HESPERIA

74

LATE

CORINTH:

(2OO5)

243-297

Pages

HORIZONS

ROMAN

ABSTRACT
This

article reviews the investigation of Late Roman Corinth, including the

in the Panayia field. A series of four assemblages that range

recent excavations

in date from the fifth through the seventh century, presenting approximately
50 similar objects from each and establishing relative sequences for some hith
erto

undated

is outlined.

classes,

The

for

sequences

fine

lamps,

ras, cooking pots, and plain wares can be clearly established

more difficult to tie together the independent chronologies
assess

the

absolute

major

dates

for

the

four

to the monumental

revisions

INTRODUCTION:

but

horizons,
of

history

the

wares,

It is

of each class to

conclusions
Roman

the Late

ampho

at Corinth.

require

city.

LATE ROMAN CORINTH

our
of Late Roman
(LR) Corinth.
knowledge
large gaps exist in
to
to
constraints
be related
These
lacunae appear
imposed by the accep
tance of historical inference over archaeological
data and by the assump
Several

extent of the LR city is related to the area of

tion that the geographical
in the historical record encouraged
confidence
excavations.1 Unjustified
1. This

report draws
east of the Theater

tions

on

the excava

that were

ducted by Charles K.Williams

1980s,

on earlier

liams

in the forum

II in the

byWil
the Lechaion

excavations
and

and on excavations

Road,

by Guy

D.

1998

for assemblages

and 4.

1,2,
our debt

to
acknowledge
happily
not
for
Charles Williams,
only
allowing
us access to this material
but also for

We

us both. We
many
years of mentoring
of Byzan
also thank the 6th Ephorate
to use
for permission
tine Antiquities
from Demetrios
Pallas's
the material

The

American

School

of

Aphrodite,
3. Orestes
assemblage
published
of the Corinth
numismatist
Zervos,
the
reexamined
Excavations,
kindly
here

as

and Benjamin
Millis
provided
on
of
the
readings
graffiti
preserved

coins,
R.

Sanders in the Panayia field in 1997

and

in the Baths

excavations

con

of Classical

3 and 4. The
assemblages
are
of
pottery
largely the work
profiles
a few in assem
Karen Sotiriou,
although
vessels

blage

in

4 were

drawn

James
by Sanders;
of the excavations,

architect
Herbst,
was
for the scanning
and
responsible
and for the plans.
layout of the profiles
were
taken by Lenio
All photographs
Bartzioti
and Ino Ioannidou.
The

Studies

authors

to thank Jodi
Magness
for discussion
of the

also wish

and Paul

Reynolds

Palestinian

types. The
amphora
for this article was carried

initial

work

out

while

Slane

held

the University
and the first

a Research

Leave

from

of Missouri-Columbia,
draft was written

while

she

held a Solow Art andArchitecture

Foundation

in the summer

fellowship

of 2001. She wishes to thank both

institutions
the
both

for their

support,

staff of the Corinth

past

and

current,

interest

continuing
could not have

been

and

also

Excavations,
without

and help

whose
the project

completed.

at Athens

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to
Hesperia

www.jstor.org

K- w-

244

most

to tie LR material

scholars

previous

as

and postulated
earthquakes
historical
for events
conclusions
ries were

SLANE

AND

G.

R.

D.

SANDERS

to catastrophes,
such
sacks due to barbarian invasions.2 Their
culture

Figure 1 (opposite). Plan of Corinth,

areas mentioned

showing

text

in the

and late sixth centu

of the late fourth

showed
record, which
by the numismatic
apparently
a marked
reduction of coin losses in the first half of the fifth century
and at the end of the sixth. A more critical examination
of the recorded
confirmed

a better

of the dynamics of minting

and of the
understanding
a
more
in
coins
and
much
given context,
developed knowl
significance of
of fine-ware pottery now indicate that the his
edge of the chronologies

events,

sev
tory of Corinth was less episodic than previously
thought and that
or barbarian sacks and
eral associations
between
earthquakes
deposits
were

premature.3

area of the
site had been
archaeological
Although much of the central
excavated in the 1920s and 1930s, extensive areas of the LR city were ex
cavated under more controlled conditions from the late 1950s through the
1970s (Fig. 1). Henry Robinson
excavated along the south and west sides
and on Temple Hill.4 Excava
of Texas in the area south and

of the forum, near the Baths of Aphrodite,

tions by James Wiseman
for the University
west of the Asklepieion
produced quantities

of LR material

including buri
als, an important deposit of votive lamps, and massive but incompletely
Pallas began a program of
understood
architectural features.5 Demetrios
at the
of
LR
Corinth
by resuming excavations
systematic exploration
and by uncovering
the Lechaion basilica; material from
one of his smaller
at the Baths of
comprises most of
projects
Aphrodite
same
In
here.6
the
assemblage 3, presented
general period the Kodratos
a
near
and a LR build
fountain
the
Skoutela
Lechaion,
basilica,
basilica,
basilica

Kraneion

Stoa were

ing south of the South

published

preliminary

2. See Finley 1932 for a history of

Corinth
cepted

ac

that has been

invasions

the Heruli

in a.d.

in A.D.

395,

and

cited
267,

are those

of

the Ostrogoths
in the 580s.

the Slavs

the greatest
earthquakes
receiving
are those of a.d.
attention
scholarly

The

365, 375, and 552. Although

sources
nowhere
with

mention

widespread
The
effects

Corinth,

it is credited
in the

devastation

region.
tury

the

the last of these

that document

earthquakes

of the fourth-cen
have

been

recently

questioned by Rothaus (2000, pp. 16

21);

those

of the

earth

sixth-century

quake, by Sanders (1999, pp. 474-475).

3. For
struction
in Corinth
now

instance,

the Herulian

of the South
1.4, pp.

be discounted,

by Greek

teams.7 The

present

little detailed

de

Stoa

proposed
should
143-144,151,
because

the mate

the crucial

rial within
to be

generally
as re
by scholars,
including
as Ivison 1996 and Avramea

cently
1997. The

also excavated

reports of these excavations

rather

late fourth

proves
deposits
than late third

see Corinth XVIII.2,

century;
pp. 4-5
n. 8; p. 309, n. 27.
with
of the forum
4. South
and west
(Agora

of
and Baths
southwest)
Robinson
and Weinberg
1962, pp. 99
p. 231; Robinson

Aphrodite:
1960,

100,109-111,122-124,132.

Temple

Hill: Robinson 1976a, pp. 221-223;

1976b, pp. 256-259.
of the stra
publication
is still
and context material

5. Final
tigraphy
pending,

but

three preliminary

(Wiseman 1967,1969,1972)
full reports

on

aspects

reports

and three

the time

of excavation

in 1956

Pallas incorporated his finds into the

American

School's

inventory

at Corinth,

tory book was

tions' archives.
7. Pallas

and E. G.

annual

detailed

the Kraneion

and

the

inven

in the excava

housed

Stikas

published
in ArchDelt
For

reports

see Pallas

basilica,

1972,

1974,1978,1980; for the Lechaion

basilica, Pallas 1959,1961,1962,1963,
1964,1965a, 1965b, 1967,1970; the
Kodratos

basilica,

Stikas

1964,1965,

1966; the Skoutela basilica, Pallas 1956,

1957,1960;

the fountain

at Lechaion,

Philadelpheus 1921 and Stikas 1962.

For the location of the LR building
south

of the South

Stoa,

see Sanders

1999, p. 441, fig. 1 (atA); and for

of the finds

(Wesolowsky 1973; Garnett 1975;

Dengate 1981) have been published in
Hesperia.
6. At

storerooms

and

Corinthian

basilicas

and monuments

see Pallas

1963,1966,1980,
general,
zur
1981, and Reallexikon
byzantini
s.v.
schen Kunst
IV, pp. 746-811,

Korinth (D. I. Pallas).

in

CORINTH:

LATE

ROMAN

HORIZONS

.v;-,^

;r_ ; ^v

LECHAION
BASILICA

??EjSHAIjQN^
"HARBORf
FOUNTAIN

LRWALL- SURVEYED
-

LRWALL- RESTORED

+ LR GRAVES

KRITIKA
SKOUTELA
BASILICA

SKOUTELA
+*
FOUNTAINOF
THE LAMPS

KODRATOS
BASILICA

AMPHITHEATER

f1930 TOWER
EXCAVATION

ANAPLOGA

SANCTUARY OF
AND KORE
DEMETER Ah

?KRANEION
, BASILICA

K. W.

246

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

was
chronology, because the fieldwork
largely completed before the ap
Roman
pearance of John Hayes's Late
Pottery (henceforth LRP) in 1972.
later investigations
of
This resource proved useful in Charles Williams's
in
in
and
tombs
Forum
Southwest
and
Biers's
Jane
sixth-century buildings
study of the Great
east of the Theater

on the Lechaion

Baths

excavations

Road.8 Williams's

as
produced the contexts incorporated into this article
1
in
excavations
and
and
his
the
forum
material
2,
assemblages
produced
that contributed to assemblages 3 and 4. Finally, in 1999, a remote sensing
survey of some peripheral areas was begun; areas south and west of the
south and southwest of the amphitheater,
and south of the
Asklepieion,
This
field
had
been
2003.9
Panayia
investigated by
project has further de
fined the LR city beyond the area of the central excavations.
in the Panayia
In 1996 work was undertaken
field about 100 m
of the forum, where quantities of material of the second through
the buildings uncov
century have been excavated (Fig. 2). Among

southeast

eighth
mosaic and marble
ered is a large urban domus?with
was erected
painting, and small-scale
sculpture?that

floors, pools, wall

after ca. 260 and

ca. 360;
the floors had been kept
destroyed after
unfortunately,
clean
and
the
of
contemporary pottery recovered
ulously
quantity

scrup
is tiny.
of floors with

In one of the structures

built over the domus a sequence

associated cooking pots provided the first indication that reassessment of
Corinth's LR pottery was required: the pottery and coins in the upper
levels all appeared to be late fourth century in date, but on the lowest
for
coin.10 The revised chronology
floor was found a mid-fifth-century
cooking pots suggested by this sequence is confirmed by material from
east of the Theater
1 below). Such fifth-century
levels in
(assemblage
were
of a small,
the Panayia field
largely disturbed by the construction
bath and a long building of uncertain function in the mid
well-appointed
sixth century.11 Use of the bath for its original purpose stopped at the be
continued, perhaps
ginning of the seventh century, although occupation
for some decades. A large, dumped fill of seventh-century
pottery (assem
was found in a
at
west
4
of
the
the
end
below)
long building.
blage
pit
in the late
Both the bath and the long building were finally dismantled
or
ninth
early
century.12
eighth
8. Forum

Southwest:

and Fisher

Williams

1974,
1975,

pp. 9-10;

pp.

1-2,14

17;Williams 1978, pp. 25-28. Great

Baths: Corinth XVII.
9. The
being

remote

sensing

conducted

by Guy

project
Sanders

School
briefly

p. 20;

and Sanders

pp.

179.
10. Sanders
11. Excavation

p. 458.
under
the cement

1999,

to

structed over the fill of the robbing

reported

trench was
corner

in

early
a

defined

demolished
was

176

12. A
cement
the two

trench for a large north-south

wall
bing
contained
of
the
second
half
of
pottery

and

at Athens.

2004,

of the bath

the fifth

Blackman 2002, pp. 19-20;Whitley

2003,

hall

its sixth-century
construction;
see Sanders
A rob
1999, pp. 458-460.
indicated

is

byMichael Boyd of the Fitch Labora

tory of the British
Results
have been

of the entrance

floor

Williams,

and Fisher

Macintosh,

built;

sixth

ation

and

Con

building,
represented
by
two walls,
that was
by
in its turn before
the bath

its foundations

successive
construction
by
bath. A full architectural
therefore,

century.

were

covered

layers

of the

phase exists,
the robbing
oper
the construction
of the bath.

between

of

two almost
yielded
several fragmentary

structures
and

complete

vessels

cooking
amphoras.
to known

layer of broken-up
from the demolition

deep
derived

and fragments
of table
either
do not belong
or late-ninth-cen
seventh-

These

tury types but rather appear to be tran

date to
sitional forms and probably
the eighth or early ninth
century. An

Abbasid coin of the second half of the

eighth

or first

quarter

of the ninth

cen

tury (95-377) was found in a demo

lition
See

context

in the bath's

also Sanders

1999,

frigidarium.
pp. 460-463.

?fj|m

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H

E-??I
v"Ll
__^__^__^__^__^__^__^__^__^__^__^__^H^\V>S^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
-_^-_^-_^--^--^--^--^--^--^--^--^--^--^--^--^--^--^--H

'

__^__^__^__^__^__^__^^/::___---_-^~'--

^Mg^^^l

ft:-;-?3*"?^ ?

Late

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H~^::^:

"~"

(
| ^^^^^^^^^^^

(burial-?\

\v

'?-??
?.J
-_^-_^--^--^--^--^--^--^--l
t4wTT-r^T?^f^^^^ (

disturbed
Gaz

GR98-2
>^

ju^j

r
^
.i
:'
r4
^^^^^^^^^^H
S?iS?4
,-i?S

tf

COn__^-_^-_^-_l

--

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^H^I^^^^^^^_^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
Figure 2. Plan of Panayia field, indicating LR phases

K. W.

248

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

FOUR LATE ROMAN HORIZONS

to the early fourth century the chronology of Corinthian
lamps and of
as
wares and
wares is based on
in
which
they were
cooking
plain
deposits
sociated with datable fine wares and amphoras, aswell aswith coins. These

Up

in time (frequently
had usually been dumped at a single moment
a destruction
range of their
following
by earthquake) and the chronological
contents is therefore clearly limited. The Tiberian floor deposit, the cellar

deposits

are
pit in the Per?bolos of Apollo
examples of such
for the three centuries after the time of Con
deposits.13 Unfortunately,
stantine no such deposits can be identified in the LR city. In this article we

fill, and the Tetrarchic

have used other types of deposits from recent excavations east of the The
ater and in the Panayia field to establish a series of four assemblages
that
as chronological horizons at Corinth and elsewhere inGreece.
maybe tested
By selecting 45 to 50 objects from several unrelated contexts inwhich the
same types occur, we can
some
begin to establish the relative sequences for
hitherto undated classes. The relative sequences for fine wares, lamps,
wares can be
and
clearly established,
amphoras, cooking pots, and plain
more
to
is
tie
have
It
difficult
trends
become
apparent.
general
together
the independent chronologies
of each type and class, which are frequently
in order to assess the absolute dates for the four horizons. Our
long-lived,
assessment
is that these assemblages define horizons of the
preliminary
first half of the fifth century, the second half of the fifth century to 500 or
later, the end of the sixth century, and the middle of the seventh century.
For each assemblage we present a brief description of the context or
from which the material has been drawn. It is followed by a list of
associated coins, and by a numbered list of lamps, fine wares, amphoras,
wares that make up the
should
assemblage. We
cooking pots, and plain

contexts

or
that this is a summary list of well-known
locally abundant
emphasize
our
a
has
been to stress
rather
than
types
goal
fully descriptive catalogue;
is limited to a descriptive name or
the typological sequences. Description
if the
type, diameter or height if it is measurable,14 a fabric description
ware

is unusual,

13.Wright

and

from

parallels

1980; Slane 1986,1994,

respectively.
14. In the

list, "D." is
summary
on
of the rim, measured
the resting
surface; on small frag
ments
measurement
is not
precise
two decimal
points.
beyond
possible
Items
in brackets?e.g.,
[C-1982
the diameter

126]?are
contexts

from

pieces
complete
selected
for illustration

preference
specimens
our material
15.We

other
in

to the more

fragmentary
in the groups
from which
is
drawn.
primarily
take for granted
the defini

tions of African Red Slip (AfRS, here

all fabric D

from

northern

Tunisia),

well-dated

contexts.15

Late Roman C (LRC), Cypriot Red

Slip (CypRS), the best-known im

has

types (see further

amphora
ported
n. 57 below),
and the fabrics of Co

medium

rinthian

and Attic

fre
lamps. Other
fabrics are defined

occurring
quently
at the
in our list;
points
appropriate
see in
LR micaceous
Aegean
particular
ware
RS
(n. 21), Boiotian
cooking
(n. 25), and the Palestinian
amphoras
in

2.

assemblage
of the cooking
and plain
Many
wares
described
here are of "Corin
thian
fabric

cooking

displays
of color, from

fabric"

(C.c.f).

a considerable
pink

This

range
to red to gray, but

a consistent

and quantity
variety
are
Coarser
examples
a
hard with
break.
hackly

of inclusions.

They are often red (10R-2.5YR 5/6)

have

and may

sharp firing-layers

ranging from pink (7.5YR 6/4) or

reddish yellow (5YR 5-6/6) at both
or exterior

surfaces

only

to

light

red

dish brown and reddish brown (5YR

5-6/3)
face.

at the core
Some

cooking

and/or
pots

interior
have

sur

been

burned gray (5YR 5/1) and reddish

brown

(5-7.5YR

surface. These
few

large

crushed?),

5/3)
coarser

to very
opaque

on

the exterior

vessels

have

large, angular
(freshly
lustrous white,

LATE

CORINTH:

ROMAN

HORIZONS

1: First

Assemblage

Half

249
of

the

Fifth

Century

the retaining walls of the terrace on the east side of East Theater
were
sometime around 460, a deep fill was dumped over
Street
dismantled
the street itself. The robbing trenches were partly filled by the same dumped
debris; eventually their sides collapsed, filling the trenches with the earlier
the terrace. Because there had been no activities in the area
debris within

When

since the beginning

of the fourth century, however, it is relatively easy to
that
survive from the earlier phase from those contempo
sherds
separate
the stone robbing. The finds reported below (see Figs. 3,4) come
over the street (lots 88-60, 88-67, and
primarily from the deep dump
88-68; also 88-58?), supplemented
by larger, more complete pieces from
the robbing trenches and from well 1982-1.16 In assigning types to this
rarywith

horizon, we have assumed that any which begin in the fourth century and
are not found in the earlier destruction
debris of ca. 310 are part of the
horizon. The only form that appears in the early-fourth
fifth-century
contexts
and continues into the sixth century or later is the local
century
folded rim bowl. It isworth

that no Attic

are found in
glazed lamps
east of the Theater,17 and those in the
are part of the late material
(and their types

noting
contexts

the early-fourth-century
contexts
mid-fifth-century
it; see below).

confirm
Coins
Eight

coins and &jeton were

88-133

and

tabular

sparse,

medium,

rounded, milky
quartz; and occasional

tabular,

subrounded,

made

which

small,

break

spherical,

(lime?)

inclusions;
sparse medium,
white
and tiny, round
inclusions;

milky

pores. This

local fabric

pots, wheelmade
series of pitchers

cooking
several
fourth

is the

centuries,
buff

ware

in the LR

types

for
and

ment,

lamps,
in the first

fabric

to

the
replaces
for many
plain
Slane
period.

