2011

APTRA: History and

Structure of NDC

AreyouinvolvedinsellingorsupportingATMs?DoyouknowhowNDCworks?Doyou
knowwhataStateTableis?WhatgetsdownloadedtotheATM?
MynameisColinDavis,andinthisseminar,IwillgiveyouashorthistoryofATMs,and
thendescribewhatismeantbytheNDCenvironment.

Objectives

Discuss the history of NDC

List the tables contained in a Downline Load
Describe the content of those tables
Describe State Processing
Describe the NDC Transaction Flow
List the Operational Modes

NCR Confidential

Bytheendofthisseminar,youshouldbeableto:
DescribethedevelopmentofNDC,listthetablescontainedinaDownlineLoad,describe
thecontentofthosetables,describe(atahighlevel)StateProcessing,theflowof
transactionsandlisttheoperationalmodes.
InthisseminarwewilllookbrieflyatthehistoryofATMssincethefirstonewas
installed.ThenwewillgetintoNDCandseehowitoperateswiththevarioustablesthat
getdownloaded.
Wewilllookatthetypesofmessagethatgetpassedbetweenthe terminalandthehost
andwewilllisttheoperationalstatesthattheterminalcanbe in.

ATM Timeline (1967 - 1974)

Docutel enjoys 100% of market with 2900 units
1967 Barclays Bank installed the worlds first ATM
1969 Docutel installs the first U.S. made cash dispenser
in Chemical Bank of New York
1971 Citizens and Southern National Bank of Atlanta
installs the first U.S. full function ATM by Docutel
1974 ATM installations still only on premise. Available
ATMs include Diebold 5000, IBM 3614 and NCR 770

NCR Confidential

AsyoucanseefromtheATMTimelinehere,thefirstATMthatwasinstalledwasat
BarclaysBankintheUKin1967.Atthattime,Docutel wastheonlyATMmanufacturer.
Docutel thenmovedtotheNorthAmericanmarket,ChemicalBankin1969, andthenon
toCitizensandSouthernNationalBankofAtlantain1971.
Asof1974,Docutel enjoyed100%ofthemarket,butwithonly2900units.
ATMinstallationswerelimitedtoonpremiseonly,theoffpremisemarkethadnotbeen
conceived.
ThisiswhereNCRenteredthemarket,withour1stgenerationATM,theNCR770.

ATM Timeline (1977 - 1979)

ATM market gains momentum
New products are announced:
Diebold 9000 - Controller Based
IBM 3624 - Couldnt deliver for 18 months
Docutel 2000 - Unreliable, expensive & difficult upgrade path
NCR 1770 in-lobby ATM Ahead of its time, but delivery is
1978 and software is poor

1979 NCR releases the 1780

IBM delivers 3624 in quantity.
Diebold releases the 910 Direct Connect.
Docutel releases a new T-2300 with retrofit for 300 users

NCR Confidential

In1977,theATMmarketreallystartedtogainmomentum.Diebold hadits9000
controllerbasedsolution,IBMhadannouncedits3624buttheycouldntdeliverfor18
months.
Docutel 2000unitswereunreliableandexpensivetoupgradeandtheNCR 1770in
lobbyATMcouldnotbedelivereduntil1978.
The1770wasNCRssecondgenerationATManditisimportanttonotethatDiebold
wastheonlyATMvendoratthetimethatwasabletodeliverunits,andsoconsequently
theygrewtheirmarketsharetonumber1.
In1979,NCRdidcomeoutwiththe1780whichunfortunatelyhadsomereliability
problems.IBMwereabletodelivertheir3624,andDieboldstartedtoreleasethe910
directconnectsoftware.

ATM Timeline (1982 - 1990)

More companies join the growing market
TRW/Fujitsu
Burroughs

1983 NCR 3rd Generation (50xx series) launched

NCR Direct Connect (NDC) software created
Either Diebold Emulation (to capture replacement business)
Or NCR Native to take advantage of NCR features

1990 NCR 4th Generation launched

NDC+ created to support 4th Generation features. NDC+
uses the same host application and NDC and the same
customisation data
Operating system is OS/2
NCR Confidential

