The Real Number System and Integer Exponents

Mathematics 17
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines-Diliman

Lecture 2

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Outline

The Real Number System

Axioms on R
Order in R
The Real Number Line
Interval Notation
The Absolute Value

Integer Exponents
Laws of Exponents

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The Real Number System

Recall: R, the set of real numbers

The real number system consists of R and two operations on its elements:
addition and multiplication

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The Real Number System

Recall: R, the set of real numbers

The real number system consists of R and two operations on its elements:
addition and multiplication
Operation
Addition
Multiplication

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Symbol
+

R and Integer Exponents

Result
Sum a + b
Product a b

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Axioms on Equality

Axioms: logical statements that are assumed to be true

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Axioms on Equality

Axioms: logical statements that are assumed to be true

For any real numbers a, b, c,
Reflexive : a = a
Symmetric : If a = b, then b = a.
Transitive : If a = b and b = c, then a = c.
Additive : If a = b, then a + c = b + c.
Multiplicative : If a = b, then ac = bc.

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Axioms for Addition and Multiplication

For any real numbers a, b and c

Axiom
Closure
Associativity
Commutativity

Addition
a+bR
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
a+b=b+a

Multiplication
abR
(a b) c = a (b c)
ab=ba

Distributivity: c (a + b) = c a + c b

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Let a R.
Identity Axiom for Addition :
There exists a real number, zero (0), such that
a+0=0+a=a
0 is the identity element for addition.
Identity Axiom for Multiplication :
There exists a real number, one (1), such that
a1=1a=a
1 is the identity element for multiplication.

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Let a R.
Inverse Axiom for Addition :
There exists a real number, a, such that
a + (a) = (a) + a = 0
a is the additive inverse of a.
Inverse Axiom for Multiplication :
1
If a 6= 0, there exists a real number, , such that
a
1
1
a = a=1
a
a
1
is the multiplicative inverse of a.
a

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Cancellation Laws

For any a, b, c R,
Addition :
If a + c = b + c, then a = b.
If c + a = c + b, then a = b.
Multiplication :
If ac = bc, c 6= 0, then a = b.
If ca = cb, c 6= 0, then a = b.

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For any real numbers a and b,

a0=0
If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0
(a) = a
(a)b = ab
(a)(b) = ab
(a + b) = (a) + (b)
(1)a = a

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Subtraction

Definition
If a, b R, then subtraction is the operation that assigns to a and b a real
number, a b, the difference of a and b, where
a b = a + (b)
.

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Subtraction

Definition
If a, b R, then subtraction is the operation that assigns to a and b a real
number, a b, the difference of a and b, where
a b = a + (b)
.
For any a, b, c R,
aa=0
a (b) = a + b
a(b c) = ab ac

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Division
Definition
If a, b R and b 6= 0, then division is the operation that assigns to a and b
a
a real number, a b = , the quotient of a and b, where
b
a
1
=a .
b
b

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Division
Definition
If a, b R and b 6= 0, then division is the operation that assigns to a and b
a
a real number, a b = , the quotient of a and b, where
b
a
1
=a .
b
b
For any a, b, c, d R, with b, d 6= 0

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Division
Definition
If a, b R and b 6= 0, then division is the operation that assigns to a and b
a
a real number, a b = , the quotient of a and b, where
b
a
1
=a .
b
b
For any a, b, c, d R, with b, d 6= 0
a
= 1 if a 6= 0
a

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Division
Definition
If a, b R and b 6= 0, then division is the operation that assigns to a and b
a
a real number, a b = , the quotient of a and b, where
b
a
1
=a .
b
b
For any a, b, c, d R, with b, d 6= 0
a
= 1 if a 6= 0
a
a
=a
1

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Division
Definition
If a, b R and b 6= 0, then division is the operation that assigns to a and b
a
a real number, a b = , the quotient of a and b, where
b
a
1
=a .
b
b
For any a, b, c, d R, with b, d 6= 0
a
= 1 if a 6= 0
a
a
=a
1
1


1 = a for a 6= 0
a

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Division
Definition
If a, b R and b 6= 0, then division is the operation that assigns to a and b
a
a real number, a b = , the quotient of a and b, where
b
a
1
=a .
b
b
For any a, b, c, d R, with b, d 6= 0
a
= 1 if a 6= 0
a
a
=a
1
1