(Wright 1980, pp. 169-170) originally

described

the fabric

as Corinthian,

and Sanders (1999, p. 464, fabrics F

and G) considered it a local fabric

identified

potassium
in a volcanic

over

trench

feldspar,
environ

source.

are from

84-42

trench west

the

same

wall

of Building
the robbing

robbing
5; and lot

is from

83-33

terrace wall

trench

that formed

of

the north

side of Building 5. Lamp 1-1 and the

whole

Zervos

nos.

1983,

69,

respectively)
of well
1982-1,
1-20,1-24,1-26,
preliminary

and

1-15,1-22,1-23,

amphoras

1-25 (published inWilliams

and

73, 70, 68, 72, and

are from the bottom

as are the
amphoras
and 1-27. Williams's

suggestion

that

this well

ca. A.D.

be dated

Street.18

amphoras
fill
Theater

395 must

are found

in the east of

trenches
robbing
in
mid-fifth-century
elsewhere.
The
dumped

lished

here

and

pub

and

higher up
the later sixth
17. The

be

for all these whole

Parallels

in the well

are from

the west

should
modified.

contexts

that Methana
potential
and 88-63

88-61

the robbing

Recently,
some of the

as

be the closest

on

found

of Building 7; lots 84-10, 84-41, and

the

it

and

Corinthian

used

Viele
inclusions

16. Lots

a few
and display
hollow
rounded,
yellow

of clays

of Acrocorinth.

originates
and suggested

may

(10R-2.5YR 5/6) with a smooth to

a mixture

shoulder

George
white

orange

red grits; there may be occasional

fine,
laminar pores parallel with
surfaces.
are medium
Finer pieces
hard, red
conchoidal

from

the

spherical,

and gray

white

calcite(?);

in the dump over East Theater

jeton, counter of E. L. S. Lauer (1762-1833)

(Williams and Zervos 1989, no. 97)
Maximian Hercules (295/6), mint of Heraclea
(Williams and Zervos 1989, no. 47)

88-130

spherical
medium

found

fill

can be dated

century.
latest lamps
destruction

in

in the
early
debris are

fourth-century
Attic
lamps, Corinthian
unglazed
type XXVII
glazed
lamps, and Corin
thian

imitations

lamps,

providing

of Attic
a

precise

unglazed
parallel

to the Peribolos of Apollo deposit of

ca. 310;

see Slane

1994.

1 and 2, we cite
assemblages
as
were
specimens
they
pub

18. For
the coin

lished inWilliams
1985,

and

emended

and Zervos 1982,

Zervos
except where
in 2002.
the readings
1989,

K. W.

250
88-134

SLANE

or Theodosius

Honorius

II, mint

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

uncertain

(Williams and Zervos 1989, no. 67)

Theodosius II or Valentinian III (425-450), mint of Cyzicus
(Williams and Zervos 1989, no. 65)
Marcian (450-457), mint uncertain
(Williams and Zervos 1989, no. 66)

88-136
88-141

four minimi
88-135, 88-137, 88-138, 88-140
are
and Zervos
which
three
Williams
(of
Four coins come from the robbing
84-145

1989, no. 67)19

trenches.

Corinth, Pegasos/trident (400-146 b.c.)

(Williams and Zervos 1985, no. 10)
Constantius II (348-361), mint uncertain
(Williams and Zervos 1985, no. 106)
Theodosius I or II (379-395 or 402-450), mint uncertain
(Williams and Zervos 1985, no. 123)

84-146
84-147

(388-395), mint of Cyzicus

(Williams and Zervos 1989, no. 61)

88-142

Arcadius

presence of the jeton and a fragment of amodern plate in lot 88-68

surface levels above it was not quite
show that the removal of modern
a
The
date of deposit sometime after 425.
other
coins
suggest
complete.

The

Lamps
1-1

L-1982-34

Fig.

twisting rosette on disk and plain rim with

Attic glazed lamp with

cuse

on base,

circles;

[found

with

1-2

the whole
have

shop may
pp. 74-75.

Lot 88-63:8

discus

is

missing,

into

only

Fig.

(Williams

in well

amphoras

operated

the

and Zervos
W.

1982-1]).
early

fifth

1983,

0.078

century;

no.

m. The

73,

six in
p. 26

A-work

see Kerameikos

XVI,

lamp with plain disk and vine pattern on rim. Although

Attic post-glazing
the

a circle

A within

it is clear

that

it was

continuous

with

the

rim, marked

off

only by the outline of the vine. Cf. Agora VII, no. 2603, p. 184, pi. 41 (first half of
fifth century); Karivieri 1996, nos. 122,123, p. 198, pi. 10 (mid- and second half
of fifth century); and Kerameikos XVI, nos. 4599, 4600, p. 286, pi. 78 (late first
quarter

and middle

of fifth

century).

over the street (lot 88-67) had two Attic glazed lamp
dumped fill
handles and a sherd; the latest lamps
handles and two Attic post-glazing
in lots 88-60 and 88-68 were of the early fourth century. In addition to
one glazed Attic
lamp (lot 84-42),
lamp 1-2, the robbing trenches also had
handles
three Attic post-glazing
(lots 83-33, 84-42), and a single frag

The

one
of a LR Corinthian
lamp (lot 84-42). The latter is the only
found on the slope east of the Theater, although such fragments are com
mon in the LR levels to the north; it therefore seems that they were not
ment

yet being manufactured

in the first half of the fifth century.

19. Zervos

notes

that

88-140

is

probably an issue of Leo I (457-474)

or Zeno (474-491).

CORINTH:

Fine

LATE

ROMAN

HORIZONS

251

Wares

AfRS
1-3

C-1988-27

Fig.

Rim, Hayes form 64 (from lot 88-58). D. 0.326 m. Gritty, relatively coarse
fabric, thick slip on interior and splashed over lip,with turning marks visible on
interior and exterior. Cf. LRP, no. 64.4, p. Ill, fig. 18; Reynolds 1995, fig. 5.
1-4

C-1984-222

Fig.

(from lot 84-42). D. 0.206 m.

Rim, Hayes form 50B/64

1-5

C-1988-116
Rim,

LRP,

rim. Cf. Reynolds

450), figs. 7, 8.
1-6

C-1988-26
Rim, Hayes

thick-walled,

1-7

Fig.

no.

D.

50.61.

0.246

m.

Fine

fabric,

thick

slip

on

interior

and

over

1995, p. 145 (where this late variant of form 50 is dated 400

Fig. 3
form 69 variant (from lot 88-58). D. 0.508 m. Fine fabric but

very

thin

slip overall.

Fig. 3
Rim, Hayes form 76. D. 0.360 m. Badly burned; similar to 1-6?
C-1988-115

1-8

C-1984-221

Fig.

Style D stamped plate floorwith row of cocks between thin grooves (from lot
84-42).

LRC
1-9

C-1988-28

Fig.

Rim, Hayes form 2B. D. 0.118 m.

1-10

C-1988-114

Fig. 3
Rim, Hayes form 2C. D. 0.285 m.

1-11

C-1983-125
Rim,

LRP,
fine,

Unusually

no.
gritty

Fig.
3.32

(from

orange

lot 83-33;

fabric with

same

form

thin, matte

in lot 88-67).

D.

0.160

m.

slip.

LR Attic
1-12

Lot 88-60:1

Fig. 3
Plate rim, probably an imitation of AfRS

form 83/84. Est. D. 0.31 m.

Miscellaneous
1-13

1-14

AHC[-

C-1988-113

Fig. 3
CypRS rim, LRP, no. 2.1, p. 373, fig. 80 (middle). D. 0.250 m.
C-1988-117

Fig. 4
Local or unidentified red slipmoldmade
-

-]

signature: [-]AHO[-]

or [-]

K. W.

252

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

1-39

Figure
amphoras

3.

Assemblage
1:8

1. Scale

1:4 except

CORINTH:

LATE

ROMAN

HORIZONS

253

1:2

1-14

1-2

1:1
1-8

1-1

1-24
1-20

1-26

1-22

1-46

1-41
Figure
except

4.
1. Scale
Assemblage
lamps 1:3 and as indicated

1:4

K. W.

254

AND

SLANE

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

The

following other forms appear in the deep fill: AfRS forms 5OB, 59B,
no. 69; LRC forms 1,1A, small 3,4
67, 68, 82, fourth-century
grill stamp
88-67
from
lot
with
the
(all
fifth-century AfRS). From the robbing trenches:
an
lot 84-41:1,
unidentified AfRS rim; C-1988-110,
?andarli Hayes form

5 (lot 88-61); C-1988-112,

t.s.

gon; Macedonian

AfRS

a
style C stamp 13n and
fringed hexa

grise.

Amphoras
1-15

Lot 84-42:3

[C-1982-126]

Rim, very late Niederbieber

no.

70, p. 26). H.

1-16

D.

0.434,

0.046

Fig.

77 (Keay XII)

(Williams

and Zervos

1983,

m.

Lot 88-63:1

Fig. 3
Rim as Riley 1979, no. D298. Est. D. 0.085 m. Gritty, light reddish brown
fabric (5YR 6/4) with abundant tiny rounded sand and mineral grains, occasional
larger angular black and red, and one large hematite(?). Probably Keay XXVY.
Keay 1984, pp. 189 and 198, fig. 85, a late-fourth- to mid-fifth-century

Tunisian

form.

1-17

Lot 88-67:5

surface

fired

1-18

Lot 88-68:6

1-19

Lot 88-68:7

Fig. 3
reddish yellow fabric
African
Rim, possibly
(LR Amphora 8a?).Micaceous
with
small
voids
and
white
moderate
(5YR 7/6)
angular
grains in equal amounts;
very

pale

brown.

Fig. 3
MR
Toe,
Amphora 12 (Algerian?); separate plug seals cylindrical toe. Light
reddish yellow fabric (5YR 7.5/6) with sparse to moderate large, subangular red
and dark pebbles (many missing) and abundant tiny, round, light-colored grits;
traces of very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) on exterior.

top, related to Keay XXIII/Almagro

Amphora
handles

are circular

in section.

6) with

a moderate

amount

C-1982-157
Portuguese,

(Three

51C

Reddish

examples.)

of tiny grits:
irregular yellow,
a few black
and one shell; surface
splinters

in
equal numbers,
and out.

1-20

Fig.

Keay

Fig.
XIX.

(Portuguese) but the

yellow
rounded
badly

fabric

(7.5YR

6/

and gray

white,
encrusted

inside

4
D.

0.093

m. Abundant,

poorly

sorted

and black inclusions in a reddish yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/4) with

reddish

brown

a lighter sur

face.

Lot 88-68:8b

1-21

Handle,
1-22

Spanish? Bright red fabric with white

Lot 84-41:1

[C-1982-124]

Fig.

slip.

Sicilian? amphora, Keay LII, asAgora V, no. M 234 (Williams and Zervos
reddish yellow to
1983, no. 68, p. 25, pi. 10). H. 0.496, D. 0.093 m. Micaceous
brown
fabric
7.5YR
6/4
with
inside)
(5YR 7/5;
very pale brown wash on
light
exterior

and

dripped

on

interior;

a moderate

amount

of

angular

gray

grains

and

round dark red/black grit. Cf. Kenchreai IV, no. RC 12, p. 114, pi. 26; Aupert 1980,
no. 328a, p. 442, fig. 46.

LATE

CORINTH:

1-23

ROMAN

C-1982-128

HORIZONS

255

Fig.

LR Amphora 2 (Williams and Zervos 1983, no. 72, p. 26, pi. 10). P.H. 0.385,
D.

max.

0.102,

D.

m. Normal,

0.431

red

fine,

southern

Argolid

fabric

with

large

lime inclusions; surface fired reddish yellow. Cf. Kenchreai IV, no. RC 14, pp. 114
115, pi. 26.
1-24

C-1982-251

Fig.

0.430 m. Fabric
peg toe. RH.
amphora with
probably
with
Palestinian
and 4-21 may
2-24
baggy
amphoras.

Carrot-shaped
ian, by comparison

Palestin
be related.

Cf. Arthur and Orem 1998, p. 201 and fig. 7:3.

C-1982-127

1-25

Fig.

Unidentified amphora with outward-thickened band at rim (Williams and

1983, no. 69, p. 25). H. 0.478, D. 0.072 m (toe and handle fragments).
Micaceous brown fabric (7.5YR 5/2) fired reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) over whole
Zervos

surface;
a few

sparse
large

1-26

to moderate
orange

elongated

C-1982-158
Regional

amount

rounded

and dark

white

inclusions

and

grains.

Fig.
with

amphora

of tiny

thickened

rim with

deep

groove

on

upper

surface;

linear grooving on body. H. 0.513, D. 0.076 m. Light reddish brown fabric (5YR
6/5) fired redder on inner half of section; abundant angular and subrounded inclu
in two

sions

1-27

sizes.

2-30.

Cf.

C-1982-250
C.c.f.

amphora

Fig.
as

Agora

V, no. M

325. H.

0.452,

D.

0.058

m. One

of

three

and Zervos
(
examples found with the nearly identical piece C-1982-125 Williams
1983, no. 67, p. 25, pi. 10). Cf. Corinth XVIII.2, no. 259, p. 117, fig. 29. See also
3-25.

77; amicaceous water

types present in the dump are Niederbieber
as
no.
toe
M
1 handle; LR Am
LR
373;
jar (m.w.j.)
Amphora
Agora V,
(lot 88-68:8a, Tuni
phora 2 rims; Palestinian handle; rim of Keay XXVB
to fifth century); Gaza
sian); Afr. IllfOstia III form III (Tunisian, mid-third

Other

20. Note
handle

also

aMR
a

(possibly

Amphora

predecessor

18
of LR

Amphora 2?) (lot 84-10:4) and late

garum
fig. 656, which

Spanish

as Ostia III,
jar rims
the
Slane classes with

early-fourth-century
21. The
fabric

finds.
is soft,

reddish

to 4/1)

at the extreme

vertical wall (lot 84-41; cf. 2-23a, 3-21); another Palestinian handle
one sherd pos
(lot 83-33); an unidentified
amphora handle (lot 84-10:5);
a
Samos cistern amphora in lot 84-41.20
sibly from

with

brown

(5YR 4/4) to yellowish red (5YR 5/6)

at the core and gray to dark gray (5YR
5/1

rim (lot 88-60);

like Corinth XVII,
fragments
amphora
red-slipped
no. 127, p. 80,
we
33.
From
the
could add two handles
pi.
robbing trenches,
and body fragments of Gaza amphoras (lots 84-10, 84-41); a rim as Riley
a handle of a small Palestinian
1979, no. D384
(lot 84-42:4);
amphora

edges. Most
conchoidal

have a smooth
examples
but some have a granular
break.
are sparse, fine to small
There
angular,
calcite or mica
inclusions;
sparkling
black
sparse, larger, rounded,
spherical,

Cooking

LR micaceous Aegean
1-28

break,

rounded,
grits; and occasional,
spheri
inclusions.
cal, medium
milky white

This is Sanders 1999, p. 463, fabric C.

Wares

Lot 84-42:1
Casserole

with

2-35 and Gregory

1-29

ware21
Fig.

inset

groove

on

top of rim

(three

examples).

D.

0.214

m.

Cf.

1986, fig. 12:10.

C-1982-149
Fig. 3
Bowl with thick horizontal rim and ribbon handles (lot 88-63:4 and a second
example). D. 0.180 m. Cf. Reynolds 1995, fig. 119:614.W6.1.

K. W.

256
1-30

D.

D.

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

Fig. 3
Probable stewpot with everted rim (from robbing trenches, but probably early).
Lot 84-42:2

m.

0.200

1-31

AND

SLANE

Lot 88-63:3
Fig. 3
Probable stewpot with everted rim (from robbing trenches, but probably early).
m.

0.178

Other

imports

1-32

C-1988-96
Palestinian

carinated

1-33

1-34

also

Casserole without

type

1 with

7.43.

Palestinian,

carrot-shaped

C-1988-121a,

fig.

casserole

1988,

Johnson

Probably

the Palestinian

Cf.

pp. 200-201,

Fig.

casserole.

m.

0.278

630-634,

Lot 88-68:2
Rim,

D.

casserole.
nos.

side,

resembles

Fig.

amphoras

although
than

the

more

fabric

closely

1-32.

Fig.

(five rims). D. 0.193 m. Orange

handles

cooking fabric

with very largewhite grits.

Lot 88-68:3

1-35

with

stewpot

Baggy

Fig.

rim.

squared

fabric

Same

as 1-34.

C.cf.

Lot 88-68:9

1-36

with

Cf.

no.

Lot 88-67:2

1-37

Stewpot
D.
handle).

with

rim

everted

Stewpot
Corinth XVIII.2,

Fig.

186,

collar

slight

p. 85, fig.

21,

at neck

(four

rims).

D.

0.172

m.

and 2-38.

Fig.

short

and

neck,

broad

groove

on

top of ledge

rim

(four

rims

and one

m.

0.160

fabric bowl like 1-29

the robbing trenches: LR micaceous Aegean
as
a
rims
1-28 (lot 83-33); an
casserole
and
casserole
base;
(lot 84-10:2)
unidentified
(lot 84-10:1). A funnel rim in C.cf.
imported handle
are
and a late local casserole (C-1988-119)
(C-1988-118)
assigned to the
fourth
the
before
century.
early
period

From

Plain
1-38

Wares
C-1988-97a,b
with

Bowl

dish yellow

Fig.

decoration,

piecrust

dimples

on

upper

sparse rounded

fabric (5YR 6/6) with

bits.

C.cf.

1-39

[C-74-76]
Lekane

with

Fig.
hooked,

3
grooved

rim

(seven

rims).

wall.

D.

0.230

inclusions

m.

Fine

red

and sparkling

LATE

CORINTH:

1-40

ROMAN

HORIZONS

257

Lot 88-68:1
Lekane with hooked rim (six rims). Profile like 1-39 but without grooves.

1-41

Lot 88-68:4

[C-2000-24]
krater with

Wheel-ridged

red core. Cf.

surfaces,

Gray

1-42

Lot 84-10:3
krater

Pedestal

1-43

the

outturned rim (and pedestal foot). D. 0.270 m.

of 1-42.

profile

Fig.
with

Fig.

everted

heavy

rim

(four

rims).

Cf.

1-41.

Lot 88-67:1

Micaceous

0.20

m.

Lot 88-67:6 and lot 88-67:3

1-44-45

or lekane

Basin

1-46

rim. D.

basin

rims. D.

Lot 88-68:5
Stamnos

0.28

with

m.

Fig.

shoulder

Fig.

waves

white-painted

and bands;

lower

attachment

of

vertical (not loop) handle at upper edge. Angular wheel ridging from midshoulder
as far as

Fabric

preserved.22

to that

identical

of 1-41;

shoulder

has

reddish

brown

core, belly wall is fired gray throughout.