In1982morecompaniesjoinedthegrowingmarketwithFujitsuandBurroughsand
thenin1983,NCRreallycameonboardwithitsthirdgeneration andthecreationofa
dedicatedSelfServiceBusinessUnit.
Alsoin1983NCRDirectConnectsoftwarewascreatedtooperateits3rdGeneration,
50xxseries,eitherinDieboldemulationtocapturereplacementbusiness,orinNCR
NativemodetotakeadvantageofNCRfeaturessuchashaving8FunctionDisplayKeys.
In1990,NCRs4thgenerationwaslaunchedandatthattimetheoriginalNDCsoftware
wasmigratedtoNDC+thatwascreatedspecificallytosupport4thgenerationfeatures
suchastheabilitytodisplaygraphicimages,ratherthanjusttext.
CruciallyNDC+usedthesamehostapplicationasNDCandthesamecustomisationdata.
Beingbackwardscompatible,sothatnewsoftwarecanbeinstalledwithnohost
change,isaguidingprincipleformanyofourcustomerseventoday.

ATM Timeline (1996 - 2002)

NCR Personas Series launched
NCR first hardware capable of supporting Windows NT
Self Service Development System (SSDS)
Can still run NDC+ with OS/2

1998 SSDS-NDC launched for NT Operating System

1999 NCR Self-Service Software re-branded as APTRA
APTRA Advance NDC

2002 APTRA software now supports Windows XP

NCR Confidential

In1996,NCRlaunchedourPersonasseries.PersonaswasthefirsthardwarePlatform
fromNCRthatwascapableofsupportingtheWindowsNToperating system.
AtthesametimewealsolaunchedSSDSwhichisanapplicationdevelopment
environmentbutcriticallythePersonassupportedtheolderNDC+ applicationrunning
withtheolderOS/2operatingsystemaswell.
SoitwasidealtoprovideamigrationpathtogofromOS/2toWindowsNTand
eventuallyWindowsXP.
In1998,SSDSNDCwaslaunchedtooperatewiththeNToperatingsystemandin1999,
NCRrebrandeditsWindowsbasedsoftwaretotheAPTRAsoftwaresuite.
In2002,theAPTRAsoftwarewasmigratedtorunonbothWindowsNTandWindows
XP.

ATM Timeline (2005 - 2011)

Multi-Vendor becomes the key word
CEN XFS
2005 APTRA Advance NDC 3.0
Full multi-vendor support

2008 NCR SelfServ series launched

Replacement for Personas range
Move from Serial devices to USB

2011 APTRA Advance NDC 4.1

Windows 7 supported
Multi-vendor enhancements for Cash In

NCR Confidential

Oneofthekeydriversinthelastfewyearshasbeenthemovetoproviding1software
solutionthatwillworkonterminalsfromallthemajormanufacturers.Banks
increasinglywanttobuythehardwarefromanysupplierbutstillbeabletorun,and
support,softwarefromjust1supplierregardlessofthehardware.
Allofthemajormanufacturers,includingNCR,gottogetherwith CEN,theEuropean
CommitteeforStandardisation,toproduceastandardcalledCENXFSthatwouldhelp
softwaredeveloperstowrite1applicationthatwouldrunonany CENXFScompliant
system.
APTRAAdvanceNDCversion3.0wasreleasedin2005thatwouldworknotonlyonNCR
ATMs,butalsoDiebold,Wincorandintheory,anyCENXFScomplianthardware.
In2008NCRreplacedthePersonasrangewiththeupdatedSelfServrangeofhardware,
increasingthevarietyofdevices,suchasdepositdevices,aswellasmovingfromolder
SerialbasedhardwaretoUSBdevices.
In2011NCRstartedlimitedsupportforWindows7onaselectnumberofSelfServ
terminals,withtheintentionoffullWindows7supportbytheendof2011.APTRA
AdvanceNDCversion4.1isthefirstversionofNDCtosupportWindows7aswellas
havingmajorenhancementsforDepositsolutions.