1 = a for a 6= 0
a

1
a
b

=

b
for a 6= 0
a

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Division
Definition
If a, b R and b 6= 0, then division is the operation that assigns to a and b
a
a real number, a b = , the quotient of a and b, where
b
a
1
=a .
b
b
For any a, b, c, d R, with b, d 6= 0
a
= 1 if a 6= 0
a
a
=a
1
1


1 = a for a 6= 0

c
a
= ad = bc
b
d

1
a
b

=

b
for a 6= 0
a

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Division
Definition
If a, b R and b 6= 0, then division is the operation that assigns to a and b
a
a real number, a b = , the quotient of a and b, where
b
a
1
=a .
b
b
For any a, b, c, d R, with b, d 6= 0
a
= 1 if a 6= 0
a
a
=a
1
1


1 = a for a 6= 0

c
a
= ad = bc
b
d
a
ac
=
if c 6= 0
b
bc

1
a
b

=

b
for a 6= 0
a

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Division
Definition
If a, b R and b 6= 0, then division is the operation that assigns to a and b
a
a real number, a b = , the quotient of a and b, where
b
a
1
=a .
b
b
For any a, b, c, d R, with b, d 6= 0
a
= 1 if a 6= 0
a
a
=a
1
1


1 = a for a 6= 0
a

1
a
b

=

c
a
= ad = bc
b
d
a
ac
=
if c 6= 0
b
bc
a
a
a
=
=
b
b
b

b
for a 6= 0
a

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Division
Definition
If a, b R and b 6= 0, then division is the operation that assigns to a and b
a
a real number, a b = , the quotient of a and b, where
b
a
1
=a .
b
b
For any a, b, c, d R, with b, d 6= 0
a
= 1 if a 6= 0
a
a
=a
1
1


1 = a for a 6= 0
a

1
a
b

=

b
for a 6= 0
a

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c
a
= ad = bc
b
d
a
ac
=
if c 6= 0
b
bc
a
a
a
=
=
b
b
b
a
a
=
b
b

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Other properties of division: For a, b, c, d R, b, d 6= 0

Sum :

ad + bc
a c
+ =
b d
bd

a
b
a
Product :
b

Difference :

Quotient :

c
ad bc
=
d
bd
c
ac
=
d
bd

a c
a d
ad
= =
provided c 6= 0
b d
b c
bc

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Order Axioms of R
For any real number a,
a is positive if and only if a > 0.
a is negative if and only if a < 0.

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Order Axioms of R
For any real number a,
a is positive if and only if a > 0.
a is negative if and only if a < 0.
For any real numbers a, b, c
Trichotomy One and only one of the following relations holds:
a = b, a > b or a < b
Transitive If a > b and b > c then a > c.
Addition If a > b, then a + c > b + c.
Multiplication If a > b and c > 0, then ac > bc.

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For any a, b, c R
The set of positive real numbers is closed under addition and
multiplication.

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For any a, b, c R
The set of positive real numbers is closed under addition and
multiplication.
If a > b, then a < b.

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For any a, b, c R
The set of positive real numbers is closed under addition and
multiplication.
If a > b, then a < b.
a2 0

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For any a, b, c R
The set of positive real numbers is closed under addition and
multiplication.
If a > b, then a < b.
a2 0
If a > b and c < 0, then ac < bc.

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For any a, b, c R
The set of positive real numbers is closed under addition and
multiplication.
If a > b, then a < b.
a2 0
If a > b and c < 0, then ac < bc.
1
If a > 0, then > 0.
a

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For any a, b, c R
The set of positive real numbers is closed under addition and
multiplication.
If a > b, then a < b.
a2 0
If a > b and c < 0, then ac < bc.
1
If a > 0, then > 0.
a
1
1
If a > b > 0, then < .
a
b

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The Real Number Line

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The Real Number Line

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The Real Number Line

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The Real Number Line

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The Real Number Line

There is a one-to-one correspondence between

the points on the line l and R.

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The Real Number Line

All real numbers can be put in sequence

on a line.

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Interval Notation

Let a, b R such that a < b.

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Interval Notation

Let a, b R such that a < b.

