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SINCE 1938
STAINLESS STEEL
TECHNICAL HANDBOOK
CRYOGENIC APPLICATIONS 19
CONSUMABLES GUIDE 31
HIGH
PRODUCTIVITY
AND RELIABLE
END-RESULTS
QUALITY
& KNOW-HOW
IN WELDING
Elga has been renowned for being the most demanding welders’ choice
ever since the very beginning. Starting as a family company in Gothen-
burg, Sweden, we have grown into a major supplier of consumables for the
toughest and most challenging welding.
221-206 BC The
Chinese Qin dynasty 1778 Molybdenum
uses chromium to is discovered by
strengthen weapons another Swede; Carl
and protect them Vilhelm von Scheele.
from corrosion.
1911 Philip
1871 First patent on Monnartz reports
“weather resistant on the relationship
steel” by John T between chromium
Wood and John content and
Clark. corrosion resistance.
1913 Harry Brearley 1920 First duplex Mid 70’ From 90’
of the Brown-Firth stainless steel was 2205 (22Cr,5.5Ni, – present day
research laboratory produced 3Mo,0,17N). This 2205 continues to
in Sheffield, England, Avesta 453S (26Cr, DSS still has highest gain momentum in
while seeking a 5Ni, 1.5Mo) annual tonnage. various industries. In
corrosion-resistant Avesta 453E (26Cr, some cases the ex-
alloy for gun 4Ni). traordinary corrosion
barrels, discovers resistance is higher
and subsequently than necessary. This
industrialized a had led to the devel-
martensitic stainless opment of numerous
steel alloy. lean duplex grades,
such as LDX 2101®
and Duplex 2304.
These new stainless
steels contain fewer
alloying elements
than 2205 and are
designed for appli-
cations where they
can replace grades
like 304 and even
316. Source: ISSF.
Nickel (Ni) Austenite stabilizer • DSS/SDSS* contains an intermediate amount of Ni such as 4-7%
• Prevents formation of detrimental intermetallic phases in austenitic SS
• Increases Charpy-V toughness I of austenitic SS
• Balances the austenite/ferritic ratio
Nitrogen (N) Austenite stabilizer • N is added to offset the effects of Cr and Mo contents to form sigma phase
• Increases resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion
• Substantially increases strength (mech. prop.) and toughness
• Most effective strengthening element (solid solution)
• Delays formation of intermetallic phases during welding and fabrication
Manganese (Mn) Austenite stabilizer • Increases N solubility and to some extent stabilizes austenitic phase (directly
or indirectly). Negative effect decreases resistance to pitting corrosion.
Silicon (Si) Ferrite stabilizer • Added to stainless steels to improve resistance to oxidation at high
temperature
Titanium& Niobium (Ti&Nb) Ferrite stabilizer • Binds C and forms carbide, stops chrome from forming harmful chrome
carbide
Table 2. *DSS = Duplex Stainless Steel, SDSS = Super Duplex Stainless Steel
**(PREN = Pitting Resistance Equivalent (%Cr+3.3x%Mo+16x%N) (PREW = Cr%+3,3x(Mo%+0,5W)+16%N)
Strength (N/mm2)
EN1.4418
corrosion. This excellent resistance 800 2507
results from the naturally occurring,
chromium-rich oxide layer which al- 2205 254 SMO
600
ways exists on the surface of stain-
less steel. This oxide layer has the 316 317L 904L
unique property of self-healing, 400 304
which cannot be achieved with lay-
ers applied by other means. 200
430
If the oxide layer is removed or dam-
0
aged by abrasion, or if the raw metal
0 20 40 60 80 100
surface is exposed when the steel
is cut, a new layer is immediate- Corrosion resistance (CPT)
ly formed by reaction between the
Figure 3. CPT= Critical Pitting Temperature, read more on page 15.
steel and the atmosphere or other
sources of oxygen. Because protec-
tion is re-established immediately,
it is possible to choose steel that is Temperature spectrum chosen by many designers thanks
not affected even in aggressive ma- Stainless steel discolours if heat- to this characteristic.