ATM SW Architectures in 1980s

More History
With the launch of the 3rd Generation there were three
types of ATM system architectures
The primary difference between the architectures was the
location of transaction processing:
Direct Connect
Controller Based
Intelligent ATM

The rest of this presentation will focus on the Direct

Connect system architecture

NCR Confidential

ThatwasabriefhistoryofATMhardware,nowwewillconcentrateontheAPTRA
softwareproductsthatNCRsellthataresuitableintheNDCenvironment.
WiththelaunchofNCRs3rdgenerationATMin1983therewereanumberofATM
systemarchitecturesinuseatthetime.
Theprimarydifferencebetweenthearchitectureswasthelocationofthetransaction
processingcapabilities.Youvegottorememberthisistheearly80s,personal
computerswereintheirinfancy,mostcomputerswereMainFrames whereallofthe
processingisdoneon1largecentralsystemandalloftheterminalsaredumb.Butthe
80ssawtheintroductionofmicroprocessorsthatcouldmakemoreandmore
processingdecisionslocally,onlyneedingacentralcomputerforthefinalauthorisation.
Diebolds910DirectConnectsoftwarehadstartedatrendwhereallofthefunctionality
wascentrallymanagedbytheBanksmainframecomputer.
Alternativelytherewasacontrollerbasedsolution,andIntelligentATMswherethe
ATMswereabletomakealotofdecisionsattheterminallevel.
NCRsDirectConnectsoftwarewasproduced,initiallytobecompatiblewiththeDiebold
910DirectConnect,butthenitbranchedouttobecomeitsownstandard,NDC,to
supportthefeaturesofNCRhardware.

Direct Connect
In Direct Connect systems:
Network software designed for non-intelligent terminals
Transaction control is at the Central Host
If the network goes down for any reason, the ATMs are
unavailable

Changes to terminal screens/configuration:

Downloaded through the network from Central
Table-driven software to all direct connect terminals
States, Screens, FITs, Configuration

NCR Confidential

SowhatisNDC?WellwithDirectConnectsystems,thenetworkis designedfornon
intelligentterminals,itwasmorecosteffectiveatthetimeto havelowercostterminals
andgreatercentralprocessing.
TherewasnothingliketheCPUsthatwehavenow,whereprocessingischeapand
efficientattheterminallevelsotransactioncontrolwasalwaysatthebankscentral
mainframeorHost.Someofthedrawbackswerethatifthenetworkeverwentdown
foranyreason,theATMnetworkwasalsounavailable.
ThesoftwareonaDirectConnectterminalwasTableDriven.What doImeanbyTable
DrivenSoftware?
ThesoftwareontheATMknowshowtooperatethehardware,butitdoesnthaveany
intelligenceintermsofhowtopresentatransactiontoacardholder,whatitdoesis
followinformationthathasbeensenttoitfromthecentralhostwhicharestoredas
tables.
ThesoftwarerunningontheATMlooksatthetablestotellitthingslikewhat
informationtodisplayonthemonitor,whatstepsneedtobefollowedandthe
sequenceofthosestepstowalkacardholderthroughanATMtransaction.
ThetablesalsogivetheATMinformationabouthowtoprocessCardandPIN
informationandtheyhavevaluesforthingsliketimeoutsanddifferenttypesof
configurationinformation.
TableinformationissenttotheATMthroughsomethingcalledtheDownlineload.The
downlineloadisaseriesofmessagessenttoeveryNDCterminal fromhost sending
theStates,Screens,FinancialInstitutionTables(FITs)andConfigurationtablesforthe
ATMtostorelocallyandfollow.

Advantages / Disadvantages
Advantages
Lower cost ATMs
Centralised Control
Gives networks the ability to control all ATMs centrally

Disadvantages
No off-line processing
Processing load on host
May cause overload, requiring larger or additional processors
to be used

No local control
Changes must be made at the Host
NCR Confidential

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TheadvantageisthatwhentheDirectConnectarchitecturewasfirstlaunchedinthe
mid70sandearly80s,thatithadalowcostforATMs lessintelligencewasrequired
ateachterminal.Thisalsoallowedforcentralisedcontrol onechangeonthebanks
centralmainframecouldthenbepushedquicklytoeveryATM.Networkshadtheability
tocontrolalloftheirterminalscentrally,sotheyknewexactlywhatwasgoingonata
specificATMinanygivenpointintime.
ThedisadvantagesofhavingnoprocessingattheATMisthatitcannotoperateinoff
linemode.
Italsocreatesarealprocessingloadonthecentralhostcomputer.Asmoreandmore
ATMsgetaddedtothebanksnetwork,theHostwillhavecapacityissuesthathaveto
bedealtwith.
Butmorethanthat,asATMshandlemoreandmorediversetypesoftransaction,such
asMobilePhoneTopup,having1centralHostbecomesveryexpensivetoupgrade,
supportandmaintain.
AndthefinaldisadvantagewithtraditionalDirectConnectisthatthereisnolocal
control theATMisnotabletomakedecisions,andthereforethehosthastoprogram
allchanges.
Soagain,inthecentralisedNDCworld,thereisastrongdependencyonhost
programmingcapabilitiesforthecustomer,skillsthatarebecomingmoreandmore
specialisedandexpensive.
Tosupportanewtransaction,theywillhavetogototheirhost software,suchasACIor
DeluxeDataandthentheyaregoingtogetinlineforresourceavailabilitiesandcosts.