The open interval (a, b) is the set {x R | a < x < b}.

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Interval Notation

Let a, b R such that a < b.

The open interval (a, b) is the set {x R | a < x < b}.
The closed interval [a, b], is the open interval (a, b) together with its
two endpoints.

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Interval Notation

Let a, b R such that a < b.

The open interval (a, b) is the set {x R | a < x < b}.
The closed interval [a, b], is the open interval (a, b) together with its
two endpoints.
a is called the left endpoint

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Interval Notation

Let a, b R such that a < b.

The open interval (a, b) is the set {x R | a < x < b}.
The closed interval [a, b], is the open interval (a, b) together with its
two endpoints.
a is called the left endpoint
b is called the right endpoint

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Interval Notation

Set Notation

[a, b]

{x | a x b}

(a, b)

{x | a < x < b}

[a, b)

{x | a x < b}

(a, b]

{x | a < x b}

[a, +)

{x | x a}

(a, +)

{x | x > a}

(, b]

{x | x b}

(, b)

{x | x < b}

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Number Line Graph

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Example.
1

[4, 1] (2, 3]

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Example.
1

[4, 1] (2, 3]

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Example.
1

[4, 1] (2, 3]

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Example.
1

[4, 1] (2, 3]

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Example.
1

[4, 1] (2, 3]

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Example.
1

[4, 1] (2, 3] = [4, 3]

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Example.
1

[4, 1] (2, 3] = [4, 3]

[4, 1] (2, 3]

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Example.
1

[4, 1] (2, 3] = [4, 3]

[4, 1] (2, 3]

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Example.
1

[4, 1] (2, 3] = [4, 3]

[4, 1] (2, 3] = (2, 1]

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The Absolute Value

If x is any real number, the absolute value of x, written as |x|, is defined

as:

x if x < 0
0 if x = 0
|x| =

x if x > 0

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The Absolute Value

If x is any real number, the absolute value of x, written as |x|, is defined

as:

x if x < 0
0 if x = 0
|x| =

x if x > 0
Example. | 7| = |7| = 7

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Let x, y R. Then
|x| 0
| x| = |x|
|xy| = |x| |y|
 
 x  |x|
 =
 y  |y| , y 6= 0

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Let x, y R. Then
|x| 0
| x| = |x|
|xy| = |x| |y|
 
 x  |x|
 =
 y  |y| , y 6= 0

  
 3 9   6  | 6|
6

= =
Example: 
=



5
5
|5|
5

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Geometric Interpretation of Absolute Value

|x| represents the distance of the point corresponding to x from the point
corresponding to 0.

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Geometric Interpretation of Absolute Value

|x| represents the distance of the point corresponding to x from the point
corresponding to 0.

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Geometric Interpretation of Absolute Value

|x| represents the distance of the point corresponding to x from the point
corresponding to 0.

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Let a > 0
|x| = a if and only if x = a

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Let a > 0
|x| = a if and only if x = a

|x| < a if and only if a < x < a

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Let a > 0
|x| = a if and only if x = a

|x| < a if and only if a < x < a

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Let a > 0
|x| = a if and only if x = a

|x| < a if and only if a < x < a

|x| > a if and only if x < a or x > a

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Let a > 0
|x| = a if and only if x = a

|x| < a if and only if a < x < a

|x| > a if and only if x < a or x > a

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Distance between Real Numbers

The distance between two real numbers x and y is
d = |x y| = |y x|

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Distance between Real Numbers

The distance between two real numbers x and y is
d = |x y| = |y x|

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Distance between Real Numbers

The distance between two real numbers x and y is
d = |x y| = |y x|

Example: The distance between 11 and 5 is

| 11 5| = | 16| = 16

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For x, y R,
|x y| 0
|x y| = 0 if and only if x = y
Triangle Inequality: |x + y| |x| + |y|

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Integer Exponents

Let a R, n Z. The nth power of a is denoted by an .

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Integer Exponents

Let a R, n Z. The nth power of a is denoted by an .

If n > 0, then an = a
| a a{z a}.
n times

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Integer Exponents

Let a R, n Z. The nth power of a is denoted by an .

If n > 0, then an = a
| a a{z a}.
n times
If a 6= 0, then a0 = 1

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Integer Exponents

Let a R, n Z. The nth power of a is denoted by an .