1-47

Lot 88-67:4
Folded rim bowls of which only this one has a heavy rim. Cf. 2-43.

Other

C.c.f. shapes include bowls like C-1984-139

(Williams and Zervos
no.
are
but
these
fourth
17, pi. 10),
1985,
century (five rims,
probably early
three bases).

Assemblage
to

500

Half

2: Second
or

of

the

Fifth

Century

Later

is defined by a dumped fill excavated east of the Theater

in
a
It
filled
the
trench
of
(lot 81-19) (see Figs. 5-7).23
major
robbing
east-west wall that extended from the east side of East Theater Street and
formed the north side of a shop as itwas rebuilt in the fifth century. Wil
liams recorded 115 kg of pottery in the main fill; there were 3,400 sherds

later horizon

1981

including many restored vessels. A northward extension at

end of this trench is also included here because it had pottery of
the case, none of the coins was
the same date (lot 81-49). As is commonly
datable later than the fourth or early fifth century and the AfRS may also
after mending,
the west

be residual, but the forms of the lamps and of the LRC show that the fill
should be dated later than the mid-fifth
century, probably as late as the
sixth
century.
early
22. We

have

considered

and dis

carded the possibility that this is the

body
hane

of a gray Beisan
type 7A) because

decoration

is horizontal

to the shoulder,

because

(Sara?
amphora
the painted
and

confined

of the

location

of the ridging,

and because

the fabric

is

indistinguishable with a hand lens from

that of 1-41.
23. The
a

preliminary

byWilliams

trench was
catalogue

inWilliams

described,

and

published,

and Zervos

44-46.
pp. 135-143,
fig. 2, pis.
conclusions
incor
here
reported
a
of
r??valuation
porate
quantified
1982,

The

the pottery,
1998.

carried

out

by Slane

in

K. W.

258

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

Coins
II (355-361), mint of Siscia
and
Zervos 1982, no. 56)
(Williams

81-52

Constantius

81-53

Constantius

81-182

(Williams and Zervos

Late Roman

81-183

Late Roman

II or Julian,

81-117 and 81-318

mint

uncertain

1982, no. 68a)

illegible fragments

Lamps
2-1

L-1981-17

Fig.

Attic post-glazing lamp with cross monogram on disk and four filling holes
(Williams and Zervos 1982, no. 81, p. 142, pi. 45).
L-1981-16
Fig. 7
Attic post-glazing lamp with plain disk and multiple filling holes (Williams
and Zervos 1982, no. 82, p. 143, pi. 45). Signed ET7l|OAwithin an almond-shaped

2-2

double

groove;

cf. the glazed

lamp Agora

VII,

no. 938,

p. 129. For

the

top,

cf. either

Agora VII, no. 2699 (circular disk) or 2710 (tear-shaped disk), pp. 187-188, pi. 42.
2-3

L-1981-4

Fig.

LR Corinthian, imitation of a Corinthian lamp with retouched wreath and

panels (Williams and Zervos 1982, no. 79, p. 142, pi. 45); base has an incised cross
a

within

single

circular

groove

and

indistinct

circles

in each

quadrant.

Fig. 7
LR Corinthian, imitation of an Attic lamp with gladiators and two filling
holes (Williams and Zervos 1982, no. 80, p. 142, pi. 45). For the discus, cf. the LR
Corinthian lamps Corinth IV.2, nos. 1192,1193, fig. 179;Agora VII, no. 320, pi. 9.
2-4

L-1981-18

2-5

L-1981-3

Fig.

LR Corinthian, imitating anAttic post-glazing lamp with cross in a square

disk and multiple filling holes (Williams and Zervos 1982, no. 83, p. 143, pi. 45);
is defined

base

by

double

almond-shaped

grooves

that

frame

an

incised

branch.

are four type XXVII and five late type

Remaining with the context pottery
XXVII lamps, which must date no later than the early fourth century; one
three unidentified post-glazing;
Attic glazed handle; sixAttic post-glazing;
one base
two possible LR Corinthian
four LR Corinthian
(including
plus
a North African
is
the
which
with
contemporary
pottery
imitating
lamp,
but not illustrated).
Fine

Wares

AfRS
2-6

Fig. 5
form
61B/87A
Dish, Hayes
C-1981-16

stamps

D.
pi. 45).

0.351

2-7

Lot 81-19:32

(Williams and Zervos 1982, no. 61, p. 135, fig. 2,

m.

Fig.

Rim, Hayes form 61B. D. 0.455 m.

LATE

CORINTH:

HORIZONS

ROMAN

259

7*

^r?

2, fine wares

Figure 5. Assemblage
and

amphoras.

Scale

1:4 except amphoras

LRC24

1:8

2-8

C-1981-240

Fig.

Rim, Antioch 944p. D. 0.278 m. Cf. also Sara?hane, 27.2, fig. 37 (late fifth
century).

2-9

Lot 81-19:21
Rouletted

2-10

Fig.

rim,Hayes

form 3B. D. 0.216 m.

C-1981-4a,b

form 3C (Williams and Zervos

Half-preserved dish (multiple fragments).
Hayes

24. C-1981-17,
(Williams

LRC form 3B

and Zervos

1982,

no. 65,

p. 137, fig. 2), and C-1981-21, LRC

form 3C (Williams and Zervos 1982,
as com
no. 63, p. 137,
fig. 2), reported
come from the stra
this
from
fill,
ing
tum above it and have been omitted
here,

although
with
temporary

they

are

probably
2.
assemblage

2-11

C-1981-22

Fig.

1982, no. 62, pi. 44). D. 0.320 m.

no. 64, p. 137, not illustrated).

Hayes form 3C (Williams and Zervos 1982,
D. 0.280 m. Dish with nearly complete profile (multiple fragments).
2-12

C-1981-7

Fig.

Plate floor with kantharos stamps, Hayes no. 59 (multiple fragments). D. foot

con
0.118

m.

26o

I2-34

i2-37

K. W.

11

SLANE

I2-36

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

^
j2-39a

I
\

!2-39b
t2-38

Figure 6. Assemblage
and

plain

wares.

Scale

2, cooking pots
1:4

CORINTH:

LATE

ROMAN

261

HORIZONS

?
2-4
2-1
2-2
2-5

2-3

2-16

2-12

2-27

2-47

2-28

2-48
Figure 7.Assemblage
except

2. Scale 1:4

lamps 1:3 and as indicated

K. W.

262

Boiotian
2-13

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

RS25
Lot 81-19:34

Fig. 5
Bowl rim. D. 0.168 m. Cf. C-1989-11
(Williams and Zervos 1990, no. 5,
p. 339, pi. 61) and 3-16; see also Gregory 1986, fig. 12:3 (Askra ware?).

Imitation AfllS
2-14

Lot 81-19:33
Fig. 5
Rim imitating AfRS Hayes form 82 or 87 or CypRS form 2. D. 0.370 m.

LR Attic
2-15

C-1981-136

Fig.

forms 61-64

Stamped plate, imitating AfRS

no.

66, p. 137,

2-16

and Zervos

(Williams

1982,

pi. 45).

stamps

Lot 81-19:35

Fig.

Partly glazed, wheel-ridged jugwith gouged decoration on wall. Cf. Agora V,

nos.M 320 orM 357 andM 361, pp. 114,117, pis. 31,33,42, of the
early and late
sixth

century.

wares are also recorded but are

following other fine
probably residual
in this robbing trench: AfRS
forms 14/17 (lot 81-19:22),
32/58, 50,
59, 53, 61? (stamp no. 36), 62, 67?, 68; LRC forms 1, 3C (Williams and
Zervos 1982, fig. 2: D. 0.278 m), 3/4, stamp no. 8e (which could belong to

The

the second half of the fifth

century, contemporary with

rims asAgora V, nos. M 289 and L 61 (imitations
59 and 61), and asAgora V, no. M 290.

assemblage 2);
of AfRS forms

LR Attic

Amphoras
2-17

C-1981-5
micaceous,

White,

Fig.

cylindrical

amphora

with

red dipinti

under

both

handles

and at base of neck on both sides; regular wheel ridging begins about 0.08 m
below edge of shoulder (Slane 2000, p. 304, fig. 6:b). D. 0.068 m. Micaceous, very
pale brown fabric (10YR 8/3) fired light reddish yellow (5YR 7-8/6) on the inte
rior; moderate
and

sions

to abundant,

fine,

larger white

sparse

well-sorted,

grits.

pi. 27\ Arthur 1998, pp. 170-171,

p. 221, fig. 21:13 (from Butrint).
2-18

white,

Cf. Kenchreai

inclu
gray and red/black26
some
or
no.
all
of
RC
IV,
22,

and Lako 2002,

fig. 9:1;27 Bowden, Hodges,

C-1981-18

Fig. 5
with
Amphora
widely spaced grooves on shoulder, probably like Agora V,
no.M 327, p. 115, pi. 32. D. 0.073 m. Red fabric (2.5YR 5/8) fired light red on
25. The

ware

is fine, medium

hard,

reddish yellow (5YR 6/4 to 6/8 to 7/6)

with

a smooth,

slightly

in

sparse, fine, platy, sparkling

and sparse, rounded,
small to
white
medium,
grit.
spherical, milky
clusions

Some

examples

also

contain

spherical,
Sanders

subrounded
(1999,

in
yellow
fabrics
p.463,

D and E) had described the fabric as

conchoidal

break;

small,
clusions.

occasional,

but

this

"probably Attic,"
has now been superseded
Askra

in Boiotia

suggestion
by finds from

(see n. 53 below).

26. All black where fired very pale

brown;

red and black where

fired

reddish

yellow.
27. We
have

stantiate

that

(by S amos?),

been

the
as

unable

dipinti
suggested

refer

to sub
to Icaria

by Adam

sheck {KenchreaiIV) andArthur

(1998).

LATE

CORINTH:

surface;

ROMAN

fine,

moderate,

HORIZONS

sorted,

highly

263

white,

black

and

red,

gray,

and

inclusions

sparse largewhite grits; highly micaceous

in break parallel towall but little visible

on wet-smoothed

top is reminiscent
on the shoulder,

but

The

surface.

the

the widely
fabric,
it. An
distinguish
example

form

of the

grooves
was
type

spaced
of this

in a

found

of LR
and

the

body
at
wall

of the Roman

repair

2,

Amphora
narrow

Salona (Cambi 1989, fig. 37) and another in the courtyard of the Palace of Galerius
inThessaloniki (Petsas 1968, pi. 343:6 [right], where it is called Byzantine).
2-19

C-1981-139

Fig.

1 rim. Also

LR Amphora

a rim and five handles, all single

lot 81-19:1-6,

fragments.

5 (2-22 only)
Lot 81-19:7-9
Fig.
and
shoulder
of
handles
Palestinian
Loop
angular
baggy amphoras. Medium
with
hard, reddish yellow fabric (5YR 6/8)
large pinkish gray or very pale brown
2-20-22

(7.5-10YR

flash

7-8/2)

to orange,

glassy,

outside,

subrounded

Lot 81-19:10

2-23

Fractional

common,

break;

to tabular

platy

small

to medium,

gray

inclusions.

Fig.

Palestinian

granular
to rounded,

collar

with

amphoras

rim, wheel-ridged

and

shoulder,

vertical wall. D. 0.070 m. Medium

hard, light red (2.5YR 6-7/8) fabric with red

dish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) flashes outside, granular break; common, small to me
dium,

subrounded

orange,

glassy,

rare

subrounded,

large

spherical,

painted

2-23a

Palestinian

inclusions.

milky

cf. also

design;

sand,

common

to

and

spherical

complete

shape,

Fig.

rim;

carrot-amphora

to abundant,

rare medium

the

3-21,4-20.

see

also

1-24,

hard, light red to reddish yellow fabric (2.5-5YR

break;

tabular
For

Fig. 5) shows the rim.

([C-1981-191],

Lot 81-19:11

2-24

inclusions;

white

and Fisher 1974, no. 50, p. 32, pi. 8,with characteristic

seeWilliams, Macintosh,
vertically

to rounded

small
tabular

angular,

to medium
white

4-21.

D.

0.119

m. Medium

6/8) with hackly to granular

rounded,
inclusions.

Cf.

spherical,
glassy, pale brown
Bass
and van Doorninck

1982, no. P80, p. 186, figs. 8.20, S.22; Agora V, no.M 334, p. 115, pi. 33; Arthur
and Orem 1998, fig. 7:3; Maioli and Stoppioni 1989, fig. 8; Reynolds 2000,
pp. 390-391, 395, fig. 8:46; Hayes 2003, no. 234, p. 489, fig. 27 (deposit 11, not
closely dated).
and C-1981-19

Fig. 5
Gaza amphoras (Williams and Zervos 1982, nos. 73, 74, p. 140, fig. 3, pi. 44
[nos. 73 and 74 are interchanged in fig. 3]). P.H. 0.752 (2-25); D. 0.107 (2-25),
0.109 m (2-26). Normal brown fabricwith sand.These pieces are listed inMajche
rek 1995 as examples of his form 3, dated late fifth to late sixth century.

2-25-26

C-1981-8

2-27-28

C-1981-141

and C-1981-142

Fig.

neck and closed toe of m.w.j. (from lot 81-49) (Williams

Double-handled
nos.
1982,
75, 76, p. 140, not illustrated). Cf. Kenchreai IV, nos. RC
35
41a, b, p. 124, pi.
(mislabeled RC 40a, b).
and Zervos

Lot 81-19:36a

2-29

Amphora with
ate,

tiny

rounded

Fig.

triangular rim. Hard

sand

and

dark

grains,

red fabric (2.5YR 4/8) with moder

sparse

subangular

white

bits

and

shell,

K. W.

264
occasional

large

lime

and weathered

AND

SLANE

D.

G.

SANDERS

and fired

surface wet-slipped

feldspar(?);

R.

streaky

weak red to light reddish brown (2.5YR 4/2-6/3).

2-30

C-1981-138
Table

amphora

Fig.
with

on

groove

of

top

rim. D.

m.

0.073

Unusual

red fabric

(2.5YR 5/8) with light brown (7.5YR 6/4) and pinkish gray core (7.5YR 6/2).
Cf. 1-26 for the shape, 1-25 for the fabric.
2-31

C-1981-12
C.c.f.

D.

m.

0.059

2-32

of an amphora

to 2-31,

similar

no.

in coarse

78, p. 141,

fabric

red fabric (5 YR 5/6) with

to

subrounded

sorted,

poorly

1982,

fig.

3). H.

0.398,

Fig.

erately gritty yellowish

5/2);

and Zervos

(Williams
amphora
See 1-27.

C-1981-64
Top

Fig.

red, gray,

angular

(rather

than C.c.f):

mod

a reddish gray core (5YR

and white

inclusions,

many

irregularly shaped voids.

Fig. 5
Gritty C.c.f. variant of LR Amphora 2 with plain body and flat base with
central button (Williams and Zervos 1982, no. 77, p. 141, fig. 3). H. 0.460,

2-33

D.

C-1981-15

0.087

m.

LR Amphora 2 as lot 81-49:6; another top as 1-19; red-slipped frag

ments as Corinth XVII, no. 127, p. 80, pi. 33; late m.w.j. fabric 1 rim as
one handle as lot
no. M 373,
pi. 41; late m.w.j. fabric 2 sherds;
Agora V,
as
rim
LR
7.
bodies
of
lot
82-111:10;
82-107?;
Amphora

Also

Wares

Cooking

ware

LR micaceous Aegean
Lot 81-19:37

2-34
Rim

like

Casserole

rim

Fig.

like

1-28.

Lot 81-19:28

2-36
Rim

(two

D.

lot 82-111:2.

Lot 81-19:38

2-35

Fig.

6
D.

D.

0.160

m.

Fig.

examples).

m.

0.130

0.110

m. Also

two

rims

as lot 82-111:3.

Palestinian
Lot 81-19:39

2-37

Casserole

rim.

Fig.

6
as 1-32,

fabric

Same

but

not

blackened

on

exterior.

C.c.f.

Lot 81-19:27

2-38

Globular
Cf.

1-36,

which

stewpot
has

Fig.
with
a more

6
everted
upright

rim
neck.

and

tapering

collar

at neck.

D.

0.150

m.

LATE

CORINTH:

Lot 81-19:25

2-39

Globular
D.

0.125

2-39a,

(lot

Lot 81-19:23

2-40

265

Fig.
with

stewpot

m.

HORIZONS

ROMAN

everted

concave

rim, broadly

81-19:29,

on

6) are variants.

30, Fig.

top
D.

(three

examples).
m.

0.146

Fig.

Globular stewpot with flat everted rim (five examples). D. 0.140 m.

2-40a (lot 81-19:31, Fig. 6) is smaller and baggy. D. 0.128 m.
2-40b (C-1981-140; Corinth XVU1.2, pi. 18).28Also lot 81-19:24,26.
2-41

C-1981-242
Local

Fig.
with

casserole

thick

rim,

drooping

no handles.

D.

0.234-0.240

m.

a rim similar to 2-38

are
probably residual in this context:
following
similar to 2-40b;
with a narrow groove on top; six wide rims otherwise
rims like 1-35.
rims as 1-44; also imported white-gritted
cooking-pot
The

Shapes

like 3-30

Plain

Wares

are still missing

Lot 81-19:19

2-42

C.c.f.

folded

C-1981-67

2-43
C.cf.

2-44

folded

Fig.

rim bowl.

Fig.

D.

Fig.

0.134

m.29

rim bowl,

C-1981-13

from this lot.

heavy.

D.

0.160

m.

Cf.

1-47.

Basin with hammerhead rim (Williams and Zervos 1982, no. 67, p. 138,
fig. 2). D. 0.390 m. At least three more examples (lot 81-19:14-16) with diam
eters

ca. 0.34-0.35

m.

Fig. 6
Basin with hammerhead rim (Williams and Zervos
2
[misnumbered 66]). D. 0.205 m.
fig.
C-1981-20

2-45

2-46

C-1981-124
C.c.f.

cylindrical

Fig.
basin

1982, no. 68, p. 138,

6
with

knob

and Zervos

rim

and

no.

about

preserved

2-47

[C-69-243]

Fig. 7
solid knob and straight wall (two examples). Cf. 3-33.

2-48

71,

handles;

quarters

C.c.f. lidwith

1982,

horizontal

(Williams

p. 138,

three

pi. 44).

Fig. 7
C.c.f. bell lidwith hollow knob (two examples). See also 3-33, 4-30.
[C-69-244]

2-49

C-1981-6

Fig.