Central - Host - Switch

HOST

CENTRAL

SWITCH

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SofarIhaveusedthetermsCentralandHosttotalkaboutthemainframecomputerat
theBank.
Intheearlydays,everythingwasonpremiseandtheATMonlyservedtheowning
institutionscustomers.Central wasthebanksmainframecomputer,alsocalledthe
Hostcomputer.
Later,banksgottogethertoformallianceswhereifyouwereacustomerof1bank,you
couldalsousetheATMsoftheirpartners,thisgreatlyincreasedthenumberofATMs
youcoulduseasthecustomerofaparticularbank.
TodayofcourseyoucanusealmosteveryATMintheworldandit canservicealmost
anycardwhatsoever.
Tomanagethesenetworksofinterconnectedsystems,theATMsare connectedtoa
Switch computer,whichwillrouteauthorisationrequeststotheappropriatehost
anywhereintheworld.
SoyouwillseethewordsCentral,HostandSwitchusedalmostinterchangeably
because,fromtheATMsperspective,itisallthesamething.
IttalkstoCentral whichitbelievesisattheotherendofthatcommunicationlink.

Table Driven Software

Defines the personality of the ATM and governs
ATM Software
APTRA Advance NDC, APTRA Edge or APTRA Activate

Downline Load
States, Screens, FITs, Configuration

Command Messages from Central

Go In Service, Go Out of Service, Print this

Downline Load
Table information sent to the ATM

Not Software Management

Install new software, download new graphics
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WewanttofocusonNDCterminaloperationsandgetbacktosome ofthepointsthat
wereraisedearlier.
TerminaloperationsarecontrolledbyreallythreedifferentthingsintheNDCworld.
TheyarecontrolledbythesoftwarerunningontheATM,thecustomisationdownline
loadfromthehostandfinallytheyarecontrolledbycommandmessagessenttothe
ATMagainfromCentral.
IwanttodifferentiatebetweentheDownlineLoadandSoftwareManagementhere.
TheDownlineLoadisaseriesofmessagesfromCentraltotheATMcontainingthetable
information.SoftwareManagementorSoftwareDistributionsystemsarecompletely
separate.
SoftwareManagementisforinstallingoperatingsystempatches,newversionsof
software,newgraphicsfilesandgenerallycontrollingthesoftwareontheATM.
ThedownlineloadisnotcapableofsendinganewimagefiletotheATM,thebankwill
havetoinstallseparatesoftwareforthat.

On Power-Up
When an NDC ATM is powered on
Terminal sends a status message to Central & enters Out
of Service mode
Central may now downline load customisation data
Central may also change encryption keys and set terminal
Date/Time
Central sends a Go In Service command to the terminal

NCR Confidential

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Soasabriefoverview,thesearethestepsthatanNDCATMmayfollowonpowerup.
Thefirstthingistopowerup,checkallthehardwareisworking,establish
communicationsandsendastatusmessageCentralsothatisknowstheATMhasjust
beenturnedon.
ButatraditionalNDCATMwillnotbeavailabletocardholdersyet,itwillenteranOutof
Servicemode.
Centralmaychoosetodoadownlineloadofnewcustomisationdata loadinganynew
StateTables,anynewScreenData,FITtablesandConfigurationParameters.
CentralmayalsochoosetochangeEncryptionKeys,resettheterminalsTimeandDate
andrequestthestatusinformationforallofthedevicesfitted totheATM.
Oncethatsdone,CentralwilldecidewhethertosendaGoInServicecommandtothe
ATM,allowingittobecomeavailabletocardholders.
ThepointofthisisthetraditionalNDCATMreallycannotdoanythingunlessthecentral
hostorswitchsaystodosomething.