rine environments, or by many ac- ed to very high temperatures, but
ids, alkalis and other chemicals. this does not lead to scaling as in High-temperature corrosion (scaling)
ordinary carbon steel and it retains must be avoided, although heat-re-
Strength and formability much of its strength when heated. sistant stainless steels are superior
Stainless steel is sometimes cold Consequently it is used in industry in this regard, because they are sta-
stretched to increase strength, main- for many applications where durabil- ble in contact with air and most of
ly for pressure vessels. Also in the ity at high temperatures is vital. the products of combustion in tem-
embodiment, the tensile strength of peratures up to +1100 ºC. A lot of
the original stainless steel exceeds Strength decreases when steel is industrial processes are performed
that of carbon steel. Similarly, hard- heated. The extent of the reduction at very low temperatures, down to
ness also varies from relatively soft is dependent on many factors, one -196 ºC (or even lower), and at such
annealed austenitic stainless steel of the most important being the ac- temperatures many materials lose
to extremely hard martensitic ma- tual alloy composition. Compared their ductility and toughness and fail
terials, particularly for razor blades with carbon steel, stainless steel by brittle fracture. In such applica-
and ball bearings. retains its strength when heated. tions, specific austenitic stainless
Therefore, it is used in high-temper- steels or nickel alloyed steel are ide-
In general, ductility is inversely pro- ature environments in industry for ally suited.
portional to strength. Soft austenit- its so-called creep strength and is
ic steels have outstanding ductility
with an elongation exceeding 50%.
Austenitic stainless steels can be
cold worked to form a large number
of semi-finished and finished prod-
ucts. Cold working can be optimized
so that the final product achieves the
best combination of strength and
hardness. Ferritic stainless steels of-
fer good strength and ductility, but
without the outstanding formability
of the austenitic variants. Martensi-
tic steels can be formed in the an-
nealed condition and subsequently
heat treated to achieve the required
strength and hardness.
405 1.4002 0.08 1.00 11.5-14.5 --- 1.00 0.04 0.03 0.10-0.30 Al
409 1.4512 0.08 1.00 10.5-11.75 --- 1.00 0.045 0.045 6X %C Ti min
429 0.12 1.00 14.0-16.0 --- 1.00 0.04 0.03
430 1.4016 0.12 1.00 16.0-18.0 --- 1.00 0.04 0.03
Ferritic
434 1.4113 0.12 1.00 16.0-18.0 --- 1.00 0.04 0.03 0.75-1.25 Mo
436 0.12 1.00 16.0-18.0 --- 1.00 0.04 0.03 0.75-1.25 Mo; 5X %C
Nb(Cb) +Ta
442 0.20 1.00 18.0-23.0 --- 1.00 0.04 0.03
444 0.025 1.00 17.5-19.5 1.00 1.00 0.04 0.03 1.75-2.5 Mo; 0.015
N; 0.2 Cu; 0.2-1.0 Ti
Table 3.
Several austenitic steels in table 3 from the heating cycle during weld- that found in 304L and 308L is nec-
contain about 18% Cr and 8% Ni ing. 316 and 316L contain addition- essary to achieve good creep re-
and are often known by the popular al molybdenum, which improves sistance. To avoid problems with
term 18-8 stainless steels. Types 304 strength at high temperatures but chromium depletion as mentioned
and 304L are very common grades most of all reduces the risk for inter- above, steel has to be stabilized.
and differ only in carbon content. granular corrosion. This is done by the addition of nio-
bium (or columbium) and tantalum,
The ‘L’ grades are designed to avoid The 347 type is known as stabilized which are strong carbide formers
sensitization (Cr depletion close to stainless steel. This steel is used for (stronger than chromium).
grain boundaries due to chromium elevated temperature applications,
carbide formation) which can result where a higher carbon content than
Martensitic steel
1250
Matching-composition martensitic Hardened and annealed
consumables are used when weld
metal properties must match parent 1000
material. However, to decrease the
risk of cracking, austenitic consuma- 750 Duplex Austenitic steel
bles may be used.
500
Austenitic
For welding applications, it is often
desirable to have a small amount 250
Ferritic steel
of delta-ferrite in the weld metal (3-
10%). These steels do not normally 0
need any post-weld-heat treatment 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
(PWHT). They have about 50% high-
Elongation %
er thermal expansion compared to
ferritic and duplex stainless steels. Figure 4.