Pitcher with overhanging rim (Williams and Zervos 1982, no. 70, p. 138, not
illustrated). D. 0.102 m. Edge of molded foot preserved.
of this rim or type
examples
the
from
of
catalogued
Sanctuary

28. No
were

Demeter;
the body

this piece
illustrated
simply
in general.
of LR stewpots

form

29. C-1981-67 (Williams and

Zervos 1982, no. 69, p. 138, fig. 2)
comes

from

the next

level

above

robbing-trench fill (lot 81-18).

the

266

K. W.

of

3: End

Assemblage

the

AND

SLANE

G.

R.

D.

SANDERS

Century

Sixth

chamber
is supplied by the finds from an underground
near
in
who
of
excavated
the
Baths
(cistern 1956-1)
by Pallas,
Aphrodite,
some
as
as
well
marble
ventoried 35 partly restored vessels and six lamps,
fine-ware
has
several
8-10).30
(see
John
published
Hayes
Figs.
fragments

The

third horizon

and the LR ung?entar?a from this cistern;31 we add the lamps, am

wares that form part of the same deposit.
phoras, cooking pots, and plain
a
The deposit is dated by coin of Justin II (577/8), and there are numerous
dishes

to the Argos bath deposit, dated ca. 585 (Aupert 1980; we sug
parallels
a
the lamps and
later
date below, n. 108). We have supplemented
gest
a
a
in Forum
of
excavated
the
lower
level
few from
pit
cooking pots with
the distinction
(lot 73-88) to demonstrate
are
with
the
mid-seventh-century
reported

Southwest
els, which

from

its upper lev

in assem

material

blage 4.
Coins
Justin II (577/8)

*56-2
Lamps
3-1

*L-4057

lamp, imitating a North African

LR Corinthian
cross

Maltese
each

10

Fig.

on

elongated
lower
quadrants

of the two

disk

and
below

palm
the arms

lamp with unornamented

on

rim;

traces

of the cross. W.

0.076

branches

of

inth IV.2, nos. 1456-1458, pi. XXII; Bovon 1966, no. 647, pi. 17; Aupert
nos. 41, 42,53-56
(signature), pp. 410-412, figs. 22-24.
3-2

L-73-23
LR

and

gated
The
forked
on

a North
African
imitating
lamp,
on rim. PL.
branches
0.094, H.

palm

of a cross,

end

Cor

1980,

10

Fig.

Corinthian

disk

in

circles

m. Cf.

the

as on

same mark

lamp
0.036,

the very

with
Th.

similar

cross

on

0.003-0.006
3-1,

is

elon
m.

preserved

the base.

*L-4058
Fig. 10
LR Corinthian lamp, imitating a North African lamp with jeweled TATA
m. Cf.
pattern on rim; faint traces of bird(?) relief on elongated disk.W. 0.082
Isthmia III, no. 3149, p. 81, pis. 10, 35, which is slightly smaller but the same
3-3

series; Aupert

1980,

*L-4059

3-4

no.

10, p. 407,

fig.

14.

10

Fig.

LR lamp of Corinthian type, imitating aNorth African lamp with peacock

on disk and palm branches on rim. P.W. 0.050, Th. 0.006 m. Very fine reddish
minute
yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/5) with occasional white grit and slitlike voids,
over
to
gray wash
top only (2.5YR 6/4,
sparkling inclusions; light reddish brown
5YR3/1).
*L-4060

3-5
LR
disk

and

10

an imitation of a North African

lamp, imitating
palm

H. 0.033,Th.
is conical

Fig.

and

branches

on

rim; perhaps

an overfired

fabric. W.

0.004 m. Similar to 3-1 except the disk is keyhole-shaped,

outside

the

rim pattern,

and

the fabric

is very

cross on

lamp with

Corinthian

poor.

0.070,

the handle

30. Neither the field notebook nor

the context
Museum.
dates

is in the Corinth
pottery
and
From
the page numbers
it ap
in the findbook,
recorded

the fill may have had an up

vessels
with
per part
nearly complete
and a lower part with more
fragmentary
an asterisk
the finds
indicates
pottery;

pears

that

from

the "upper

level"

in the

list below.

31. LRP, AfRS nos. 99.23 (3-8),

105.3 (3-9), and LRC nos. 10.4 (3-14),
10.6 (3-13); Hayes 1971, pis. 36, 37.

CORINTH:

Figure

8.

Assemblage
and cooking

amphoras,
Scale 1:4 except amphoras

3, fine wares,
pots.
1:8

LATE

ROMAN

HORIZONS

267

268

K. W.

AND

SLANE

D.

G.

R.

SANDERS

9.
Figure
Assemblage
Scale 1:4

3-6

b
10 (a only)
Fig.
lamp, imitating a circular lampwith jeweled rectangular stamp
L-4061a,

LR Corinthian
on

repeated

Hard-fired,
inclusions.

shoulder

rows

between

of dots;

edge

of disk.

PL.

fine, light reddish brown fabric with amoderate

Cf.

Bovon

1966,

nos.

665,

666,

p. 93,

pi.

0.075,

Th.

0.006

m.

amount of tinywhite

18, which

demonstrate

that

the mostly missing disk had a jeweled cross (or letters, according to Bovon); Ken
chreai V,

3-7

no. 457,

L-4062
Square

cross,

p. 86, pis.

20,24.

[L-1982-21]

Fig.

attached

originally

10
above

the handle

of a LR

lamp.

Such

cross

handles are not very common in the Corinthia: L-4170, noted in Isthmia III,
no. 3144; L-4816; Kenchreai V, no. 455, pi. 20. The lamp shape is Corinth IV.2,
no. 1512, pi. XXIII; Aupert 1980, no. 9, p. 407, fig. 12 (which has a jeweled rather
than

Fine

plain

cross).

Wares

AfRS
3-8

C-56-15

Fig.

LRP, no. 99C.23, p. 153, fig. 28. D. 0.187 m. Also two bases (in lot 73-88).

3, plain

wares.

LATE

CORINTH:

HORIZONS

ROMAN

269

3-2
3-3

3-1

3-4

*
3-7

3-6

3-5

1:4

3-34

3-28

3-25
3. Scale 1:3
10.
Figure
Assemblage
except amphoras 1:8 and as indicated

3-9

C-56-26
LRP,

no.

Fig.
105.3,

p.

167,

8
fig.

31. D.

0.325

m.

Cross

graffito

on

underside

of

wall.

3-10

Plate, Hayes
3-11

Fig. 8
form 105 with chamfer well outside line of foot. D. 0.354 m.

Lot 73-88:5

C-56-27

Hayes form 105/106, foot with chamfer. The estimated diameter of the foot,
0.20 m, should indicate that this is a large example, which would normally be

K. W.

270
to the mid-seventh

dated

or size

posed

3-12

is not

Either

century.

the

this

G.

has

Hayes

R.

D.

SANDERS

than we

is later

deposit

criterion

chronological

AND

SLANE

have

pro

suggested.

C-56-28
Hayes form 103 foot with two grooves on floor, slipped on interior only.

LRC
3-13

C-56-14
no.

LRP,

3-14

10.6,

p. 343,

C-56-30
no.

LRP,

3-15

p. 343,

C-56-32
Fragment,

Boiotian
3-16

m;

D.

0.275

complete.

71. Est.

fig.

m.

Fig.

form

Hayes

0.280

Fig.

10.4,

71. D.

fig.

10A.

RS
C-56-33

Bowl

Fig.

with

outturned

rim;

two burnished

lines

preserved

on

exterior

wall.

Cf.

2-13; see also Corinth XVII, no. 122, p. 79, pi. 32, which has similar burnishing
on

("paring")

the

but

exterior

is a

slightly

ware.

coarser

Miscellaneous
3-17

*C-56-10
One-handled

3-18

mug,

C-56-23
Pitcher

nished

bands

Fig.

partly

on

m.

0.089

Fig.

base,

D.

slipped.

not

apparently
exterior.

slipped

but

similar

to the

Broad

preceding.

bur

an AfRS 91 or 92 with feather

a
rouletting and grooved base rather
a
than
foot (C-56-29);
although the fabric is somewhat coarse, it should
still be a fifth-century
form. LRC stamp (Hayes no. 69), a double-ribbed
Greek cross of the mid-fifth
century (C-56-31).

Also

Amphoras
3-19

C-56-22
Fig. 8
Palestinian baggy amphora top (white). D. 0.088 m. Medium hard, fired in
layers very pale brown towhite at edges (10YR 8/2 to 2.5Y 8/2) and at core (10YR
smooth

7/4),
to

angular,

to laminar
spherical

break;

sparse,

inclusions

and

colorless

large, glassy,
occasional

very

to orange,

large, milky

white,

subrounded
rounded

spherical inclusions. Cf. Riley 1981, p. 104, fig. 8:72.

3-20

C-56-25

Fig.

Palestinian baggy amphora bottom (white).Medium hard, fired in layers red

dish yellow (5YR 7/4) at core, pale yellow to light gray (5Y 7/2 to 8/2) inside and
pale yellow (5Y 8/2) outside, hackly to laminar break; common, medium large,
glassy,
large

orange
to very

and white,
large, milky

rounded,
white,

to

inclusions
platy
inclusions.
spherical

spherical

rounded

and

occasional

LATE

CORINTH:

3-21

ROMAN

*C-56-ll
Small

271

Fig.

Palestinian

HORIZONS

with

amphora

wall.

vertical

D.

m. Medium

0.060

hard,

very pale brown fabric (5YR 7/6) with hackly to conchoidal break, reddish yellow
(5YR 7/6) flashes outside; abundant, medium, white to orange, glassy, subrounded
to rounded,
between

to

tabular

inclusions.

spherical

Cf.

4-20.

2-23a,

2-23,

Four

dipinti

handles:

(a)?YKIGX
(b)0HMAN
(c)Minuscule

dipinto on neck: 0HMAN

(d)Minuscule

letters

under

are too

handle

to read.

fragmentary

C-56-34
Fig. 8
LR Amphora 2 top.Medium coarse southern Argolid fabric: light red fab
ric (2.5YR 6/6) fired light gray (10YR 7/2) on exterior, with a smooth to con

3-22

choidal

break;

lime
yellow
mica
visible

a few, medium

to very
to
creamy
large, rounded
angular,
spherical,
rare
to
bits have
medium
very
large,
gold
platy
spalled;
angular
on surfaces;
to
white
hollow
rare, medium
rounded,
large, spherical

inclusions.

3-23

C-56-35

Fig.
C.c.f.

Gray-brown

imitation

of LR

3-24

Lot 73-88:4
C.c.f.

of LR

imitation

3-25

*C-56-7
C.c.f.

3-26

*C-56-8

body.

ovoid

PH.

body.

0.310,

is similar.

10

with

flat

Fig.

C.c.f.

Gray-black

narrow

2, with

Amphora

2002, no. 29, pp. 17,145,

Fig.

amphora

ovoid

two substantial rims, a

Fig.

D. 0.070 m. Hjohlman

narrow

2 with

Amphora

D. 0.055 m. Cf. 3-24,4-14

(which is slightly larger).Also
handle, and several bodies in lot 73-88.

base.

Cf.

1-27.

derived

top, perhaps

amphora

amphora such as Corinth XVIII.2,

nos. 248,249,

from

local

another

buff

table

pp. 115-116, fig. 28. Perhaps cf.

4-15.

3-27

Lot 73-88:2
C.c.f.

Fig.

top of fruit

with

amphora

vertical

handles

attached

to neck

and

top of

shoulder; combing on lower shoulder.D. 0.17 m. C-1982-17

(Williams and Zervos
a
no.
was
in
used
that
80, p. 30, pi. 11),
1983,
destroyed in the first half of
building
the

seventh

has

century,

similar

shoulder, as does IP-2135

are southern

grooves

on

the neck,

(on display in the Isthmia Museum),

fabric.

Argolid

handles,

Cf.

also 4-16

and

a second,

and

combing

on

the

but both of these

uninventoried

example

in

lot 73-88, both with horizontal handles.

3-28

C-56-13

Fig. 10
Sara?hane type 22 amphora, complete. Cf. 4-22. Cf. also Opaij: 1996, p. 66
(English translation p. 213), pi. 17:1-3, citing examples from Romania in the early

seventh

3-29

century

and

Lot 73-88:1
Unidentified

from

Constantinople

Fig.

amphora

and Berenice

8
top. D.

0.085

m.

later.

K. W.

272
Cooking

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

R.

rim,

concave

on

interior;

SANDERS

Wares

C.cf
3-30

C-73-239
Small

Fig.

with

stewpot

globular

half-round

seems

to have

3-31

Lot 73-88:3
Globular

lower

straighter

stewpot

body.

Fig.
with

half-round

undercut,

rim,

D.

everted.

strongly

*C-56-12
Globular

3-33

(1980,

Fig.
with

stewpot

m.

0.168

Nineteen examples with a slightly less everted rimwere published byAupert

nos. 269-285b, p. 433, fig. 43).
3-32

on

button

1980, no. 286, p. 433, fig. 43, which

bottom. D. 0.108 m. See 4-27. Cf. Aupert

spout,

rim. D.

triangular

m.

0.161-0.167

Fig. 8
Local lidwith hollow knob. See also 2-47,2-48.
C-56-19

Plain

Wares

LR

inHayes

C-1978-226

10 (3-34 only)

Fig.

of which

ung?entarla,

stamps. Published
3-40

to *C-56-6

*C-56-l

3-34-39

are more

four

or

less

and

complete,

have

three

1971.32
9

Fig.

Pitcher with flat base, cylindrical body with inset neck, and pinched spout.
the full body of a second pitcher, was found
D. 0.074 m. Top only; C-1978-227,
with it.Medium hard, coarse, reddish yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6 to 6/6), interior
and core reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); sparse tiny sparkling inclusions; sparse me
dium to largewhite rounded grits (spherical lime and some hollow); sparse very
large

(which

and

For

inclusions.

orange

the whole

1982, no. 30, p. 127, pi. 40 (C-1981-132),

is

which

C-31-58,

has

3-41

3-42

pitcher

C-56-17
C.cf.

pitcher
m.

D.

3-43

later.

probably

a circular

*C-56-9
C.cf.

only.

white

angular

Zervos

See

also

shape,

1980,

Aupert

seeWilliams

and

is probably earlier, and

which

no.

229a,

p. 428,

fig.

40

top).

Fig. 9
with

pinched

D.

0.055

m.

Burnished

on

pattern

body.

Fig.
with

spout.

tapering

neck,

swelling

mouth,

and

pinched

H.

0.258,

spout;

top

0.057

C-56-20
C.cf.

pitcher

[CP-25]
with

Fig.

half-round

rim

and

button

base.

D.

0.080

m.

Also one rim and two fragments preserving the rim to shoulder (in lot 73-88). Cf.
Aupert 1980, nos. 221-223, p. 428, fig. 40.
3-44

C-56-36
32.

Jug with
3-45

swelling mouth. Cf. 4-34.

C-56-18
C.cf.

globular

Fig.
bin with

amphora
in Arthur

9
knob

rim. C-56-21

is a second

example.

It seems
toes

very likely that the

as LR Koan
identified

1998, p. 166, fig. 6:3, 4, are

as "am
identified
of
this
kind,
pieces
in the original
publication.
phoriskos"

LATE

CORINTH:

3-46

ROMAN

C-73-240
C.c.f.

3-47

273

Fig.
bin with

globular

HORIZONS

knob

rim;

D.

complete.

m.

0.332

C-56-24
m. Fabric like LR Amphora

Small pitcher lid, complete. D. 0.058-0.063

with

rare,

creamy

large,

yellow

platy
spherical

gold
lime

mica

visible

inclusions

Seventh

surface

where

or Third

4: Middle

Assemblage

at

the

and

rare,

surface

has

to very

large

large,

spalled.

of

Quarter

the

Century

A pit in the Panayia field, west of the long sixth-century building (see Fig. 2),
a
pottery including a wide variety of
yielded
large quantity of mendable
net weight of lots 96-44 and 97-57 after
amphoras (see Figs. 11-13). The
was 161
kg, numbering 4,200 fragments. A single coin found in
mending
II (580/1), provides a terminus post quern for
this pit, an issue of Tiberius
the contents. The assemblage can be placed in a phase succeeding assem
are
parallels among all classes of pottery except lamps
blage 3 because there
and cooking pots with the large Sara?hane deposit now dated 655-670 by
east
Hayes.33 The pottery also closely resembles that found in the latest
levels in 1982, which
of Theater
destruction
included a coin of Phocas
(605/6), examples of LRC Hayes form 10C, and Asia Minor
lamps prob
the seventh century.34 Supplementary
fine and plain
ably datable within
wares of this
come from the upper level of a
period
pit excavated at the
west end of the forum in 1973 (lot 73-87), which contained a rim of AfRS
a
I bowl (4-1) also with
Hayes form 107 (4-5) and Glazed White Ware
no LRC was found in
in
30.
is
It
notable
that
Sara?hane, deposit
parallels
the Panayia pit and that, in contrast to the 16 nearly complete Palestinian
two fruit
is very fragmentary.
baggy amphoras and
amphoras, the AfRS
For this reason it is possible that the coarse wares in this pit are later than
time after
the datable fine wares and should be placed at an unspecified
of the seventh century. This horizon represents the latest use of
the fabric of the Roman city of Corinth
that is now recognizable.

the middle

Coins
96-155

Tiberius

II (580/1)

Lamps
a
latest fragment is the handle of a LR Corinthian
lamp imitating
on
cross
rim
North African
and jeweled
the disk;
type with jeweled
seen on 3-1, 3-3, and 3-5, it is
elements
combining
apparently earlier
than all three, and we regard it as residual here. There were also fragments
The

of earlier unglazed

Corinthian

and Attic

lamps of the second

to fourth

centuries.

33. Sara?hane,
deposit
105, figs. 38-49.
34. This
is the material

Williams

30, pp.

100

(nos.

76-86),
buried

reported

in

and Zervos 1983, pp. 29-32

pits
arate parts

as
from a series of
coming
beneath
tile falls in two sep
of the area. Restudy

of the

pottery and stratigraphy in 1998 led to

the recognition

of a large
building,

built in themiddle of the fifth century

and destroyed

in the

seventh,

buried by its collapsed roof.

that was

K. W.

274
Fine

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

Wares

Glazed White Ware I

4-1

C-73-238
Bowl

11

Fig.
D.

fragment.

m.

0.257

Cf.

30.16,

Sara?hane,

fig.

38.

AfRS
4-2

C-1997-41
Plate

4-3

form

rim, Hayes

C-1997-42

Most

104C.

D.

0.390

m.

Cf.

Sara?hane,

30.46,

fig.

40.

11

Fig.

Plate rim,Hayes
4-4

11

Fig.

form 105.6 (LRP, p. 167, fig. 31). D. 0.370 m.

C-1997-47a,b

11

Fig.

Plate rim fragments, Hayes form 105.7-9 (LRP,p. 167, figs. 31,32). D. 0.530 m.
of this vessel was found in an earlier pit (lot 96-44).

4-5

C-73-423
Bowl

4-6

11

Fig.