If n > 0, then an = a
| a a{z a}.
n times
If a 6= 0, then a0 = 1 and a1 =

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1
.
a

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Integer Exponents

Let a R, n Z. The nth power of a is denoted by an .

If n > 0, then an = a
| a a{z a}.
n times
If a 6= 0, then a0 = 1 and a1 =
If n > 0 and a 6= 0, then an =

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1
.
a

1
.
an

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Laws of Exponents: Product Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then an am = an+m .

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Laws of Exponents: Product Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then an am = an+m .

Examples:

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Laws of Exponents: Product Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then an am = an+m .

Examples:
42 43 =

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Laws of Exponents: Product Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then an am = an+m .

Examples:
42 43 = 42+3

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Laws of Exponents: Product Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then an am = an+m .

Examples:
42 43 = 42+3
= 45

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Laws of Exponents: Product Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then an am = an+m .

Examples:
42 43 = 42+3
= 45
= 1024

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Laws of Exponents: Product Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then an am = an+m .

Examples:
x2 x5 =

42 43 = 42+3
= 45
= 1024

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Laws of Exponents: Product Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then an am = an+m .

Examples:
x2 x5 = x3

42 43 = 42+3
= 45
= 1024

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Laws of Exponents: Power raised to a Power Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then (an )m = anm .

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Laws of Exponents: Power raised to a Power Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then (an )m = anm .

Examples:

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Laws of Exponents: Power raised to a Power Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then (an )m = anm .

Examples:
(23 )4 =

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Laws of Exponents: Power raised to a Power Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then (an )m = anm .

Examples:
(23 )4 = 234

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Laws of Exponents: Power raised to a Power Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then (an )m = anm .

Examples:
(23 )4 = 234
= 212

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Laws of Exponents: Power raised to a Power Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then (an )m = anm .

Examples:
(23 )4 = 234
= 212
= 4096

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Laws of Exponents: Power raised to a Power Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then (an )m = anm .

Examples:
(x1 )3 =

(23 )4 = 234
= 212
= 4096

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Laws of Exponents: Power raised to a Power Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then (an )m = anm .

Examples:
(x1 )3 = x3

(23 )4 = 234
= 212
= 4096

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Laws of Exponents: Power raised to a Power Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then (an )m = anm .

Examples:
(x1 )3 = x3

(23 )4 = 234
= 212
= 4096

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

(y 2 )3 =

R and Integer Exponents

Lec 2

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Laws of Exponents: Power raised to a Power Law

Let n, m Z, a R, then (an )m = anm .

Examples:
(x1 )3 = x3

(23 )4 = 234
= 212
= 4096

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

(y 2 )3 = y 6

R and Integer Exponents

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Product Law

Let n Z, a, b R. Then (ab)n = an bn .

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Product Law

Let n Z, a, b R. Then (ab)n = an bn .

Examples:

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Product Law

Let n Z, a, b R. Then (ab)n = an bn .

Examples:

(2 3)2 =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Product Law

Let n Z, a, b R. Then (ab)n = an bn .

Examples:

(2 3)2 = (2)2 (3)2

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Product Law

Let n Z, a, b R. Then (ab)n = an bn .

Examples:

(2 3)2 = (2)2 (3)2

= 49

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Product Law

Let n Z, a, b R. Then (ab)n = an bn .

Examples:

(2 3)2 = (2)2 (3)2

= 49
= 36

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

Lec 2

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Product Law

Let n Z, a, b R. Then (ab)n = an bn .

Examples:

(2 3)2 = (2)2 (3)2

= 49
= 36

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

25 55 =

Lec 2

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Product Law

Let n Z, a, b R. Then (ab)n = an bn .

Examples:

(2 3)2 = (2)2 (3)2

= 49
= 36

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

25 55 = (2 5)5

Lec 2

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Product Law

Let n Z, a, b R. Then (ab)n = an bn .

Examples:

(2 3)2 = (2)2 (3)2

= 49
= 36

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

25 55 = (2 5)5
= 105

Lec 2

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Product Law

Let n Z, a, b R. Then (ab)n = an bn .