Structure Weldability PHT EN:no. Hydrogen cracks Hot cracks Sigma phase formation
(475°embrittlement)
Martensitic - 200-400 °C 1.4006 Very sensitive No No
Ferritic + 200-300 °C 1.4016 Sensitive No Yes
Duplex ++ RT 1.4462 Sensitive Small risk Small risk
1.4410 No Small risk Small risk
Austenitic +++ RT 1.4432 No Small risk No
Fully ++ RT 1.4539 No Yes No
austenitic
1.4845 No Big risk No
C Mn +++ RT C-Steel Yes Small risk No
(unalloyed) (depending of CMn-Steel (high strength
thickness) steels)
Table 4. Relative positions of different steel groups depending on the amounts of nickel and chromium.
Table 5.
Typical properties for DSS, grade 1.4462 compared to other stainless steel types: As can be seen in table 6, the
duplex 1.4462 is 50% more expensive compared to the standard 304L grade in terms of price/kg, but less expen-
sive if we compare Price/PRE and Price/Yield strength, valuable design and service life factors.
Steel Grade Analysis Typical Rp0.2 N/mm2 Rm N/mm2 *PRE -Value Price P Index P/PRE Index P/Rp0.2 Index
304L 18Cr10Ni 210 520 18 1.0 1.00 1.00
316L 17Cr12Ni2.5Mo 220 520 25 1.3 0.93 1.23
316LN 17Cr12Ni2.5Mo0.18N 300 600 28 1.4 0.89 0.98
317L 18Cr13Ni3.3Mo 250 550 29 1.6 0.98 1.33
1.4462 22Cr6NiMo0.14N 450 700 35 1.5 0.79 0.69
The greatest benefit of molybdenum One way of measuring this benefit G48 test. The critical pitting temper-
and nitrogen in stainless steels is the is by determining the critical pitting ature – CPT – is the point at which
improved resistance to pitting and temperature. Higher PRE means pitting corrosion starts in a test
crevice corrosion, especially in envi- better corrosion resistance. This is specimen immersed in a ferric chlo-
ronments containing chloride. normally established with the ASTM ride solution.
SAW
C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu Nb N
0.02 0.8 0.7 19.5 10.4 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.08 X X X X
0.02 0.7 0.6 18.6 9.7 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.08 X
0.02 0.8 0.7 19.5 10.4 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.08
0.05 0.7 0.8 19.5 10.0 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.07 X X X
0.03 0.4 1.0 19.0 10.0
0.02 0.9 0.6 19.0 10.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.08 X X X X
0.04 0.4 1.3 19.5 10.2 0.5
0.02 0.8 0.7 18.5 12.0 2.7 0.1 0.05 0.08 X X X X
0.02 0.7 0.8 18.3 12.2 2.7 0.1 0.05 0.08 X
0.02 0.7 0.8 18.1 11.8 2.7 0.1 0.05 0.08
0.02 0.8 0.8 18.4 11.8 2.7 0.1 0.05 0.08
0.02 0.6 2.3 17.2 14.1 2.5 0.1 0.05 0.08
0.03 0.4 1.0 18.5 12.0 2.7
0.02 0.9 0.7 18.0 12.0 2.7 0.1 0.40 0.07 X X
0.02 0.8 0.8 23.0 13.0 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.08 X X X X
0.02 0.7 1.1 23.5 12.8 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.08 X
0.030 0.4 1.0 23.0 12.5
0.035 0.5 1.0 23.0 12.0 0.8
0.02 0.8 0.8 22.8 12.8 2.4 0.1 0.05 0.08 X X X X
0.02 0.7 1.0 23.2 13.0 2.5 0.1 0.05 0.08 X
0.02 0.8 0.7 22.6 13.8 2.8 0.1 0.05 0.08
0.06 0.3 5.5 18.5 9.5 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.03 X X
0.10 0.8 2.3 26.6 21.6 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.06 X X
0.10 1.2 0.8 28.8 9.7 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.08 X X X
0.02 0.7 0.8 18.4 13.5 3.7 0.1 0.05 0.08 X X X
0.02 0.7 0.8 19.0 12.5 3.3 0.1 0.05 0.08
0.03 0.8 0.8 18.5 13.5 3.5 0.1 0.05 0.08
0.03 0.8 0.9 24.5 8.5 0.1 0.14 X X X
0.02 0.8 0.7 23.4 9.5 3.0 0.1 0.05 0.16 X X X X
0.02 0.7 0.7 22.5 9.5 3.0 0.1 0.05 0.16 X
0.02 0.9 0.7 23.3 9.8 3.1 0.1 0.05 0.13
0.03 0.6 0.9 23.0 9.0 3.2 0.17 X X X
0.02 0.8 0.7 25.0 9.0 4.0 0.1 0.05 0.23 X X X
0.03 0.4 1.3 25.0 8.5 3.7 0.1 0.05 0.23
0.05 0.5 1.2 12.5 4.5 0.5 0.1 0.05 0.05 X X X
0.02 0.7 1.0 27.5 31.5 3.8 1.0 0.05 0.08 X
0.02 0.8 1.1 20.0 25.5 4.2 1.5 0.05 0.08 X X X
0.06 1.5 0.5 22.0 10.5 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.17
0.03 0.5 6.0 16.0 70.0 0.1 0.05 2.20 0.05 X X X
Figure 5.