107. D.

form

rim, Hayes

Lot 97-57:17

0.275

fragment.

Other fine

D.

m. Cf.

0.290

Sara?hane,

30.50,

fig.

40.

spiral burnishing on the interior; very small

Sara?hane,

30.41-43,

fig.

40.

wares

Lot 97-57:22

4-7

Cf.

11

Fig.

Bowl rim, Hayes form 109 with

Est.

m.

11

Fig.

m.
Spouted jug. Fine grayish buff fabric (burned). D. 0.092
are a rim and handle of a spouted jug with a splash of paint
Perhaps also late
(cf. Ballance et al. 1989, nos. 208,209,
p. 105, pi. 23; Ricci 1998, pp. 375
Balbi
from
the
377, fig. 15:1-4,
deposit), but surely residual in
Crypta
two rims of
lot 97-57 are a fragmentary bowl Hayes form 99 (C-1997-43);
LRC form 3; and an unidentified LRC base. Lot 73-87 has miscellaneous
small fragments of AfRS of unidentifiable
forms, but no LRC.
Amphoras
C-1997-52

4-8
LR

Fig.
1, nearly

Amphora

13
D.

complete.

0.104

m.

Sara?hane

type

5. Another

sev

enth-century example isHayes 2003, no. 264, p. 492, fig. 25 (deposit 12, mid
seventh century). Four dipinti on shoulder, (c) under handle:
(a) X(pLCTOo)y(?vva) M(ap?oc)
(b) [---]?
(c) to?| 'Iy|co(o) Xp(?cTO?) I?tooc IOnr
(d)

Dipinto
illegible

4-9

[---].

?(?CT(Xl).

..

(c) seems to be a date, 573; (d) is likely a capacity mark, ending in an

numeral.

Lot 97-57:20

Fig.

13

LR Amphora 2, complete profile except top of rim; small central button marks
rounded bottom. PH. 0.519 m. Southern Argolid fabric: light red (2.5YR 6/6)

CORINTH:

Figure 11.Assemblage
and
1:8

amphoras.

Scale

LATE

ROMAN

HORIZONS

275

4, fine wares

1:4 except

amphoras

with occasional gold mica and large lime inclusions. At least 11 total
examples in
lot 97-57.
4-10

Lot 97-57:21

4-11

C-1997-57

Fig. 13
LR Amphora 2.Medium hard, reddish yellow fabric (5YR 6/6) fired
lighter
(7.5YR 6/6) at surface, smooth to hackly break; sparsemedium to very large flecks
of gold mica and occasional milky white and creamy yellow inclusions.

LR Amphora 2. Fine southern Argolid fabric.

Dipinto
handles: [- - - AJT70AP .. |T7POT7AA .?KQ
4-12

on

on shoulder between

C-1997-67

Fig. 13
LR Amphora 2. Fine ormedium

shoulder:

[-

-]|T7POT7[-

-]

southern Argolid fabric. Fragmentary dipinto

K. W.

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

4-38 1

Figure 12.Assemblage
pots

4-13

4-14

4-15

C.c.f. imitation of LR Amphora

11
Fig.
2 with flat base. D. 0.07 m.

Fig. 11
C.c.f. imitation of LR Amphora

2 with flat base. D. 0.075 m. Cf. 3-23.

4-16

C-1997-50

D.

Fig.

white-gritted
0.055 m.
Perhaps

11
table

amphora
cf. 3-26.

with

flat

base

with

button.

central

H.

C-1997-56
C.c.f.

body,

(a only)

C-1997-49a,b

Small,
0.362,

C-1997-48a,

Fig. 13
(gritty) fruit amphora with horizontal Corinthian-style

and button

toe; about

four-fifths

complete.

H.

0.803,

D.

0.275

handles, plain
m.

See

3-27.

and

plain

wares.

4, cooking
Scale 1:4

CORINTH:

LATE

ROMAN

HORIZONS

277

4-10

^
4-12
4-9

4-20
4-8

4-16

Figure 13. Assemblage

Scale 1:8 and as indicated

4.

1:4

4-22

4-32

K. W.

278
4-17

C-1997-66
Fractional,

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

11

Fig.

fruit

white-gritted

with

amphora

vertical

handles.

D.

(restored)

m.

0.11

4-18-19

C-1997-45

and lot 97-57:12

Palestinian

Baggy

amphora,

11 (4-19 only)

Fig.

three-quarters

Also

complete.

at least

lot 96-44;

m (4-18); D.
eight nearly complete examples including 4-19. H. 0.400, D. 0.097
0.010 m (4-19). Cf. Hayes 2003, nos. 269,270, p. 494, fig. 25.
4-20

C-1997-61
Small
m.

0.070

Palestinian
Cf.

2-23,2-23a,

vertical

wall;

three-quarters

complete.

D.

11

Fig.

carrot

Palestinian

with

amphora
3-21.

C-1997-46a-d

4-21

13

Fig.

with

amphora

flat

base.

H.

D.

0.398,

(restored)

0.080

m.

Soft to medium hard, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric with granular break, pink
7/4)

(7.5YR
glassy,

to abundant,

small

rare medium

sand;

angular,
Bass
and van

Cf.

inclusions.

gray

spherical

common

interior;

colorless

figs. 8.20 and 8.22; Agora V, no.M

tabular

to medium

rounded,

white

occasional

and

Doorninck

no.

1982,

spherical,
rounded

P80,

p.

186,

334, p. 115, pi. 33. See 1-24,2-24.

11 (b), Fig. 13 (a)

Sara?hane type 22, mouth and nonjoining body. D. 0.046 m. Very fine, red
dish yellow fabric (5YR 6/6), fired yellow (10YR 7/6) on exterior; occasional spar
kling gold and silver flecks and occasional tiny, red and black inclusions. See
Sara?hane, deposit 30.195-196, p. 104, fig. 49; Agora V, no.M 372, pp. 118-119,
4-22

pi. 34;

also

D.

4-24

11

Fig.

Unidentified
0.369,

Fig.

3-28.

C-1997-51

4-23

H.

Lot 97-57:19a,

with

amphora
m. At

0.110

C-1997-38a,b

rim and flat base;

offset

three more

least

three-quarters
in lot 97-57.

examples

preserved.

11

Fig.

Amphora with flat base, dumpy ovoid body, and broad neck ending in plain
lip.

H.

D.

0.330,

m. Canted

0.099

and

black

red

exterior

grits;

groove

marks

false

ring-foot.

Body

surface

wet-smoothed.

has very

thick

6-7/4) with rare

reddish brown fabric (5YR-7.5YR

wall. Fine, highly micaceous,

Post-coctum

graffito

between

handles: t vac. INCOTH[l-2]MZINTOY|CanO[l-2]ipY

Fig. 11
One-handled
jug with slightly tapering wheel-ridged neck, triangular rim,
and strap handle; groove on shoulder at level of handle attachment and double
Lot 97-57:23

4-25

wave

above

incised

pattern

brown

fabric.

For

the

it. Est.

complete

D.

form,

0.092

m.

seeWilliams

reddish

micaceous,

Fine,

highly
and Zervos

1983,

no.

82, p. 32,

pi. 11 (C-1982-39, with newly joined rim).

4-26

C-1997-44a,b
Forerunner

served.

D.

0.068

Fig.

of Early
m.

11

Byzantine

Cf. Aupert

1980,

one toe and three bodies

Corinthian
no.

326a,

amphora;
p. 440,

fig.

about

one-third

pre

46.

of small spatheia. Clearly residual in this

are the
of
77; a rim and handle like
m.w.j.; Niederbieber
deposit
fragments
a
a
a
neck of LR Amphora
7; and Gaza rim (lot 97-57:7 + 8).
2-17;

Also

CORINTH:

LATE

Cooking
All

HORIZONS

the same fabric as most

apparently C.cf,

Lot 97-57:11

lines

C-1997-53
Globular

4-29

D.

0.150

spout,

Fig.

12

0.213

m.

thickened, everted rim. H. 0.073, est. D. 0.170 m. Cf. 3-33.

12

Fig.

lid than

flatter

rims as 2-37,

Two

rim. D.

triangular

12

Fig.

Lot 97-57:16
Lower,

are

with

m.

C-1997-54
Tall lidwith

4-31

12

scuttle or dipper with flat base and solid handle; heavily burned on

Coal

4-30

rim. D. 0.125 m. Spirally

everted, half-round

3-30.

Fig.

stewpot

C-1997-55

interior.

Cf.

outside.

local plain wares.

12

Fig.

Small globular stewpot with

burnished

4-28

279

Wares

now

4-27

ROMAN

4-30.

H.

est. D.

0.057,

two rims as 2-35,

0.219

m.

and two rims as Sanders

1999, no. 17

residual.

Plain

Wares

Imported
4-32

Lot 97-57:10
Late

unguentarium.
to late

identical

ently
reservoir

m.w.j.

D.

0.023

m. Micaceous
a

Cf. C-33-1521,

reddish

complete

brown

example

from

fabric

appar

Asklepieion

IV.

4-33

Lot 97-57:5
Rim

and handle

fabric(?) with
4-34

12,13

Figs.
Est.

Fig.
of

12

trefoil-mouth

pitcher.

tiny gold mica. See Aupert

Est.

D.

0.07

m.

1980, nos. 232,233,

Southern

Argolid

p. 429, fig. 41.

Lot 97-57:6

Fig. 12
Pitcher with flaring rim and sloping grooved handle; red paint on shoulder.
D. 0.059 m. Reddish yellow fabric (5YR 6/6) with rare sparkling and occasional
white

inclusions;

lighter

on outside.

Cf.

3-44.

4-35

Lot 97-57:9
Fig. 12
Small lidwith pierced knob. D. 0.088-0.090 m. Fine southern Argolid fab
ric: reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/4) fired pink on exterior (close to 7.5YR 8/3); sparse,
tiny,

sparkling

and

occasional

large

lime

inclusions.

Local
All
4-36

now

apparently C.cf.

Lot 97-57:4
Bowl.

Est.

D.

0.144

Fig.
m.

except the last.

12

K. W.

28o

4-37

C-73-237
Spouted

4-38

PH.

Lot 97-57:13
C.cf.

pitcher

4-39

4-40

SANDERS

m.

0.135

rim. D.

m. Two

0.102

examples.

offset

rim. D.

m.

0.118

12

Fig.

bin with

gritty

D.

half-round

with

amphora

Lot 97-57:15
Deep

R.

12

Fig.

or

pitcher

D.

12

flattened

Lot 97-57:14
C.cf.

max.

0.157,

Fig.

with

G.

AND

12

Fig.

pitcher.

SLANE

square

rim. Est.

D.

0.16

m. The

to dolia

resemblance

from the late-seventh-century Crypta Balbi deposit inRome (Ricci 1998, fig. 15:9,
10) is striking, but the fabric is different.
Twelve
pitchers

as 3-46

rims and several bases

like 3-43

are

probably

3) and two rims of

(lot 97-57:2,

residual.

DISCUSSION
Not

only the fine wares, but also the lamps, the cooking pots, and the plain
some of the
presented here form reliable sequences;
amphora forms
also exhibit steady change, although others cannot yet be subdivided. The

wares

combination

of forms

and the relative

blage,
secure. The

in use in a particular stratum defines each assem

sequence of the four horizons presented here is
on the basis of
imported
the number of such pieces

horizons

have been dated primarily

supplemented by the lamps. Although

fine wares,
in any given group may seem too limited to place as much weight on their
dates aswe appear to do, our experience in describing several hundred LR
strata

leaves

us

confident

that

the

are

associations

consistent.

Our

major

is that pottery ismore reliable than coins in distinguishing

the
fifth from the fourth century and the seventh from the sixth. Our inten
tion is to illustrate that, when fine wares are absent, lamps, cooking pots,
and plain wares can be used to establish where one is in the sequence.
conclusion

Broneers

of the Corinth

publication

lamps assigned

some examples

of his typesXXVIII andXXIX and all of typesXXXI andXXXII to the

to sixth centuries, without
subdividing the period.35 Further study
was
a catchall for
were
has shown that "type XXVUF
simply
lamps that
fourth

not types XXVII or XXXI and included lamps manufactured

in both Cor
imitations
and
inth and Athens.36 "Type XXXI" included African
imports
from several different sources, including Corinth; Garnett's
study of the
thousands of stratified lamps in the Fountain of the Lamps allowed her to
suggest

some

35. Corinth

subdivisions
IV.2,

pp.

of type XXXI.37 The

102-121,

pis. XII-XXIII, XXIX; followed with

out
in Isthmia
III, pp. 72-82,
change
pis. 32-37.
36.
Corinth
Agora VII, pp. 8-9;
pp. 7,17-23.
37. Garnett
1975,

thesis

more

precise

dating

to the
University

presented

based

on an M.A.

of

Texas atAustin in 1970; it is therefore

pre-LRP We
classification
different

have modified

Garnett's

to reflect a
slightly,
of
the earlier
understanding
only

prototypes fromwhich typeXXXI

XVIII.2,

of

lamps

were

drawn.

LATE

CORINTH:

ROMAN

HORIZONS

28l

fine wares made possible by the publication

of LRP now
contemporary
allows refinement of the lamp chronology as well. For instance, it is obvi
ous that imitations of AfRS
type II lamps cannot be earlier than their
now
are
which
dated
after 425, some even after 525: they do
prototypes,
as
not begin
early as the fourth century.38 All the LR Corinthian
lamps
with a channel to the nozzle are in this category.39 Broneers typology should
in favor of a subdivision based on provenience
be completely abandoned
in the horizons
and prototypes. The following groups are distinguishable
here:40

published
Attic

lamps (1-1)

glazed

(formerly Broneer

Attic

post-glazing
lamps (1-2,2-1,2-2)
LR Corinthian
imitations of Corinthian

type XXVIII)

(formerly

type XXVIII)

unglazed

lamps (2-3)

(formerly typeXXXI)
LR Corinthian

imitations

of Attic

glazed41 and post-glazing

lamps
XXXI)
(formerly type
imitations of North African
lamps (3-1 to 3-3)

(2-4,2-5)
LR Corinthian

(formerly typeXXXI)
LR Corinthian

of circular lamps (3-6)

imitations

(formerly

type

XXXII)
AfRS lamps (formerly typeXXXI)

other

a date

gested

of ca. 425/430-ca.

sug
550

for

a date in the
type II, and in particular
second quarter of the sixth century
for
crosses of
those bearing
large jeweled

style E(ii). The beginning date has been

confirmed
Theodosian

the

by excavations
along
wall at Carthage.

lamps
lamps (formerly part of type XXIX)43

Corinth

citing

IV.2,

nos.

IV.2, no. 1454,

to the category

Corinth
belongs

and

1451-2

but
1453-4,
respectively),
only
at Corinth.
was
imitated
Note

type
that

nos.

than

a new

introducing

numbered typology for the lamps found

at Corinth,
under
that

we

continue

descriptive
some of our

further

names

to group
them
in anticipation

subdivisions

will

be

of the fact

that

three

centuries

torch

and

ing, horseman
in this category
glazed

lamps;

vine-and-ray
rather than

certain

that

on the
figure
right approaches
as on nos. 630-632);
his opponent
there is a third-century
Attic
lamp
a
with
fully armed
similarly
crouching,

gladiator (Karivieri 1996, fig. 20), but

the costume

the

rims copy the Attic

the Corinthian
form

(cf.
could all
1975, n. 44). They
as
be classed
copies of Attic
glazed
from
rather
i.e.,
lamps,
fourth-century
than second-century
prototypes.
which
prove that some
Exceptions
were
earlier Corinthian
lamps
copied
are the
gladiatorial
1 and 2-4) and

(1975) first category,

"copies of Broneer
type 27 Corinthian
all
and Attic
lamps," lumped
together
from Corinthian
prototypes
unglazed

scene

rim

lamps signed "Preimou"

no. 4, for which
cf. Corinth
from

single

scene,

tendril
(Garnett
IV.2, no.

although

thian lamps with

ovolo on the rim and
nos. 2, 3)
rays on the disk (Garnett
derive directly
from Corinthian
lamps,
rare in
this kind is relatively
because
Athens.
IV2,

no.

1454,

and per

haps no. 1455 (p. 285, pi. XXII) and

nos. 1501-1505 (p. 290, pi. XXIII);
Corinth XVII, nos. 141 (p. 83, pi. 35)
and 143 (pp. 83-84, pi. 35).
43. Corinth

566, pi. XI). The gladiatorial disks

derive

that it is not the

suggests
LR
for
Corinthian
the
prototype
lamps.
It is also possible
that the LR Corin

42. Corinth

(Garnett

the raised

IV.2, no. 633, rather than nos.

as Garnett
had it; the hel

meted

centaur
attack
thyrsos,
riding left) and rims
also exist in Attic
it is also

(Corinth
630-632

the earliest prototypes

from
separate
their imitations.
As Garnett
pointed
of the figure
out, most
types (Eros

no.

revised.

41. Garnetts

and should be divided, particularly in

Garnett

1501

1505.
40. Rather

and must have been changed

scene is
LR
the
The
by
lampmakers.
in an unglazed
known
Corinthian
a retiarius
in loin
example
showing
short
with
sword and trident
left,
cloth,
rims differ

third
through
from Attic
glazed

of the fourth century,

and she
lamps
has been followed
by, e.g., Oikonomou
can
care, this category
(1988). With

with
II

is not glazed
and
of
imported
of North
African

imitations
"unslipped
and circular
lamps" with

of the second
lamps
centuries with
those

view

39.AfRS lamps of Hayes types I

and II are found here (LRP, p. 311,

of AfRS

always unslipped,
imitations of AfRS

Asia Minor
38. Hayes (LRP, pp. 313-314)

and circular lamps (in a single fabric,

formerly in types XXXI and XXXII)42

imitations

imported

pi. 35;Williams
the

no. 86,
p. 31.

XVII,

no.

