26

The domain of a sum, difference, product, quotient or composition of

functions is not obtained by simply examining the resulting function.
x+1
2x 1
, g(x) =
x2
x+1
\ {2}, dom g = \ {1}

Example. f (x) =
dom f =

x + 1 2x 1
2x 1

=
x2 x+1
x2
It seems that the domain of f g is \ {2}.
(f g)(x) =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

24 / 26

The domain of a sum, difference, product, quotient or composition of

functions is not obtained by simply examining the resulting function.
x+1
2x 1
, g(x) =
x2
x+1
\ {2}, dom g = \ {1}

Example. f (x) =
dom f =

x + 1 2x 1
2x 1

=
x2 x+1
x2
It seems that the domain of f g is \ {2}.
(f g)(x) =

But dom(f g) =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

24 / 26

The domain of a sum, difference, product, quotient or composition of

functions is not obtained by simply examining the resulting function.
x+1
2x 1
, g(x) =
x2
x+1
\ {2}, dom g = \ {1}

Example. f (x) =
dom f =

x + 1 2x 1
2x 1

=
x2 x+1
x2
It seems that the domain of f g is \ {2}.
(f g)(x) =

But dom(f g) = (

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R \ {2}) (R \ {1})

Functions

Lec. 14

24 / 26

The domain of a sum, difference, product, quotient or composition of

functions is not obtained by simply examining the resulting function.
x+1
2x 1
, g(x) =
x2
x+1
\ {2}, dom g = \ {1}

Example. f (x) =
dom f =

x + 1 2x 1
2x 1

=
x2 x+1
x2
It seems that the domain of f g is \ {2}.
(f g)(x) =

But dom(f g) = (

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R \ {2}) (R \ {1}) = R \ {2, 1}.

Functions

Lec. 14

24 / 26

Applications of Functions

- describing a quantity in terms of another

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

25 / 26

Applications of Functions

- describing a quantity in terms of another

Bus fare depends on distance traveled

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

25 / 26

Applications of Functions

- describing a quantity in terms of another

Bus fare depends on distance traveled
Cost of production is a function of the quantity on raw material used

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

25 / 26

Applications of Functions

- describing a quantity in terms of another

Bus fare depends on distance traveled
Cost of production is a function of the quantity on raw material used
Perimeter of a square is a function of the length of its side

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

25 / 26

Applications of Functions

- describing a quantity in terms of another

Bus fare depends on distance traveled
Cost of production is a function of the quantity on raw material used
Perimeter of a square is a function of the length of its side
Interest earned depends on the rate of interest and length of
investment period

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

25 / 26

Exercises:
1

Transform each of the following real-valued functions to a functional

notation f (x); find its domain and range; and compute
(c)
f (1), f (c + 1), f (f (2)), f (c+1)f
f (2)
1
2

3
4
2

f assigns the number 10 to any one-digit integer

f maps a given real number to the real number that is 4 more than its
square root
1
{(x, y) | y =
x}
{(x, y) | y = x}

Let

x+2
,
x3
x+3
g(x) =
,
x+2
p
h(x) = |3x| 1.
f (x) =

Find (f g)(x), ( fg )(x), (f g)(x), (f g)(x), (h f )(x), (g h)(x)

and their respective domains
Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Functions

Lec. 14

26 / 26