Duplex is different but not difficult group 2 grade, the weld metal has gen because they have precipitated
The weld metal solidifies completely 9% Ni and the base material 6% Ni, at low temperatures from an almost
ferritic at 1450°C and the transfor- therefore the dilution of base material nitrogen-free ferrite. The solution to
mation to the final duplex structure into the weld metal affects the phase this is to control the ferrite level of
takes place in the solid state be- balance. Root runs and high dilution the weld through an increased aus-
tween 1300°C and 800°C. Typical welding methods, i.e. * SAW, tend to tenite level in the filler metal. Careful
cooling time between 1200°C and give higher ferrite contents due to di- recommendations regarding welding
800°C for a weld metal is 3-25 sec- lution with the lower Ni-content base parameters, especially for the first
onds, depending on heat input and material. 2-3 passes of a multi-pass weld, may
plate thickness – faster cooling rates also be effective. These problems are
produce more ferrite. Too slow or too Precipitation of secondary austenite not so big when welding group 1 and
fast cooling rates can result in other in multipass duplex weld metal or HAZ 2 DSS, but must be considered more
”micro structural problems”, causing may be possible. These precipitates carefully when welding the high-
reduced corrosion resistance and/or of austenite may also reduce pitting ly alloyed group 3 DSS. To achieve
reduced impact strength. resistance. This is probably due to a a proper phase balance and avoid
lower content of chromium and mo- precipitation relations, the following
To achieve a proper phase balance, lybdenum in this finely dispersed type parameter ranges are recommended:
the weld metal has a higher Ni-con- of austenite. It is also likely that they
tent than the base material. For a contain rather low amounts of nitro-
Table 7.
The heat input is chosen to suit the In any case the interpass tempera- metal close to the weld, the actual
material thickness and the weld- ture should be kept. Attention must temperature will be higher deep-
ing process, e.g. for thin-wall tubes be paid to super duplex steels in er inside the weld metal. This may
(t=1,5 mm) ~ 0.5 kJ/mm is optimum. wall thickness > 25 mm. As the in- cause embrittlement and low impact
For heavier wall thickness, a heat in- terpass temperature is measured values in the root region.
put closer to maximum is preferred. on the surface of the weld or on the
Weld IMPACT
Process Consumable Rp0,2-MPa Rm-MPa Charpy V -196°C
MMA Cromarod B308L 430 570 50J
MMA Cromarod B316L 470 575 45J
MMA Cromarod 82 380 630 80J
MMA Cromarod 625 530 770 60J
FCW Cromacore DW308LT 380 520 39J
FCW Cromacore DW308LTP 420 640 42J
FCW Cromacore DW316LT 405 535 34J
FCW Cromacore 625P 480 740 70J
MIG Cromamig 308LSi 400 590 50J
MIG Cromamig 316L 420 600 50J
MIG Cromamig 82 400 660 80J
MIG Cromamig 625 480 780 60J
TIG Cromatig 308L 380 600 60J
TIG Cromatig 316L 400 600 60J
TIG Cromatig 82 420 670 100J
TIG Cromatig 625 480 780 80J
SAW Hobart SWX 220-308L 390 550 50J
SAW Hobart SWX 220-316L 400 580 50J
SAW Hobart SWX 282-82 380 630 100J
SAW Hobart SWX 282-625 450 720 70J
Table 8.