Examples:

(2 3)2 = (2)2 (3)2

= 49
= 36

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

25 55 = (2 5)5
= 105
= 100000

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Laws of Exponents: Quotient Law

Let n, m Z, a R. If a 6= 0, then

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

an
= anm .
am

R and Integer Exponents

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Laws of Exponents: Quotient Law

Let n, m Z, a R. If a 6= 0, then

an
= anm .
am

Examples:

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

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Laws of Exponents: Quotient Law

Let n, m Z, a R. If a 6= 0, then

an
= anm .
am

Examples:
x10
= x106 = x4
x6

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Laws of Exponents: Quotient Law

Let n, m Z, a R. If a 6= 0, then

an
= anm .
am

Examples:
x10
= x106 = x4
x6
y2
= y 2(7) = y 9
y 7

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Laws of Exponents: Quotient Law

Let n, m Z, a R. If a 6= 0, then

an
= anm .
am

Examples:
x10
= x106 = x4
x6

1110
= 110 = 1
1110

y2
= y 2(7) = y 9
y 7

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Quotient Law

Let n Z, a, b R. If b 6= 0, then

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

 a n
b

an
.
bn

R and Integer Exponents

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Quotient Law

Let n Z, a, b R. If b 6= 0, then

 a n
b

an
.
bn

Examples.

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Quotient Law

Let n Z, a, b R. If b 6= 0, then

 a n
b

an
.
bn

Examples.
 4
x
=
y

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

x4
y4

R and Integer Exponents

Lec 2

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Quotient Law

Let n Z, a, b R. If b 6= 0, then

 a n
b

an
.
bn

Examples.
 4
x
=
y

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

x4
y4

63
183

R and Integer Exponents

Lec 2

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Quotient Law

Let n Z, a, b R. If b 6= 0, then

 a n
b

an
.
bn

Examples.
 4
x
=
y

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

x4
y4

63
183

R and Integer Exponents


=

6
18

3

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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Quotient Law

Let n Z, a, b R. If b 6= 0, then

 a n
b

an
.
bn

Examples.
 4
x
=
y

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

x4
y4

63
183

R and Integer Exponents


6 3
18
 3
1
=
3


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Laws of Exponents: Power of a Quotient Law

Let n Z, a, b R. If b 6= 0, then

 a n
b

an
.
bn

Examples.
 4
x
=
y

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

x4
y4

63
183

R and Integer Exponents


6 3
18
 3
1
=
3
1
=
27


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Laws of Exponents

Let n, m Z, a, b R, then
1

an am = an+m

(an )m = anm

(ab)n = an bn

If a 6= 0, then

an
= anm
am
 a n an
If b 6= 0, then
= n
b
b

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Example.

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Example.
20x8 y 2 z 5
5x2 y 7 z 5

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Example.
20x8 y 2 z 5
5x2 y 7 z 5

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

20 x8 y 2 z 5

5 x2 y 7 z 5

R and Integer Exponents

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Example.
20x8 y 2 z 5
5x2 y 7 z 5

20 x8 y 2 z 5

5 x2 y 7 z 5

= 4 x82 y 27 z 55

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

Lec 2

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Example.
20x8 y 2 z 5
5x2 y 7 z 5

20 x8 y 2 z 5

5 x2 y 7 z 5

= 4 x82 y 27 z 55
= 4 x6 y 5 z 0

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

Lec 2

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Example.
20x8 y 2 z 5
5x2 y 7 z 5

20 x8 y 2 z 5

5 x2 y 7 z 5

= 4 x82 y 27 z 55
= 4 x6 y 5 1

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Example.
20x8 y 2 z 5
5x2 y 7 z 5

20 x8 y 2 z 5

5 x2 y 7 z 5

= 4 x82 y 27 z 55
= 4 x6 y 5 1
4x6
= 5
y

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

R and Integer Exponents

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Exercises:
1




Let the universal set be R, X be the half-open interval 3
2 ,5 ,
Y = {x | 4 |x|}, and Z be the interval (2, +). Find the following
sets and express them in interval notation:
1
2

Y Zc
(X Y )c

3
4

X c (Z X)
X\(Y Z)

Simplify the following expressions:

1

a1 + b1
(a + b)1

Math 17 (UP-IMath)


2

R and Integer Exponents

185 203 x1 y 2 z 4
159 x3 y 2 z 1

3

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