Customisation Data
State Tables

Cash Withdrawal

State 3
Amount Entry F State
Screen: 13
Go to 5

State 0
Card Read A State
Screen: 10
Good Read go to 1

Screen 10:
Please Insert Your Card

State 1
PIN Entry B State
Screen: 11
Good PIN go to 2

Screen 11:
Please Enter you PIN

State 2
Menu E State
Screen: 12

Cash Deposit

State 4
Cash Deposit > State
Screen: 14
Go to 5

Balance

State 5
Trans Request I State
Screen: 15
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IkeepmentioningStatesTables,whatdoImeanbyaStateTable?
ThinkoftheStateTableasanumberofsequentialinstructions, similartoaconventional
computerprogram.
Eachstateissimilartoaprograminstructionandwhentheterminalisinservice,the
tablesareexecutedthesameasaprogramgetsexecuted,startingatState0whichis
thefirstlineofthestatestable.
MoststatesincludesomesortofascreennumbertodisplayandaNextStatenumberas
partofthetabledata.So,whenyouareexecutingastatetable,itsaysThisiswhat
weregoingtodoforthisparticularstepofthistransaction.You needtopainta
particularscreenontothemonitorthatmighthavethewelcomescreenforexample,
enablethecardreader,andwhenthecardgetsinserted,thereisanewscreenthatgets
paintedontothemonitor.
Thestatetablearticulates,foreachstepofthetransaction,whattodowiththe
information,whatinformationtopostontothemonitorandwheretogonext.

Example State - A Card Read

State 0 - Card Read State, type A
Screen to display Please Insert Your Card
Where to go next after reading a card

NCR Confidential

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HereisthebeginningofthedefinitionoftheCardReadstate.Youcanseethatitbegins
witha1characterStateType(inthiscaseA).ThisstatetypetellstheATMsoftware
whathardwaretoenableandwhatdatatocollect.
TheAstateiscardread,soenablethecardreader.TheFstateisAmountEntry,so
enablethenumberkeysandallowtheentryofanamount.
Eachtableentryhas9parameters,Iamonlyshowingyouthefirst3here.
ThefirstparameterisalwaystheStateTypewhichisjust1character.
Eachsubsequentparameteris3charactersandreferstoascreen number,anotherstate
numberorsomeotherinformationthattellstheATMsoftwarehow tooperateinthis
particularstate.

Transaction Processing

Cash Withdrawal

State 3
Amount Entry F State
Screen: 13
Go to 5

State 0
Card Read A State
Screen: 10
Good Read go to 1

Screen 10:
Please Insert Your Card

State 1
PIN Entry B State
Screen: 11
Good PIN go to 2

Screen 11:
Please Enter you PIN

State 2
Menu E State
Screen: 12

Cash Deposit

State 4
Cash Deposit > State
Screen: 14
Go to 5

Balance

State 5
Trans Request I State
Screen: 15
NCR Confidential

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OncetheATMistoldtoGoInServicebyCentralthetraditional NDCterminalwill
executethefirstStatetableentry,statenumber0.HereIveshownaverysimplified
transactionflowexample.
State0shouldbesomesortofaCardReadstate,IveusedanAstate.Thesoftware
knowsthatforanAstateitneedstoenablethecardreaderand whenacardisinserted,
parametersintheAstatetableentrytellthesoftwarewhichtrackstoreadfromthe
card.
IfthecardisreadsuccessfullytheNDCsoftwarewillgotothe statenumberidentified
bytheStateTable,inthiscaseaPINEntrystate.
Nextmystateflowgoestothemaintransactionmenu,offeringthecardholder3
transactions,CashWithdrawal,CashDepositandBalance.Theflowbranchesdepending
onwhichoptionthecardholderchoosesbuteventuallywillalwayscomebacktoa
TransactionRequestState,whichsendsaTransactionmessagetoCentralfor
authorisation.