146, p. 84,

and Zervos 1983,

K. W.

282

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

provide the clearest illustration of the difference among the

are found in
lamps (1-1,1-2)
assemblages. Attic glazed and post-glazing
in
LR
numbers
and
Corinthian
1,
equal
assemblage
approximately
are
lamps
lacking. Karivieri's suggestion that glazing continued on Attic
seems to be confirmed.44
the
lamps into the fifth century
Unfortunately
Lamps

do not preserve any disks or sig

robbing trenches east of the Theater
natures on the glazed fragments, and the only signature from well 1982-1
is A (1-1). In assemblage 2 the glazed lamps are definitely rare and resid
ual, however; Attic post-glazing
lamps and LR Corinthian
lamps (see
are
wares in
are a
the
main
If
the
fine
below)
types.
assemblage 2
guide to
is typical of the second half of
the date of the lamps, this combination
the fifth century; parallels for the two Attic post-glazing
lamps (2-1,2-2)
in
in
the
Athenian
together
deposit Q_17:4
Agora, which Ka
rivieri dates to ca. 500.45 The problem that was not resolved by Karivi

occur

eri's study and cannot be answered yet is not so much when

the lamp
makers stopped glazing their lamps (clearly at some time in the fifth rather
than in the fourth century) aswhen the first post-glazing
(unglazed) lamps
were

produced.46

It now seems that the Corinthian

was in total
lamp industry
abeyance
in the first half of the fifth century. Only a single fragment of a LR Corin
thian lamp, from a contaminated
unit, was found on the slope east of the
are
common
in the LR levels to the north) and
Theater
(although they
should be classed with the late intrusions. In assemblage 2, however, LR
the Attic post-glazing
products outnumber
lamps with plain
in
disks. The three LR Corinthian
assemblage 2 be
lamps
common series identified
to
imitations of a
three
of
the
Garnett:
long
by
a
gladiatorial
lamp (2-4),47 of
lamp with plain disk and paneled rim with

Corinthian

and Christian

cross in square disk

(2-3), and of an Attic post-glazing
lamp with
are
on
or
All
Attic
North African
based
Corinthian
rather
than
(2-5).
prototypes. Five of the six LR Corinthian
lamps from assemblage 3 (3-1
to 3-5), however, are imitations of the North African
type with style E(ii)

wreath

and see
passim,
evidence
from cham

44. Karivieri
n. 46 below.
ber

the modern

tombs

along
Corinth

to New

buildings
to confirm

and from

east of the Theater

Karivieri's

continued

glazing

aqueduct
the LR
also

tends

that
suggestion
into the second

quarter of the fifth century; theAttic

glazed
ally
than

are usu
in these contexts
lamps
smaller and often more
elongated

fourth
thin

the Attic
century,
and easily

glazed
lamps of the
and their slips are very
overlooked.

45. Karivieri 1996, p. 286 (depos

it); no. 87, p. 188, pi. 46 (butwith
three

rather

and no.
tively.

113,

46. Karivieri

1996,

The

than

four filling

p. 194, pi. 46,

holes),
respec

(1996)

illustrated

a de

that spans
posit sequence
(pis. 30-44)
the whole
of Attic
production
glazed

lamps; it isF 16:2, G 5:2, D 12:1,

H 7:5,111:1, M 18:3, (F 15:3), H-I
7:1
may

burnt layers"
"dumped
(although
a unit), E 2:1,
not constitute

D 6:1. The upper levels of F 16:2 held

10
four glazed
lamps with
pre-glazing
a coin of Gratian
(375-383),
lamps and

which could imply that glazing began

later

in the fourth

century

than we

previously
thought. Deposits
contained
12:1, H 7:5, and 111:1
only
one out of five
glazed
lamps. Only
from the two burials
that con
lamps

stituteM
H-I

post-glazing.

Finally,

are absent

from

the

last

or im
all lamps are post-glazing
pieces
there
This
shows
that
ports.
sequence
were
only glazed
lamps
periods when
were
and when
only post-glazing
lamps
and a period when
the two
available,
were
in use
The
fact
that
together.
not
and
glazed
lamps do
post-glazing
as
share such technical
details
multiple
filling holes and almond-shaped
on

post-glazing
there was
made

the base
lamps)
a time when

simultaneously

to

limited

(both
also

shows
they

(contra

were

that
not

Karivieri

1996,

18:3 and five out of 48 in

7:1 are

lamps

two deposits (E 2:1 and D 6:1), and

grooves
D

have

glazed

pi.

pp. 52-53).
47. Garnett
1975, no.
43; see n. 41 above.

1, p. 189,

LATE

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ROMAN

HORIZONS

283

on rim, the latest variation of type II

cross on the disk and
palm branches
that is dated 525-550. Garnett had already observed that such lamps were
"larger, cruder, and sloppier than most of the other lamps of North Afri
a late, local
can type made in Corinth," and concluded that
they represent
hard red
of these lamps are of the standard LR Corinthian
no
two
but
others
introduce
fabrics
that
(3-1, 3-3),
may
longer be
a
Corinthian
The
of
circular
(3-4, 3-5).
copy
strictly
lamp (3-6) in the
a
fabric is welcome fixed point for these heretofore
normal LR Corinthian

variant.48 Two
fabric

were changes in fashion even

lamps. It is thus clear that there
new models
not
LR
imitated
these
mechanical
among
copies:
only were
but also old ones were dropped. Careful attention to such variations shows
great promise for dating.
undated

All of the clay lamps in assemblage 4 are residual.49 The possibility

that glass lamps or candles displaced them remains to be explored.
AfRS and LRC are the dominant fine wares in the fifth to seventh
and the occurrence

of some other RS wares maybe very limited.

appearance of LRC at Corinth: Hayes
Assemblage
forms 1 and 1A, 2B and C, 3.32, and 4 (or 3/4) appear in small quantities
with coins of the second quarter and middle of the fifth century and with
centuries,

1 marks

the earliest

the amount of AfRS is sharply reduced from

fifth-century AfRS. Although
what it had been in the fourth century, it is still two or three times as
common

as LRC.

50B, 50.61, 59B, 64, 67-69, 76, and 82 (aswell

are
found in the east of Theater robbing trenches
form)
along with stamps of styles A(iii) and D; contemporary with these should
be forms 53B and 62 (which are residual in the assemblage 2 deposit). The
Forms

as an unidentified

of form 50 in assemblage 1 (50B, 50.61, and

variety of late descendants
64) strongly suggests that they continue well into the fifth century. The
still reached Corinth
presence of form 82 seems to prove that some AfRS
after 440, but forms 80/81 and 91A-B are very rare on this site; it appears
that importation of AfRS was drastically reduced after the Vandal con
of AfRS and LRC forms found in
quest of Carthage.50 The combination
a
the robbing trenches and dump east of the Theater
strongly supports
date ca. 450 or 460 for assemblage 1.
amount

remains meager in assemblage 2. The well-pre

served AfRS dish 2-6, whose transitional form (Hayes 61B/87A)
suggests
a date 420-475,
be
it
is
dated
before
430/440
because
might
stamped in
The

of AfRS

and in particular form 3B-C

(2-9 to 2-11), was the
in assemblage 2.
LR Attic plates imitating AfRS forms 59 and 61, as well as 83/84,
and a few jugs with gouged decoration appear in both assemblages 1 and 2,

style A(iii).51 LRC,

fine ware of choice

48. Garnett

1975,

p. 196.

49. The single LR Corinthian lamp

fragment

from
cross

jeweled
fore residual

50. Hayes

the Panayia
pit, having
and jeweled
rim, is there
in the
deposit.
originally

dated

forms

82-84 between 430 and 500; Reynolds

(1995, p. 17) basically maintains this

with
the question
dating,
struggling
of whether
any of them commenced
before
Nor

the Vandal
have

identified
yet been
firming

invasion

429.

any of the Carthage

types
in the British
excavations
identified
that

those

at Corinth,
forms

had

con
a more

regional distribution; LRP Suppl,

p. 516; Fulford and Peacock 1984.

51. LRP Suppl., p. 517; Reynolds
1995,

pp.

suggested
teristic of

148-151,17-27.
that

the style was

Carthage

Hayes
charac

production

that

ended with the Vandal conquest in

439.

K. W.

284
in somewhat
also contain
occurrence

SLANE

AND

G.

R.

D.

SANDERS

smaller quantities than LRC, but not later.52Most

deposits
wares: for instance, a very rare
single examples of other fine
of Cypriot RS, 1-13 (imitating AfRS form 84), and an uniden

its first appearance in assemblage 2 is a

signature, 1-14. Making
source that
RS bowl with outturned lip (2-13) from a Boiotian
continued to supply Corinth
the
sixth
the
earliest
throughout
century;53
tified RS

distinctive

a
example bears distinctive
nizable.

far

As

as we

imitations

including
AfRS

can

stamped cross, and the rims are also easily recog

see

at

present,

or LRC,

of AfRS

there

are no Corinthian

fine

wares,

in the fourth to sixth centuries.

are both present in considerable amounts in assem

sequence begins again with
blage 3 in the later sixth century. The AfRS
forms 99, 103/104,
and 105 (3-8 to 3-12) (form 91 is quite rare here),
characteristic
of the Byzantine
It is
exports from Carthage.
(post-533)
and LRC

4 ismarked

accompanied by LRC form 10A.54 Assemblage

ence of the latest fine wares in the Corinthian

by the pres
sequence: AfRS form 105
and lesser quantities of forms 104C, 107, 109, and LRC form 10C are
are occasional
typical seventh-century
types,55 and there
examples of Con
us past the
Glazed
White
Ware
which
I,
stantinopolitan
probably take
middle of the century. The few other fine wares in these assemblages are
from nearby sources. The Boiotian RS bowls with outturned rim (3-16)
to the tradition of Roman
continue to ca. 600. The latest pieces belonging
wares are a series of red-washed mugs (3-17) in a fine, mica
red-slipped
on some of these
ceous fabric that appears in
pieces
assemblage 3; the wash
is very fugitive and easily overlooked.
Because we lack deposits of narrow date in the LR period, estimating
the lifespans of amphora types of the fifth to seventh centuries is still at a
only the widely
have
distinctive
fabrics;
recognized
amphora types
most other types are identifiable only by their rims or a single diagnostic
in this period most of the amphoras here are made
feature. Furthermore,
in several grades of Corinthian
cooking fabric (C.c.f.) that differ strikingly
stage. The problem
eastern Mediterranean

preliminary

from

the

or western

eastern

best-known

is compounded

because

Mediterranean

imports

and

are

clearly local or regional imitations of widely exported types.

1 ismarked by types as diverse as those that had charac
Assemblage
terized

the

second

some

century:

continue

fourth-century

series,

others

the beginning of LR series, and others appear only briefly; no single

is
types, Nieder
type better represented than others. Of the fourth-century
water
two
77
micaceous
with
handles
rather than
bieber
and
jars (now
into the fifth century, and some Tunisian
one) continue
amphoras may

mark

52. This

circumstance

the
parallels
also
lamps, which
at the
beginning
stopped

of Attic

importing
seems to have
of the

sixth

53. The
Boiotia
were

century.
form is common

in the

and wasters
survey material,
north of Thes
found at Askra,

piai (Vroom 2003, pp. 137-139).

to
and Vroom,
the
Hayes
According
in the Athenian
form is found
Agora

as well

as at Corinth.

54. Reynolds
Pallas s cistern,

1995, pp. 30-31.

the basis of our as

the presence
3, along with
semblage
in
of these forms
pre-destruction
was
the basis of
levels at Antioch,

Hayes's dating of AfRS forms 99C

and 105A and LRC form 10A to
ca. 600.

55. In thewest AfRS forms 104C

and

107

are considered

residual

after

600/625 (i.e., theywould belong to

assemblage 3), and form 105 is thought
to disappear by 625/650. But the evi
is still meager.
Since only the last
in Pallas's
cis
of the three was present
as
we
of
them
all
tern,
poten
regard

dence

tially contemporary
forms at Corinth.

seventh-century

LATE

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HORIZONS

285

also belong to this rather than to earlier periods.56 The main LR series
are present in small num
from the far eastern end of the Mediterranean
as well as three
bers (Syrian LR Amphora
Palestinian
1, baggy
amphoras,
Palestinian
forms
Gaza
other distinctive
including
amphoras), and the Ae
2, in greater quantity (and variety).57 Forms that
gean type, LR Amphora
1 are two distinctive Portuguese
make a brief appearance in assemblage
a Sicilian
types (1-19, Almagro
51C/Keay XXIII; 1-20, Keay XIX) and
at
table amphora (Keay LII, in
least three fabrics, e.g.,
(or Calabrian)
1-22).58 Small table amphoras, one in Corinthian
cooking fabric (1-27) that
continues the earlier buff series Agora V, no. G 197, and another with a
element from now on.
distinctive grooved rim (1-26), are a prominent
are
as
as
like 1-27
far away
and it is tempt
Athens,
only found
Amphoras
that such small containers were

ing to suggest

used for local rather than

transport. On the other hand, there is no question that the

long-distance
are of similar size, were brought from Italy, a
LII
Keay
amphoras, which
that not all transport(ed) amphoras were of large capacity in this
warning
period.59

we had identified in well 1982-1 are

amphoras that
still present in assemblage 2, and it is likely that they continued to be im
the fifth century. The primary eastern LR amphora
ported throughout
west
in
identified
the
1, Aegean LR Am
types
(Syrian LR Amphora
All

the whole

phora 2, two-handled micaceous water jars, baggy Palestinian

amphoras,
in assemblage 2,
and Gaza amphoras) first occur in quantity at Corinth
in assemblage 3.60Appearing
continuing
alongside these eastern types is
a
white
micaceous
with
distinctive dipinti first iden
another,
amphora
tified in assemblage 2 (2-17); its possible toe (there are no complete ex
a connection with the earlier (and much
larger) Agora V,
amples) suggests
no. M 273, common on Danubian
sites. Palestinian
amphoras and LR
Amphora

in assemblage 4,
2 are the only types that certainly continue
thin white amphora, Sara?hane type 22, known also at

a new
joined by
56. These

Tunisian

as

elsewhere

early
not been

but have

the fifth

before

appear
amphoras
as the third
century
at Corinth

identified

gustan
water

century.

57. The terminology LR Amphora

1-6

derives

from Riley's

at

work

Carthage (e.g., Riley 1981, fig. 10) and

Benghazi (Riley 1979), although nos.
to different
We
have
apply
shapes.
to
it useful
found
the first
employ
3-6

two but have

favor

abandoned

the others

of more

scriptive

readily memorable
names. Hence
Riley's

in

de

Amphora
does not
Amphora

7 is rare at Corinth
appear
3, on

are

shapes

this report).The Nile Valley LR

and

in this report. LR
is
the other hand,

period,
jar, and

it continues

without

in the Au

began
micaceous
Ephesian
shows a continuous
the

into

the

development
typological
sixth or seventh
the
century. Since
to a double handle
and a
change
slightly

heavier

fabric

are the
only

late

fea

tures that distinguish LR Amphora 3

from its predecessors
(the toes evolve
to use the
it is impractical
gradually),
term on Greek
sites.
Portuguese

are rela

types

in

and
carried fish
century)
probably
sauce.
occur in Rome
in the first
They
not
of
the
fifth
but
quarter
century,

later (Reynolds 1995, pp. 61-62, 83).

We thank Paul Reynolds for identify
ing these vessels.
Italian Keay LII

In Greece
amphora

the
has

found inAthens {AgoraV, nos.M 234

andM 302, pp. 106,112, pis. 28, 31,
perhaps also L 31, p. 77, pi. 16) and in
for a discussion

Argos;
most

of the type, see

1998. Note
that

Pacetti

recently

vessels likeM 234 and L 31 contained

tively poorly dated (late third to fifth

5 is our
there

here; but
a series which

58. The

Ben

ghazi LR Amphora 4 is our Gaza

and LR Amphora
amphora,
(note that
baggy Palestinian
at least two other Palestinian

common
break

south

also been

on the latter vessel

is
honey, which
as
identified
Hymettan
{Agora XXI,
nos. He 36, He 29, pp. 79-80,
pis. 45,

46).
59. On
p. 156, where
small, footed

see Panella
this point
1989,
she argues similarly
that
local
dominate
amphoras

and

Italian markets
regional
second century.

60.Majcherek
n. 48)

identified

longing
around
of the
ness

to his

sixth

the

(1995, p. 168 with

and 2-26

2-25
form

3, widely

the Mediterranean

for this

from

century; we
reference.

as be

exported
and typical
thank J.Mag

286

K. W.

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

and in Romania
(3-28, 4-22), by two small amphoras in fine,
Benghazi
source (4-24, 4-25),
micaceous
fabrics
that
suggest an Asia Minor
highly
and by the earliest examples of the Corinthian
amphoras typical of the
to tenth centuries

ninth

(e.g., 4-26).

am
are three other Palestinian
amphoras, there
in
all apparently from southern
these assemblages,
phora types present
Palestine:61 the baggy jar that iswidely recognized across the Mediterra
nean (handle listed in assemblage 1; 2-20 to 2-23,3-19,3-20,4-18,4-19),
a small
a similar top and white
cylindrical vessel with
painted sides that
must be a fractional variant of the baggy jars (fragment listed in assem
a
blage 1; 2-23a, 3-21, 4-20), and
carrot-shaped
amphora probably im
to Gaza

In addition

(1-24 and listed fragments, 2-24, 4-21).62 It is likely

ported from Akko
as far
that all three types are found throughout the eastern Mediterranean
as
are
some
two
Italy. All three appear in assemblages 2 and 3. The first
times found in assemblage 1 and the baggy amphoras and carrot amphoras,
if not all three types, continue in assemblage 4 (the latest example of the
carrot amphora may be one-handled
and has a flat base). The latest baggy
a
amphoras in assemblage 4 display
greenish white fabric, which had not
in
it indicates a change in firing
the
earlier
whether
appeared
assemblages;
or a different

is not known.
provenience
of
LR
2 is badly needed because the name has been
study
Amphora
to
applied indiscriminately
amphoras of varying sizes, shapes, and fab
rics.63 Recent studies have suggested production from kilns in the south
A

on Kos, and on Chios.64 At Corinth

imported jars of this
coarse to
a
from
fabric
that
medium
ranges
quite fine:
shape display
single
the biscuit is light red to reddish yellow (2.5YR-5YR
6/6), fired, respec
or
on the exterior,
reddish
yellow (7.5YR 6/6)
tively, light gray (10YR 7/2)

ern

Argolid,

a smooth

with

to conchoidal

ceous, but all pieces display

both interior and exterior
61. Unless
which

is an example,
the baggy gray Beisan
Palestine
of northern

1-46

is unlikely,

amphora

break; the finer pieces appear most mica

on
sparse to moderate,
angular platy gold mica
to
surfaces and sparse to moderate, medium

typical

type 7A) does not occur in

(Sara?hane
at
and is rare or missing
these groups
Corinth.
62. For

the carrot-shaped
amphora,
no. M
cf.
V,
334, pi. 33, and
Agora
Bass and van Doorninck
1982, no. P80,
note that our
do
amphoras
fig. 8.20;
not match
the profile of Sara?hane
to
type 15, which Hayes
compared

M 334, or of Crypta Balbi 1,which

Sagui

compared
form has

shaped
at Qaswaret

p. 201,

fig.

7:3;

although

the parallels

duced
thur

Chios

that

given

cannot
there,

from

J.Mag
agree with
either. Rey

type

to Akko

(following

it is an imitation

whether

type. Enough

examples

at Corinth
is quite

carrot-shaped

63. None

duced
starting

the

that
fabric

of

is
amphoras
from that of the

indistinguishable
and fractional
baggy

assemblages
the outturned

The

Palestinians.

of the amphoras
at Corinth
shows

in these
either

pro
lip, the grooving
a
or
by
single point,
grooving
attach
below
the lower handle

figs.