Two-sided butt-groove t d
mm mm
SMAW 3-4 2-3
GTAW 3-6 2-3 t
GMAW 3-6 2-3 d
FCAW 3-8 2-3
V-groove t d k α
mm mm mm
α
SMAW 6-14 2-3 2-3 50-60°
GTAW 6-10 2-3 1-2 50-60°
t
GMAW 6-12 2-3 2-3 50-60° k
Double V-groove t d k α
mm mm mm
α
SMAW 14-30 2-3 2-3 50-60°
GTAW 10-16 2-3 1-2 50-60°
GMAW 12-16 2-3 2-3 50-60° k t
Double U-groove t d k β r
mm mm mm mm
β
SMAW >30 2-3 2-3 15° 6-8 α
GTAW >16 2-3 1-2 15° 6-8 r
Table 11.
Ni
0% 5% Consum- Weld
10% Material 1 Material 2 ables metal
28 Name 304L CMn 309MoL
20%
24 Dilution 15% 15% 70% 100%
40% C 0.040 0.100 0.020 0.035
20
Si 0 0.300 0.800 0.605
80%
16
Mn 0 1.000 0.800 0.710
12 100 Cr 18.100 0.020 22.800 18.678
%
Ni 8.100 0.100 12.800 10.190
8
Mo 0.000 0.050 2.400 1.688
4
Nb 0 0.005 0 0.001
0 Ti 0 0 0 0.000
Cr -> 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 Cu 0 0.100 0 0.015
N 0 0 0 0.000
Figure 7.
Creq 18.1 1.6 26.4 21.3
Nieq 9.3 3.7 13.8 11.6
Table 12.
12
The Schaeffler De Long diagram in
80%
figure 8 is based on table 12, where 10
Offset 5-10°
1-2mm
Figure 9.
root opening stainless
Stainless steel
GMAW
Group 1 steels: Cromamig LDX Diam: 1.2 mm
Group 2 steels: Cromamig Duplex Diam: 0.8-1.0-1.2 mm
Group 3 steels: Cromamig 2507 Diam: 0.8-1.0-1.2 mm
Shielding gases: Spray arc: Ar, 14-16 l/min
Short arc: Ar or Ar-He-O2-mix to improve the wettability and weld bead
geometry, 12-14 l/min.
Backing gas: Ar or Formier.
Good weldability in out of position welding requires pulsed arc.
Typical GMAW welding parameters:
Short-arc Spray-arc
Diam. Current Voltage Current Voltage
1.0 mm 75-140 A 18-21 V 170-200 A 26-28
1.2 mm 130-160 18-21 V 175-250 A 26-28
Table 13.
GTAW
GTAW is often recommended especially for root passes in pipes.
Group 1 steels: Cromatig LDX
Group 2 steels: Cromatig Duplex
Group 3 steels: Cromatig 2507
Shielding gases: Ar or Ar+He mixtures, sometimes N2 addition to the gas
are used to compensate for N-losses from the weld metal, normally 3-5%
N2 addition is used.
Backing gas is very important. Ar, Ar+N2 or N2 or Formier gases (90%N210%H2)
are used. The latter is recommended as it improves root side pitting resist-
ance. To achieve good pitting resistance in the root, the level of oxygen in
the root area has to be very low (<100 ppm).
When very high ferrite levels (≥ 70% ) in the root area are anticipated, H2
in the backing gas can produce micro cracking in the ferrite and should
therefore be avoided. In these applications, Ar, Ar+N2 or N2 backing gas is
recommended.
FCAW
FCAW wires are available for welding of DSS
Group 1 steels: Cromacore LDX P
Group 2 steels: Cromacore DW 329A for horizontal position welding
Cromacore DW 329AP for positional welding, especially in
PF/3G position
Shielding gas: 80% Ar + 20% CO2 or pure CO2 is used, 20-25 l/min.
SMAW
Group 1 steels: Cromarod LDX
Group 2 steels: Cromarod Duplex (a rutile normal recovery)
Cromarod Duplex-140 (rutile, 140%, high recovery for
higher productivity)
Cromarod Duplex-LP, (rutile thin coated type for pipes and
narrow joints)
Cromarod Duplex-B, (basic coated type for high Charpy
toughness at –460 ºC.)
Group 3 steels: T
wo types of Super Duplex electrodes are available:
Cromarod 2507B, (basic type) and Cromarod 2507R,
(rutile type)
The basic electrodes have higher CVN-toughness, due to the lower oxygen
content of the weld metal.
Typical oxygen content in the basic electrode is 500-700 ppm and in the
rutile 800-1000 ppm.
Table 14.
SAW
Group 1 and 2 steels: Wire and flux recommendation: SDX 2209 + SWX 220.