Transaction Request - Transaction Reply

Central must tell the ATM what to do next
Transaction Reply
For example, Dispense and Print
or Display Sorry Not Enough Funds
How many notes to dispense
What to Print on what printers
What State to go to next

Ready Message - Sent to Central to confirm all went well

Or Status Message - Indicating an error
Central must send another Transaction Reply to tell the ATM
what to do next

NCR Confidential

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CentralthenrespondswithsomesortofTransactionReplycommand;andthisis
important,thereisahierarchyhere whentheterminalistalkingtothehost,itisa
request,andwhenthehostistalkingtotheterminal,itisacommand
whichinstructstheterminalontheoperationtobeperformed,whatscreendatato
display,thedatatobeprinted,thenumberofnotestodispense andthenextstateto
enter.
SotheATMgetstheTransactionReplycommand,andiftheATMcompletesthe
operationsuccessfully,aReadymessageistransmittedtoCentralandthenextstateis
entered.
Butifthereisanerror,thenadevicestatusistransmittedto Central,andtheterminal
waitsforanotherTransactionReplycommandfromCentral.
TheATMreliesonCentraltotellitwhattodo.

3 Constituent Parts
Cardholder

Terminal

NCR Confidential

Central

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Youcanseethatthistransactionflowisreallydividedinto3constituentsthatarereally
importantinhowanNDCtransactiontakesplace.
YouhavetheCardholder,whoisobviouslythecustomer.Youhave gottheterminalthat
isinterestedinfollowingwhatisgoingon;andthenyouvegotthecentralapplication.
Eachcardholdermightchooseadifferentflowthroughthestates byselectingdifferent
transactiontypes.Sostartingfromstate0,PleaseInsertYourCard thecardisread,
andthentheterminalgoestothenextStatewhichmightsayPleaseEnteryourPIN.
SothecardholderenterstheirPIN,Pleasechooseatransactiontype,PleaseEnteran
Amount andsoon.
Allofthatinformation thecardnumber,thePINinformation,thetransactionselection
andtheamountallgetcollectedbeforetheterminalstartstotalktothehost.
OnlywhenallofthetransactioninformationhasbeenentereddoestheATMsendthe
TransactionRequestmessage.
Thecentralapplicationauthorisesthetransaction,bymakingsurethatthecardisavalid
card,thatthePINisavalidPINforthatcard,andanyotherchecksthatitchoosesto
make,suchaswhetherthereissufficientfundsintheaccount.
Onceallthosecheckshavebeendoneandthehostissatisfiedthatthetransactionis
legitimate,thenitsendsaTransactionReplycommandtoDispense,Print,andthengo
ontothenextstate.

Operational Modes
NDC terminal can operate in 7 different modes
Start Up Mode
Out of Service Mode
In Service Mode
Settlement Transaction Mode
Offline Mode
Supervisor Mode
Suspend Mode

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FinallyIwantedtotouchbrieflyonthedifferenttypesofoperationmodesthatanATM
canbein,inanNDCapplication.
Really,thereare7differentmodes.
YouhavegotStartupmode,theOutofServicemode,theInServicemode,Settlement
Transactionmode,Offlinemode,SupervisormodeandSuspendmode.
Thesemodesareprettyintuitiveastowhatgoeson,butifanyofyouareinterestedin
moredetail,youcouldspeakwithyourlocalPSconsultantordropmeanemail.

NDC Capable Software

3 APTRA software for an NDC environment:
APTRA Advance NDC
Follows traditional Host downloaded States and Screens

APTRA Edge with an NDC Proxy

Discontinued in 2010

APTRA Activate
Support for NDC messages

NCR Confidential

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NowthatyouknowwhatwemeanbytheNDCenvironment,letsfinishbytalking
abouttheNCRsoftwarespecifically.
NCRhave3APTRAsoftwareproductsthatcanbeusedinanNDCenvironment.
APTRAAdvanceNDCfollowsthetraditionalNDCphilosophyofabankcentralcomputer
controllingthecustomerscreensandfunctionsusingStatesandScreens.Thisisthe
mosttraditionalNDCsoftware.
ThentherewasAPTRAEdgewithanNDCproxybutthisdiscontinuedin2010and
replaceddirectlywithAPTRAActivatewhichalsosupportsNDCmessages.
APTRAEdgeandAPTRAActivatedonotfollowthetraditionalNDCstateflow,and
screendownload,buttheydorespecttheNDCmessagingsystemso theycanworkwith
anNDChost.TheyhavemoreindependencethanAPTRAAdvanceNDC, thereismore
localATMconfigurationandlocalprocessing,butthefinalauthorisationcanstillbe
doneusingthetraditionalNDCTransactionRequestandReplymessages.
IhopethattheinformationthatIvegivenyouhasprovidedausefulinsightintothe
worldofNDCandwhatthatmeanstotheATMmarketplace.