36, 38,

kilns

on Kos, as well
near Porto Cheli.

Arthur (1998) attributes a different

of

of the Nile

to be certain
different.

106-109,

and Kardamaina

as the
Kounoupi

Valley LR Amphora 7 have been iden

tified

pp.

seventh-century
et al. 1989,

(Ballance

64. Vroom (2003, p. 143) mentions

Amphora 7 from theNile Valley and

these

reference

236-240,

details
shoul
of the handles,
Italy. The
LR
der, and toe of this type match
we wonder

in the

Emporio

pis. 25,26).

identified

we

at

debris

3,
pp. 159-161,
figs. 2:2-4,
of this shape in
for the distribution

also been

in northern

of this form

nos.

are the characteristics

which

ments,

sites

1998,

fabric

nolds (2000, p. 390) attributes the

carrot-shaped

Horvath

carrot

site D-50

out at least
and points
to its north,
including
this type was pro
'Uza, where
See also Ar
2005).
(Reynolds

Stern)

three kiln

to it. The

Sinai by Arthur and Orem (1998,

ness),

Edna

to Kos, and states

(pp. 168-169)
on
2 was made
that LR Amphora
Chios
and at Porto Cheli
Kounou
{sc.
am
other "Greek" globular
pi) while
such as those from Yassi Ada,
phoras,
form

were

made

Halieis.

But

elsewhere,
the fabric

including
he describes

at
is

that of the Kounoupi

kilns
(our south
ern
The
southern
fabric).
Argolid

Argolid fabric differs markedly from

Hellenistic
fabrics,

Chian
for which

or Koan
amphora
seeWhitbread
1995.

CORINTH:

ROMAN

LATE

very large, subrounded

rock fragments and shell
storerooms reveal a few
knob or peg toe, which

HORIZONS

287

creamy yellow lime bits that have spalled; worn

are also visible in the coarsest
pieces.65 The Corinth

examples similar to 1-23 (H. 0.75-0.80 m) with

is presumably what is found in the west,66 but the
m tall (like 3-22 and the
are fractionals about 0.45-0.50

vast majority
more caution needs to
examples in assemblage 4).67 Clearly, considerably
be used in identifying this type, both in the Aegean
and in the west. The
our identification
of a "fruit amphora,"
problem is further complicated by
2 body with a wide vertical
may be thought of as a LR Amphora
instead of the tapering neck and cup mouth of LR Amphora
2. The
earliest examples of the "fruit amphora" (it is characteristic of assemblages

which
neck

3 and 4) are found in the second half of the fifth century, when they have
the same fabric as LR Amphora
2, and their handles and body sherds are
from that type; this form continues throughout the sixth
indistinguishable
century (3-27).68
2 in C.cf. appear by the sixth century, and
Imitations of LR Amphora
of shapes. 2-33 seems to be an early example
show further regionalization
that shares the base of later plain wares. A distinctive
small variant with
ovoid body and flat base is characteristic of assemblages 3 and 4 (3-23,3-24,
at Berbati in the Argolid.69 Moreover,
the
are
in
"fruit
found
the
Corin
seventh-century
gritty
amphoras"
exclusively
thian cooking fabric; by this time they have horizontal handles on the
shoulder (4-16) and a smooth wall.70

4-13,

4-14)

and is also found

It is the variety of imported cooking pots in assemblages 1 and 2 that

horizons from those of the fourth century. As
distinguishes
fifth-century
much as one-third of the cooking ware may be a distinctive micaceous
a gray surface, with
equally distinctive rim profiles and
LR
micaceous
here
named
Aegean
cooking ware.71 The two typi
ribbing,
cal forms, common in both assemblages, are a shallow bowl with inturned,
an
on the outer
grooved rim and a carinated casserole with
upward roll
brown fabric with

contemporary
edge of the rim. A few related rims in assemblage 1maybe
or residual. Palestinian
casseroles (and perhaps other shapes) with their
65. First identified by Rudolph
(1979). This is the fabric from the kiln
at site B-19
identified
various

Island,
opposite
Kounoupi
at
storerooms
in the Corinth

times byW.
L. Z. Munn,

ory, M.

liams II (seeMunn
Jones
1987).
gest

1983; Runnels
variations

The
that

there were

production

sites

T. Greg
Rudolph,
and C. K. Wil

sug
such

a
toe.
pointed
nos. 128,
Corinth XVII,
34
(H. 0.46 and
129, p. 80, fig. 6, pi.
0.49 m,
others are as
respectively);
small as 0.40 m in height;
all have a

Other

button

1985;Megaw

and

and van Andel

we

observe

numerous

in the
Argolid.

(primarily fifth-century?) vessels in this

fabric
some

are "fruit
amphoras,"
and
one-handled
pitchers,

at Corinth
basins,

(Broneer
1959, no. 16, p. 336, pi. 72:b),
H. 0.65 m; IPR 67-30
{Isthmia V, p. 74,
n. 36b,
pi. 19:d), p.H. 0.575 m; and the
to us
known
largest example
(Alp?zen,
and
1995, p. Ill),
?zda?,
Berkaya

the last display

the char
lids; all except
on the
acteristic
combed
decoration
shoulder.

66. Keay 1984, form LXV, pp. 352

357, figs. 165,166. Note also IP 2138

H.

0.83 m

and

67. E.g.,

1980, no. 325a,

Aupert
we calculate
to be
which
p. 440, fig. 46,
ca. 0.65 m in
to our
is
closer
height,
toe.

larger examples.
68. Broneer
pi. 72:a,

1959,

from Tower

no. 15,
p. 336,
7 of the fortress.

69. Hjohlman 2002, no. 29 (a

different fabric?), pp. 17,145.
70. Hjohlman

2002,

nos.

33-37,

pp.

all with

17,147-149,

which
handles,
common
most

she

horizontal
as the

identifies

type in her
amphora
tower
1983, p. 87,
complex; Miller
of such
pi. 26:f. The
large diameter
rims means
not

to confuse

the

same

that care must

them with

range of fabrics.
71. See Slane 2000. The

be

taken

basins

in

earliest

publication was from Italy (Albarella,

Ceglia, and Roberts 1992, pp. 180-184,
and production
there can
figs. 11,12),
not be
out. But the
ruled
completely
coast of Asia Minor
south of Perga
mon,

somewhere

production,

in the
region of LRC
the two traveled

so that

(as had the earlier ?andarli

together
ware
and corrugated
cooking
pots),
seems more
likely.

288

K. W.

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

SANDERS

R.

lids are found

regularly but in small numbers. It is interesting that these

in the
sites asMarseilles
also begin to appear at such western
first half of the fifth century;72 presumably they travel with the Palestinian
casseroles

to
amphoras. A third imported ware, which may be limited
assemblage 1,
is an orange/brown
fabric
with
white
grits. The forms
cooking
large angular
are a casserole similar to the Corinthian
a
but
with
much
heavier rim,
type
square in section, sometimes grooved on the outer face; lids; and a single
a
example of baggy stewpot. The resemblance to local cooking shapes and
a lack of
ware was "local,"
parallels initially suggested that this white gritty
comm. 2003)
but Hayes has now identified parallels at Nicopolis
(pers.
and there are possible parallels at Benalua (Alicante, Spain) and Benghazi.73
are close devel
cooking pots in assemblages 1 and 2
the
from
of
established
middle
the fourth cen
opments
types already
by
a
an
a rounded
with
rim
short
neck
and
everted
with
tury. 1-36,
stewpot
The Corinthian

upper surface, was also the latest form identified in the Sanctuary of De
meter. The other C.c.f. stewpots characteristic of assemblage 1 are distin
a broad groove on the upper surface of the rim (1-37). The
guished by
latest versions

of both forms are found

in assemblage 2, where they may be

as
residual (2-38, 2-39 to 2-39b). A new form that suddenly dominates
a
two
rim
2
is
with
everted
and
vertical
flat,
semblage
globular stewpot
is finished in a con
handles (2-40 to 2-40b); the lower handle attachment
cave curve that soon
all LR Corinthian
distinguishes
cooking pots. This
is then replaced by the stewpot with

stewpot
characterizes

the

late-sixth-

and

triangular, undercut

seventh-century

assemblages

rim that

at Corinth,

a
thinly potted, rather
Argos and Berbati.74 It develops from
a
to
thicker but still undercut rim at
century
elegant rim in the mid-sixth
the beginning of the seventh century.75 Spouted cooking pots with a trian

as well

gular

as at

but

scarcely

undercut

rim,

as 3-32,

represent

very

common

late

century, examples with triangu

sixth-century variant. By the mid-seventh
lar rim as 4-28 still exist, but, here, alongside cooking pots with an everted,
half-round
rim, as 4-27, that appear to be the latest in our sequence.
There are three main lid shapes, two in C.c.f. and one in plain ware.
One C.c.f. lid is a low conical form that had been around since the first
century and must have been used on stewpots and casseroles, whether
they
were
or not. The second C.c.f. lid is a domed lid ("bell lid"), the
imported
for basins because of the thickened lip
rims of which are easily mistaken
and vertical wall;76 the hollow knobs, which may be decorated with a cross
in the late sixth century, are distinctive.77 Such rims were introduced in
are also known at
Argos.78
assemblage 2 and continue in assemblage 4; they
a twisted knob that
a
series
with
of
small
lids
there
is
Finally,
plain-ware
are of an
appropriate size for the local table amphoras. They appear in
in the second to fourth centu
assemblages 3 and 4 but had counterparts
a
Unlike
the earlier pieces, which
therefore
have
life.
and
ries,
may
longer
are hollow.
were
the
small
lids
later
string-cut,
assem
Basins and lekanides are a major part of the LR Corinthian
seem to have evolved from forms already in use by the early
blages. They
fourth century, although their fabric is now regularly C.c.f. rather than the
former buff fabric (sometimes with large white grits, apparently southern
can best be seen in the treatment of the
Argolid fabric).79 The progression

72. Reynolds 1995, p. 90, figs. 124,

125.

73. Reynolds 1995, p. 102, figs. 129,

130.
74.

nos.

1980,

Aupert

269-285b,

pp. 433-444, fig. 43; Hjohlman 2002,

nos.

40-42,161,162,177,246-249,

265-268,279.
75. Sanders

nos.

1999,

p. 470, figs. 13,14.

76. But no such basin
77. Cf.

Sanders

20-24,

figs.

also nos.
79. This

rim exists.
nos.

15,16.
1980, no. 311

pp. 470-473,
78. Aupert
haps

1999,

18,19,

and per

p. 436, fig. 44.

that ob
parallels

307-310,

change

served in the fabrics of LR Amphora 2

and
basins

it seems
were

very
made

that the
probable
in the same work

as the
Such associa
amphoras.
shops
our
tions reinforce
of grow
impression
from
dras
derived
the
ing regionalism,
amount
of
reduced
tically
imported
contexts.
in
pottery
late-sixth-century

CORINTH:

LATE

ROMAN

HORIZONS

289

rims. For instance, simple outturned rims, such as those on the deep, wheel
were folded under to
ridged basins of the early fourth century,80
produce
the knob rims characteristic of the sixth century (like 2-46, the direct de
scendant, or 3-45 and 3-46, a new globular bin form). Similarly, there
from the broad everted rim with con
appears to be a linear development
cave top of
shallow wheel-ridged
basins81 to the
early-fourth-century
smaller
lekanides
with
and
sometimes
hooked,
grooved, rim like
slightly
was
rim
1-39 and 1-40; basically the
simply pressed downward against the
wall, forming a rounded carination or shoulder.82 Further simplification
(which completely eliminated vestiges of the original lip) led to the devel
rim in assemblage 2. The early
opment of the late basin with hammerhead
had a flaring body with an inwardly thickened, inturned
form (2-44,2-45)
rim offset by a marked carination outside. In the mid-sixth
century the
or
rim was more exaggeratedly
sometimes
thickened, triangular,
square in
was
more
more
it
both
inturned
and
section;
steeply
sharply carinated,
while the walls tended to become vertical. In assemblages 3 and 4 the wall
was

convex and vertical and had either a rounded,

outwardly rolled rim
offset by a carination (3-45) or one so rolled that it completely covered the
remains clearly visible, however, in the section.83 It is
carination, which
none
of these forms was found inArgos.
striking that

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

and date of each assemblage can now be summarized briefly.
first appearance of LRC and of a number of imported, apparently
also eastern, cooking wares and the sudden introduction of new western
con
amphora types differentiate assemblage 1 from earlier, fourth-century

The

contents

The

from those prevalent

texts; lamps and local cooking pots are developments
in the fourth century. The date provided by AfRS and confirmed by coins
is the first half of the fifth century. It thus seems that the late appearance
sites (second half of the fifth century, forms 3B and
of LRC on western
80. E.g.,
34.
pi.
81. E.g.,

Slane

1994,

no. 58, p. 146,

Slane

1994,

no. 59, p. 146,

12.

fig.

82. The
the

seems

rim of what

to be

last form

1-41

of the pedestal
krater,
re
is similarly
and C-2000-24,

lated

to the earlier
rims, but

century

secondif Slane

nos.

the

taken

place
the mid-fifth
83. See,

development
in the fourth
century.
e.g., Sanders

would
rather

48,

1999,

have
than

nos.

15,

145,217.
84.

Hayes

comm.,
pp. 34-36.

citing

and

Reynolds

Beirut);

(pers.

Reynolds

pots. A date is difficult to estimate, but the second half or the last
quarter of the fifth century, probably into the early years of the sixth cen
tury, is likely.
cooking

16, p. 469, fig. 11;Hjohlman 2002,

nos.

any rate, assemblage 2 exhibits the same range of imported

one
that
would find on a western
site, with the exception that the
a greater
Palestinian
and Aegean
show
amphoras
variety of shapes. The
is little if any later than in assemblage 1, but the horizon is distin
AfRS
guished by new lamp types, new forms of LRC, and new types of local
wares

49 (p. 142, fig. 10) are examples of the

former,

the fifth century.84The western amphoras suggest that Corinth's ties with
or west coast?) resurge in the middle of the century, and it is
Italy (east
to
suggest that the Vandal conquest of Carthage diverted routes
tempting
northward. At

to fourth
1994,

3C) offers better evidence for the beginning of the ware than Hayes's orig
inal suggestion that pieces were found before 400 in the Athenian Agora,
and LRC should not be dated earlier than the first or second quarter of

1995,

contexts of the early and late sixth century, like

Although
assemblages
2 and 3, are common and frequently large at Corinth, pottery of the middle
of the sixth century ismissing from the sequence presented here, because

K. W.

290

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

or in the
Panayia field
represented either east of the Theater
The
the
differences
between
the two hori
(see below).
gap emphasizes
a
zons. Several
important changes in assemblage 3 mark
departure from
it is not well

the earlier assemblage 2: the lamps are now all imitations of African types,
ware
of both AfRS
and LRC appear, Attic
lamps and fine
the
of
range
disappear,
imported amphora types appears largely reduced to
new forms

and LR Amphora
2 with its local variants, and a new form of
a
rim is introduced. These changes mark
with
undercut
stewpot
triangular
an
a trend that continues in the
of
increasing regionalism
trading contacts,
wares
4
seventh century. For assemblage
the fine
provide a date in the

Palestinian

second or even third quarter of the seventh century, and some of the new
new and
amphora forms also have seventh-century
parallels. A
expanding
and
of
forms
characterizes
this
repertoire
jug
pitcher
period.
in the later sixth and seventh centuries is a
Increasing regionalism
in the Mediterranean.
It is also
pattern that has been widely
recognized
a
is
in
of
trend
that
attested
local
fabrics:
the
part
pottery
long-term
clearly
in earlier centuries was used pri
gritty Corinthian
cooking fabric, which
marily for cooking pots and pitchers, was eventually used throughout
the region for the manufacture
of the broad range of plain wares and
local amphoras, aswell. The following vessels have the same fabric as ear
lier cooking pots and several series of pitchers and other plain wares:
and C-1981-138
C-1981-65
(as 1-26); 1-27 and 2-32 (imitations o?Agora
no. 259); 3-23 and 4-14 (imitations of
V, no. G 197, as Corinth XVIII.2,
no. 248).85 The dis
LR Amphora
3-26
of
Corinth XVIII.2,
2);
(imitation
in the
these
forms
tribution of
somewhere
suggests that they originated
eastern Corinthia or coastal Argolid. The phenomenon
is paralleled by the
from
the
of
and
buff
fabric
secondchange
third-century Corinthian
lamps
to the hard red fabric of the LR Corinthian

products. By the sixth century

which
had
characterized
Corinthian
pottery since the
clays,
Archaic period, had been abandoned and did not reappear until the elev
on the occurrence of
enth century. Judith Perlzweig
long ago commented
a similar situation inAthens
after the Herulian
invasion.86 In Corinth, the
is ongoing from the first century and seems to accelerate in
phenomenon
the buff marl

or

the fifth. Are

different
duction
Perhaps
a
aged
In

the production methods

firing temperatures (hence fuels)
for the two clays? Or do plain ware and local cooking-pot
pro
of workshops?
represent a different, more dispersed, distribution
the increasing use of glass and bronze for utility vessels encour
taste for lighter, less easily scratched pottery as well.
the light of the pottery sequences presented here, the topography

of the city toward the end of the LR period and the published history of
monuments
several Corinthian
requires revision. For instance, Roebuck
as late fourth
century the graves in the Lerna
through mid-sixth
published
court and the Sanctuary of Asklepios, which consist of tile graves for adults
fragments
interspersed with infant burials inGaza amphoras.87 Although
of Gaza amphoras are present in assemblage 1, they only become common
in assemblage 2, remaining one of the most frequent types through most
of the sixth century.88 Further, all but one of the lamps scattered liberally
imitations of Attic
around the graves are LR Corinthian
lamps and of
North

African

lamps with

cross monograms,

also paralleled

in assem

to the fabric,

In addition

85.

also

vessels

share

typical

flat

such
(or

occasionally folded and molded) base

a central

with

button

of fashioning

tic way

and

a characteris

and

attaching

the

handles.
S6.AgoraVTI,p.9.

87. CorinthXIV, pp. 162-165,

around
pis. 66:2, 67:4; the lamps found
these graves are shown
in pi. 67:1 and
the

lekythoi

2004,

pp.
88. No

toried with
common
to

in
pi. 67:5,
180-184.

