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Introduction:
Mary Kazinczi, the newly appointed general manager of Alfonses Department Store wanted to
be sure that the newspaper advertising was the reason behind the true increase in sales. She
store but with the other departments in Alfonse itself. She also believed that these advertisements
transferred sales from one point in time to another and costing the store profits.
The first step in developing a policy for newspapers advertising was to understand if the store as
a whole gained from the advertising or not.
Model Building:
The data consisted of the following variables:
1. Alfonsos Sales.
2. Alfonsos advertising expenditure.
3. All store sales.
4. Other stores advertising expenditure.
In addition to this, a new variable was formed which included all other stores sales in the
corresponding weeks.
All store sales = Other Store Sales + Alfonso Sales
A multiple regression was carried out on the data to out the relationship between advertising
and sales. The regression equation that resulted from this regression was:
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It shows that there is a positive relationship between advertising and sales. A 1 unit increase
in Alfonsos advertising expenditure will lead to a related increase in Aflonsos sales by
9.283 units holding all the other independent variables constant.
Similarly, a 1 unit increase in other stores advertising expenditure will lead to a related
decrease in Aflonsos sales by 11.340 units holding all the other independent variables
constant.
Lastly, a 1 unit increase in other stores sales will lead to a related increase in Aflonsos sales
by 1.306 units holding all the other independent variables constant.
The value of R2 is 0.972 which means that 97.2% of the variability in Alfonsos sales in the
sample is explained by the estimated regression equation with Alfonsos advertising expenditure,
other store sales and other store advertising as the independent variables.
Significance Tests:
F-Test:
H0: 1, 2, 3 = 0
Ha: 1, 2, 3 0
Since the p-value of the F-test is less than the 0.05 level of significance, we will reject H0 and
conclude that the independent variables are significant.
t-Test:
H0: 1 = 0
Ha: 1 0
As p-value is less than the 0.05 level of significance, we will reject H0 and conclude that the 1 is
significant.
Similarly, 2 and 3 when independently tested are all significant at 0.05 level of significance.
Model Assumptions:
There are four basic assumptions of the model. It can be seen from the residual plot in exhibit 1
that the assumption of homoscedasticity does not hold which the variance of x for the average
value of y is not constant.
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Additionally, as the values in the plot are in a scattered manner, it can be assumed that the
assumption of error values being independent holds. We can hire a statistician to solve the
problem of heteroscedasticity.
Conclusion:
It can be seen from the regression results that the store as a whole does gain from advertising
based on the positive relationship between the two variable. One alternate scenario to determine
the effectiveness of advertising was to create a dummy variable and see that how sales are
affected in the weeks that the other stores advertised however the regression results from not
substantially different with the dummy variable turning out to be insignificant.
Recommendations:
In order to determine the future of advertising, we need to carry out some additional model
regressions in order to increase the certainty that Alfonsos sales benefit from advertisement.
First, data should be collected on sales of Alfonso of all departments in weeks their
advertisement took place instead of the other. Secondly, a dummy variable could be created to
see the difference in sales from one point in time to another in order to determine whether
Alfonso is not costing the stores profit by selling items at a lower cost.
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Exhibit 1
REGRESSION
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA
/CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10)
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT aSales
/METHOD=ENTER aAdvert othAdver otherSales
/PARTIALPLOT ALL
/SCATTERPLOT=(*ZRESID ,*ZPRED)
/RESIDUALS HISTOGRAM(ZRESID) NORMPROB(ZRESID).
Regression
Notes
Output Created
22-SEP-2016 05:43:29
Comments
Input
Active Dataset
DataSet1
Filter
<none>
Weight
<none>
Split File
<none>
26
File
Missing Value Handling
Definition of Missing
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Syntax
/METHOD=ENTER aAdvert
othAdver otherSales
/PARTIALPLOT ALL
/SCATTERPLOT=(*ZRESID
,*ZPRED)
/RESIDUALS
HISTOGRAM(ZRESID)
NORMPROB(ZRESID).
Resources
Processor Time
00:00:00.84
Elapsed Time
00:00:01.22
Memory Required
3552 bytes
1160 bytes
[DataSet1]
Variables Entered/Removeda
Model
Variables
Variables
Entered
Removed
Method
otherSales,
1
othAdver,
aAdvert
. Enter
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Model Summaryb
Model
.986a
R Square
Adjusted R
Square
Estimate
.972
.968
39095.190
ANOVAa
Model
Sum of Squares
Regression
Residual
Total
df
Mean Square
1154389491562.
661
33625544533.37
7
1188015036096.
038
384796497187.5
54
Sig.
251.759
.000b
22 1528433842.426
25
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized
Sig.
Coefficients
B
(Constant)
1
Std. Error
106676.814
75834.982
9.283
.723
-11.340
1.306
aAdvert
othAdver
otherSales
Beta
1.407
.173
.542
12.844
.000
1.403
-.311
-8.081
.000
.048
1.203
27.476
.000
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Residuals Statisticsa
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
Predicted Value
1695945.13
2549822.00
2150209.81
214885.038
26
Residual
-64338.926
60574.297
.000
36674.539
26
-2.114
1.860
.000
1.000
26
Std. Residual
-1.646
1.549
.000
.938
26
Charts
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