The highest productivity in 1G position is achieved with SAW.
Group 3 steels: Wire and flux recommendation: SDX 2594 + SWX 220.
Up to 3.0 kJ/mm has been used with good results. The welding is therefore
normally carried out with a 2.4-3.2 mm wire. The minimum plate thickness
is ~10 mm and double sided welding using X- or V-joints with root face are
normally used. One side welding requires a root run with SMAW or FCAW
before filling with SAW.
Table 15.
Table 16.
Cromarod index
L L stands for low carbon, C max 0.030%. Standard rutile coating.
LP Thin coat; for pipe welding in difficult positions. Welds with very low current.
LT Good impact toughness at -196 ºC, max 0.5 UN, suitable for urea and cryogenic
applications.
LV A thin covered electrode specially designed for descending vertical welding.
R Rutile, high recovery electrode, 160% yield.
140 High recovery electrode, 140%. Provides high deposition rates. Designed for high
productivity welding.
B Basic coated. Provides high impact strength at -196 ºC.
H Controlled carbon content, C: 0.04 -0.08% for creep strength and high temperature
applications.
• Brushing
Summary (examples)
1. Grinding (removing defect e.g. slag)
2.
Pre-cleaning to remove organic
contamination (e.g. oil, grease)
3. Pickling (e.g. paste or bath)
4. Rinsing with water (e.g. water jet)
1.4162/-/S32101 Y,T Y,T Y,T T,U T,U T,U U,V T,Y T,Y T,Y T,Y T,Y T,Y
1.4362/-/S32304 Y,T Y,T Y,T T,U T,U T,U T,V T,Y T,Y T,Y T,Y T,Y T,Y
1.4462/-/S32205/S31803 Z,U Z,U Z,U T,U T,U U U,V Z U,Z U,Z U,Z U,Z U,Z
1.4410/-/S32750 Z,V Z,V Z,V T,V T,V U,V V Z,V Z,V Z,V Z,V Z,V Z,V
1.4310/301/S30100 D,X D,X D,X T,Y T,Y U,Z U,V E D,E E E E,F E,H
Unalloyed steel X X X X X Z,U Z,U X,Z X,Z X,Z X,Z X,Z X,Z
CONSUMABLES A = 13 B = 25 4 D = 19 9 E = 19 9 L F = 19 9 Nb H = 19 12 3L
Cromarod (410) 308H 308L/LP 347/B347 316L/LP
Cromamig 308H 308L/LSi 347Si 316LSi
Cromacore 308L/LP 347 316L/LP
CONSUMABLES M = 25 22 2 NL O = 21 10 N P = 25 20 Q = NiCr25Mo16
Cromarod (310) 253 310 -
Cromamig (310) - 310 -
Cromacore
CONSUMABLES U = 22 9 3 NL V = 25 9 4 NL X = 22 12 Y = 23 12 L
Cromarod Duplex/Duplex B 2507 R/B 309L 309L
Cromamig Duplex 2507 309LSi 309LSi
Cromacore 329A/AP 2507 309L/LP 309L/LP
T,Y T,Y T,Z T,Z T,Z U,Z U,Z U,Z U,Z X Y Y Y O,X X
T,Y T,Y T,Z T,Z T,Z U,Z U,Z U,Z U,Z X Y Y O O,X X
U,Z U,Z U,J U,J U,Z U,Z Z,R Z,R Z,Q X Y,S Y O,S O,X Z,U
Z,V Z,V J,V J,V Z,V V,L R Q Q X Y Y Y O,X Z,U
E,H E,H,I J,Z J,Z Z Z Z Z Z X D,X X O,X X,P X,Z
Z,X Z,X Z,X Z,X Z,X Z,X Z,X Z,X Z,X Z,B X X O,X P Y
H,X I,O,X I,O,X I,O,X Y,X X X X X X O,X X O,X P X
X X X X X X X X X X X O,X O,X X,P X
O,X O,X O,X O,X O,X O,X O,X O,X O,X O,X O,X O,X O O,P O,X,S
O,P O,P X,P X,P P X,P P P P P P X,P O,P O,P X,P,S
I = 19 12 3 Nb J=317L K = 19 13 4 NL L = 20 25 5 CuL
318 - - 385
318Si 317L 317L 385
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ELGA STAINLESS STEEL TECHNICAL HANDBOOK 34.