6. See

Sanders

were
inven
amphoras
are
3.
assemblage
They
of mid-fifth
in a sequence
Gaza

early-sixth-century

deposits

in the

Panayia field between the long building

and the bath; for infant burials abutting
the mid-sixth-century
long building;
contexts
in
in later
sixth-century

and
the

same

area. See

ciated with
abandonment
bath,

Sanders

also

the

the construction,

lots asso
use,

of the mid-sixth-century
1999, pp. 458-462.

and

late

corinth:

roman

horizons

291

amass of more than 100 bodies in

blages 2 and 3. Roebuck also associated
with the great
the back of a rock-cut reservoir (IV) below the Asklepieion
some
the
coins found among them.89 Rereading
plague of 542 because of
associated coins, however, Zervos now identifies the latest as an issue of
rather than of Anastasius
(491-518). The lekythoi in
Justin II (565-578)
reservoir IV have close parallels with those in graves in the Lechaion ba
silica (see below) and in grave 33 on the Hill of Zeus (a cist grave to the
of the Asklepieion),
and should be dated ca. 600.90 Moreover,
similar
a
are
in
in
number
of
tombs
the
ad
grave furnishings
commonplace
large
excavator
to
the
Lerna
Hollow
dated
late
fifth
mid
cemetery,
joining
by

west

sixth century.91 The use of the Asklepieion

cemetery thus apparently dates
to the late fifth and sixth centuries, and reservoir IV has no relation with
the plague of 542.
terminus post quern for the construction of the great basilica at
is the reign of Marcian
the
Lechaion
and for its completion,
(450-457),
was
it
of
I
Pallas
that
(518-527).
Justin
reign
suggested
destroyed by the
A
ceramics from
of
551/2.92
reconsideration
of
the
illustrated
earthquakes
The

the site, however,

the construction.

suggests different dates both for the destruction and for

Vessels used in the performance
of the burial liturgy
were found in two of three brick-built graves, one
to a pres
belonging
of
outside
and
south
the
apse. They belong to
immediately
byter, placed
ca.
the period represented by assemblage 3,
600, and the graves stratigraph
of the basilica.93 We may reject, therefore,
ically predate the destruction
the suggestion that the basilica was destroyed in the middle of the sixth
the basilica is built on an unstable sandbar; if the building
century. Moreover,
was
substantially complete by 525, it is surprising that it did not suffer
major damage in the earthquake of that year that Procopius
specifically
89. Cf. Shear 1931, pp. 428-436, for
interments

multiple

in a chamber

lamps
dated, at the time, before
tomylos,
in 395. The
sack of Alaric
primary
terment

of multiple

marble
perfluous
from the basilica,

the

"countless
gulfs, destroying
and eight cities," among which
enumerates
and
Chaironeia
Procopius
both in western
Boiotia,
Koroneia,

in

Patras

at the west
and Naupaktos
end
of the Corinthian
and
Echinus
Gulf,

to the

in a

individuals

single tomb and of 50-100 individuals

in a chamber

is well

tomb

at least as
early

Corinth

as the fifth

33 contained
a

(C-33-1527),

pitcher

complete

bowl like 3-16 (C-33-1526), and

a trefoil-mouth
(C-33-1522).The
from

reservoir

like 3-40

pitcher

ampulla C-33-1521
IV is most
comparable

to 4-32.
91. Wiseman
92. For

of construction

see Pallas

pp. 159,166-167;
the earthquakes,

Scarphea

Seismologists
events
distant

the Malaie

now

doubt

can have

1966,

Procop.

Goth.

Gulf.
that

had

(see Ambraseys

remain

unpublished.
south transept
contained
amphoras,
lamps;
173, pi. 72:oc. Such

any effect
and Jackson

no

earlier

than

trates

with

limestone

contained

AGO

CP-2285,

annexed

pots, and
1961, pp. 172
are
copies of
lamps
cooking

are earlier

lamps
a

herringbone

pattern

3, which
on the

shoulder. Pallas (1965b, pi. 120) illus

pottery
presumably
structures
domestic
south

slabs and

of the basilica's
discarded
fragments
on the walls
screen. Painted
chancel

room

of the church

than 525, but they

in assemblage

the

of the graves. The

ports the discovery
of the three built tombs
northernmost
covered

Hayes AfRS type IIB and should date

all have

was

three

see Pallas

many

such

derived

fragments
contained

lekythoi and two mugs, all of which

1990;Ambraseys 1994).
93. Pallas (1961, pp. 173-174) re

tomb

1967, pp. 158,161.

see

on

red are crosses with

1969.

the dates

and destruction,
For

and

in Corinth

century.
90. Grave
like 3-17

in

attested

Malaie

towns

and accompanying
tomb near Chelio

from

the

of the basil

a
includes
basin
cylindrical
a basin as Sanders
to 2-46;
is a
1999, no. 15, which
sixth-century
the fine wares
of
and
3-46;
precursor
ica. This

in

The
pendants.
a
red-slipped

similar

pitcher (with t TOMA T7Pincised on

LRP, AfRS

the shoulder)
like 3-17 from assem
the
cistern deposit.
It
Pallas
blage 3,

LRC no. 6.1, p. 341, fig. 70. LRP, AfRS

8.16-25; Finley 1932, p. 478. These

also

affected Achaia,
Boiotia,
earthquakes
and the region of the Alkionidon
and

forwhich see Pallas 1961, pi. 72:?. The

contained

southern

tomb,

three

also

lekythoi
covered

and a mug,
with

su

nos.

no. 99.7,

87.3,104.11

163, figs.

24,30,

p. 153, fig. 28,

and

and 23, pp. 135,161

no. 5.3,

and LRC

p. 339, fig. 70, were found during the

1960

season.

K. W.

292

says destroyed Corinth.94

before ca. 525.95

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

It is likely that the basilica was not constructed

center of the city was refurbished at the end of the

were restored, struc
fourth and in the early fifth century: theWest
Shops
tures were built over the Per?bolos of Apollo,
the Central Shops were re
The monumental

a
placed by
long shallow stairway linking the upper and lower areas, and
Peirene was completely remodeled.96 In the mid-fifth
century changes were
also made to the South S toa when a long terrace wall replaced the old
of the shops97 and a small bath building incorporated three of
the former stoa shops.98 A large fifth-century
in
house complex, which
a stibadium
cluded a rectangular dining room with an apse to accommodate
and semicircular table and a large space with mosaic floors, was built over
the South Basilica, and the Southeast Building was rebuilt.99 Assemblages

front walls

1 and 2 attest widespread

in the same
robbing activity east of the Theater
was renewed construction
east of the Theater
period, and there
plaza.
the
fifth
and
sixth
the
forum and area east of the
centuries,
early
During
very much a central part of the city. In contrast, the
horizon represented by assemblage 4 appears in isolated
seventh-century
a
in
the
Panayia field, the west end of the forum, and
pits
complex beside
the Theater. Starting no earlier than the late sixth or early seventh century,
graves began to encroach on the west and south limits of the forum.100
remained

Theater

94. Aed.

"He [Justinian]
also
all the cities of Greece,

4.2.23:
secure

rendered

...
in every
their circuit walls
renewing
case. For
ruin
they had fallen into
long
at Corinth
because
of terrible
before,
had visited
which
the city
earthquakes
and G. Downey,
(trans. H. B. Dewing
Mass.,
1941). An?cdota
Cambridge,
18.41-44:
. . .Corinth..

"And earthquakes
destroyed
. And
.
came
afterwards

as well,...
the plague
which
carried off
of the surviving
about one-half
popu
Cam
lation" (trans. H. B. Dewing,
1935).
bridge, Mass.,
95. A current project

of rebagging
excavation
pottery

labeling Pallas's
no
so far revealed
for
parallels
The material
2.
accords,
assemblage

and
has

instead,
with

with

the

assemblages
earlier

slightly

3 and 4 and
stewpots

from

the Panayia field (Sanders 1999,

no.

18, p. 470, fig.

2004, pp. 184-185.
96. West
vos

1990,

13). See

Sanders

and Zer
Shops: Williams
of
Peribolos
pp. 336-339.

Apollo: Corinth XVI, pp. 21-22.

Central

Staircase:

14; Corinth
basis of a
notebooks

Corinth XVI,
pp. 12
the
1.3, p. 117, pi. 57:1. On
of the excavation
rereading
of the
and a consideration

architecture

has
itself, Betsey Robinson
the
monumental
downdating

proposed
reconstruction

even
"

once

of Peirene

as Hadrianic

fied

to the

the early fifth

identi
or

late fourth

century;

Robinson

2000; 2001, pp. 102-148.

97. Visible in Corinth 1.4, pis. 32:1
(reusing

the columns

41, 42:1
colonnade),
side of the Kenchreai

drums
(turning
road),

from

the

on either
45:1;

See now Biers

XXV

the bath
2003;
to XXVII.
Bro

occupies
Shops
neer {Corinth 1.4, pp. 143-144,151)
the destruction
of Room
ascribed

tion of the bath, of which

the founda
tions were dug into the
of
deep layer
fill covering
the marble
floor in Room
to about

300. A

reexamination

of

in the destruction
the pottery
debris
to be no earlier
reveals the critical
layers

than the fifth century {CorinthXVIII.2,

n. 27). The
pp. 4-5; Biers 2003, p. 309,
foundations
of the bath were dug from
a level 1.5 m above the marble
floor
form 1 and
LRC
layers containing
cook
sherds of LR micaceous
Aegean
ware as 1-28.
ing
into

been

damaged

375,

fig.

1; Corinth

1.5,

repaired

of
by the earthquake
Valentinian
and
II,
by

finally destroyed by the Visigoths in

395. Ivison (1996, p. Ill) offers fifth

XVI,

pp.

11-12;

for the mosaics

in the

Corinth
Building:
Corinth
1.5, p. 31,

pi. 17:4 (this LR Corinthian imitation

of an Attic

east of the bath to the

immediately
Heruli
in 267. He dated
the construc

H,

1935,

pis. 46:3 and 53; Corinth XVI, pi. 13:2,

plans VI, VII (grids 9-11:N). Weinberg
suggested in Corinth 1.5 (pp. 77,113,
122) that the South Basilica may have

century
parallels
house.
Southeast

Corinth XVI, pi 15:2.

98.

99. Broneer

a late-fifth-

post-glazing
lamp suggests
or
date
early-srxth-century

for the tile floor).

100. Contra
112), who

(1996, pp. 104

too
the burials
early.

Ivison

dates

Evidence

from

Lechaion

basilica

the Asklepieion
and
and from graves with
and Corinth-type
buckles

Syracusea
of grave types.
provides
development
are
and Gaza
Tiles
amphoras
typical
burial covers
in the late fifth to sixth
brick-built
and rock-cut
centuries,
are used in the later sixth and

fins

enth

eighth

and

centuries,

tombs with

spolia

century.

the large vaulted

in the forum may

cof
sev

be

LATE

CORINTH:

ROMAN

HORIZONS

293

the law prohibiting burials within cities, which was republished by

as evidence that the forum and the
Justinian, we view this encroachment

Given

area east of the Theater were

excluded from the LR enceinte. If so, the LR

almost certainly Justinianic.101
A small portion of one tower and a section of the wall excavated in
1930 are clearly visible on the east side of the village. Recent remote sens
a clear
ing survey has confirmed that the long linear feature marked by
wall was

fortification

change in the slope of the ground represents the line of the wall to the
north and south of the 1930 excavation (Fig. I).102 Rather than running
a reentrant
more or less due north and
along the terrace as Greg
forming
turns
to
the
wall
northwest
the
ory postulated,
edge of the plateau.103 From
toward the
it appears to have followed the upper terrace westward
forum, rather than the lower terrace as Gregory
supposed. Had the wall
run due north from this point on the upper terrace, the area enclosed would
have been overlooked by a salient of the terrace to the east, creating a point
of great vulnerability. A section of a substantial cement-and-spolia
wall
m retained
a square tower and
a
to
4
of
about
height
preserving
standing
this terrace; it was noted ca. 200 m to the east of the village plateia in

here

suggestion that this "Epistyle Wall" formed part of the

was followed
wall
fortification
by Gregory. This hypothesis may be
a concrete core and does not continue to
rejected because that wall lacks
extension of the wall has been found in the
the east. Indeed, no westward
forum excavations or on Temple Hill, and extensive remote sensing survey
1985.104Wisemans

LR

could not confirm Gregory s

of the village.105 The survey

in the area south and west

of the Asklepieion
line to the west
of the walls

reconstruction

did, however, reveal the line of the wall to the south of the Panayia field.
This suggests that the west side of the LR enciente lay to the east of the fo
rum and that the fortified area of the LR
city would have occupied only
about 40 hectares. The late burials within the forum were therefore outside
the city.
The

four assemblages presented here establish horizons of the first

half of the fifth century to ca. 460, the late fifth century to ca. 500 or 510,
the late sixth century to ca. 600, and the mid-seventh
century as we now
remodeled,

substantially
101.

III.2,
(in Corinth
to
the late wall

Carpenter
dated
127-129)

pp.
the fourth

and Gregory
(1979,
century,
recon
esp. pp. 268-270,279-280),
a date
its course, proposed
structing
two decades

in the first

of the fifth

foundations
lamps

of the wall

and coins
the wall

against
the dates we
and 2 call
question.

were

of this date,

report for assemblages

this interpretation
into

Sections

of the strata

of a test

In a sketch

trench

of the tower,

fortification

wall,
and a robbed-out

about

Antiquities
theater. The

an alluviated
proteichisma

fill"

reflect

ditch,
were

wall

the

of the wall's history.

phases
See n. 9, above, for reports of

these

102.

but

survey.

by

a test trench

excavated

and

of the amphi
the

uncovered
exterior

face of the

to the northeast

104.

of graves.
Sanders
2002,

105. Wiseman

by

1967,

pp. 648-649.
pp. 410-412;,

1969, pp. 87, 92; 1972, p. 7;Gregory

1979, p. 276.
106. The

that
picture
regional
and
supports
enlarges Abadie

Reynal 1989.
in

trench

mass

emerges

103.This diagonal line has been

confirmed

flanked

wall,
dense

the robbed-out

to the west

core

concrete

70 m

shown, but the reported finds did not

cut and

in a "destruction
were

2000 by the 6th Ephorate of Byzantine

the wall were

immediately
against
in the notebook,
and the ele
sketched
vations
of significant
finds were noted
on a sketched
and indicated
top plan.
northeast

that the latest

century. Both
argued
coins in the strata into which
the

In the fifth century, when the forum was

inMediterranean-wide
the city still participated

them at Corinth.106

understand

K. W.

294

SLANE

AND

G.

D.

R.

SANDERS

trade as fully as it had in the past, and the coast of Asia Minor
and
were
contacts.
From
the
late
sixth
century the
important regional
site occupied a much smaller area, and a different picture emerges. Aside

Athens

from a few African

modities

fine wares, western

imports have disappeared. Com
the Holy Land (and the northern Levant?)
still reach

from

Corinth, and there seem to be new imports from southern Asia Minor. No
so-called Slavic wares were present, and they may have a very local
at Corinth. Attic fine wares and lamps (luxury goods?)
ized distribution
have disappeared

from the regional

scene, replaced by central Greek and

common wares are known
Peloponnesian
products. Analogous
regional
from Isthmia, Kenchreai, Diporto
(Makronisos),107 Nemea, Berbati, and
their
and
distribution
almost
the
certainly extends throughout
Argos,108
now
sites
northeast P?loponn?se,
identi
seventh-century
easily
making
are not
in assemblages
in the Athe
fiable. Apparently
they
represented
or
an
at
nian Agora
remained
Sparta. Corinth
important site through
is smaller, its
the seventh century; although
the amount of material
range and variety

prime role as metropolis

indicate the city's continuing

of

Greece.

107. Gregory

1989.

C.

of Central

"C?ramique
le bassin
?g?en
et
IVe au VIIe si?cle," inHommes
I:
richesses dans l'empire byzantin
si?cle (R?alit?s byzantines
IVe-VIIe

Abadie-Reynal,
et commerce

dans

du

Historical
ed. P. Albini
pp.

143-159.

Results
of
Ameri
by the
Studies at

can School

Classical
of
Princeton

= H.

the Roman

Pottery

of

Chronology,

1959.
=

VII
Roman

Lamps
of the
to Seventh Cen

J, Perlzweig,
First

Period,

1992.
voni

degli

Amphoras
Underwater
Trade
Times,

of

Ozda?,

Archaeology:
Mediterranean
of the
Bodrum.

Coins,

Evidence
of

Maritime
inAncient

"Material

of the Seismicity

Princeton

P., and E. D. Orem.

"The North

Commercial

1994.

22-24 mai, 1986 {C?FR 114),

Arthur,

and

the Bodrum Museum

N. N.
Ambraseys,
the Investigation

Journal

101, pp. 663-708.

romaines =
romaines
Amphores
Amphores
ans de
et histoire
Dix
?conomique:
recherche. Actes du colloque de Sienne,

and

1948.

700: A View from Italy," in Sagui

1998, pp. 157-184.

atic Italy,"PBSR 61, pp. 157-225.

1995.

Geophysical

P. 1998. "Eastern Mediterra

Arthur,
nean
500 and
between
Amphorae

Schia

(Molise):
Early-Fifth-Cen
A.D.
of Pottery
and
tury
Deposit
Adri
Animal
from Central
Bones

A. H.

1890

between

International

Islamic

An

O.,
Alp?zen,T.
B.
Berkaya.

Greece

Antioch

and P. Roberts.

V. Ceglia,
"San Giovanni

U,

1988,"

1990.
and J. Jackson.
and Associated
Strain

1989.
= F. O.
ed.,Antioch
Waag?,
IV1: Ceramics
on-the-Orontes

XXI =M. Lang, Graffiti and

Dipinti, 1976.
Albarella,

"Seismicity
of Central

Rome

1961.

tury after Christ,

(http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/
N. N.,

Ambraseys,

and

S. Robinson,
Period:

1-10

in
Seismicity
Europe" 2,
and A. Moroni,
Milan,

RHISE/ii_lamb/ii_lamb.html).

1), Paris, pp.

= The Athenian
Agora
Agora:
Excavations
Conducted

Athens,

inMaterials

Greece,"

of theCEC Project "Review of

for

for Roman

Sinai
of

Survey

1998.
and

the

Amphorae
Transport
and Byzantine
Trading
11, pp. 193-212.

Patterns,"//^
P. 1980. "Objets de la vie quo
Aupert,
en 585 ap.
?
tidienne
J.-C,"
Argos

inEtudes argiennes {BCH Suppl. 6),

pp. 395-457.

site

is ap

and the
is
pottery
published
in assemblages
1 and 2.
paralleled
108. Assemblages
3 and 4 present
two
from the late
differences
striking

centuries
best

Argos assemblage published by Aupert

(1980): the forms of the basins are dif
is a large amount
of
in
the
glass present
assemblage.
Argos
In light of the dating
of our assem
we consider
assem
the
blages,
Argos
to be rather later than ca. 585, the
blage
ferent,

date

and

there

by Aupert;
1997, p. 85, and Vroom
But we cannot
support
the

assigned

cf. Avramea
2003,
a date

p. 53.
as late as

late seventh/early
century,
eighth
n. 87.
in Curta
2005,
p. 123,

suggested

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