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Instructional Materials
MA 105CALCULUS
Autumn 2016
Name
Roll No :
Texts/References
(TF) G. B. Thomas and R. L. Finney,Calculus and Analytic Geometry, 9th ed., Addison-Wesley/Narosa, 1998.
(S) James Stewart, Calculus, Thompson Press, 2006.
(A) T. M. Apostol, Calculus, Volume-I,II, Wiley Eastern, 1980.
(K) E. Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 8th Edition, Wiley Eastern, 1999.
Topic
Sections
from Text (TF)
No. of
Lectures
1.
Sequences
8.1, 8.2
2.
1.1-1.5
3.
Differentiation
4.
3.1, 3.2
Maxima/Minima
3.3
3.4, 3.5
6.
Riemann Integral
4.5-4.8
7.
Natural Logarithm
6.2-6.4
Exponential Function
6.7
Applications of Integrals
5.1-5.6
Theorems
5.
8.
Topic
Sections from
Text (TF)
12.1, 12.2
9.
10.
Differentiation:
Several Variables
12.3-12.7 2
11.
Maxima, Minima
12.8, 12.9
12.
Multiple Integrals
13.1-13.3
13.
14.1
14.
14.2
15.
14.3
16.
14.4
17.
Surface Area
and Surface Integrals
14.5
1 1/2
18.
Parametrized Surfaces
14.6
1 1/2
19.
Stokess Theorem
and applications
14.7
20.
Divergence theorem
and applications
14.8
No. of
Lectures
2
Evaluation Plan
1. There will be two quizzes , which are common for all four divisions. Each quiz will be of 30 minutes duration
and will carry 10% weightage. Dates,timings and syllabus for Quiz I and Quiz 2 will be announced later in the
class.
2. The Mid-Semester examination, scheduled to be held during September, 2016 will be of 30% weightage. The portion for Mid-Sem examination will be from topics 1 to 8. The End-Semester Examination,
scheduled to be held during November 2016 will be of 40% weightage, and will cover all the topics.
3. The remaining 10% weightage will be given to two surprise quizzes to be held in the tutorial classes by the respective
course associates. Surprise quizzes will be based on problems in the lecture classes and tutorial sheets.
4. The pass percentage is 40% with a DD grade.
Lectures
Mon: 02.00-03.25; Thu: 02.00-03.25:
Mon: 02.00-03.25; Thu: 02.00-03.25:
Mon: 8.30-09.25; Tue :09.30-10.25:
Thu:10.35-11.30
Mon: 8.30-09.25; Tue :09.30-10.25:
Thu:10.35-11.30
Tutorial
Wed: 02.00- 02.55
Wed: 02.00- 02.55
Mon: 10.35-11.30
Mon: 10.35-11.30
Tutorial Sheets
= 0.
(iv) lim
n
n+1
n
(i) lim
+
.
n
n2 + 1 n2 + 2
n2 + n
n!
.
(ii) lim
n
nn
3
n + 3n2 + 1
(iii) lim
.
n
n4 + 8n2 + 2
(iv) lim (n)1/n .
n
cos n
.
(v) lim
n
n2
(vi) lim
n n+1 n .
n
.
n+1
2 n
n1
4. Determine whether the sequences are increasing or decreasing :
n
(i)
.
n2 + 1 n1
n n
2 3
(ii)
.
5n+1 n1
1n
(iii)
.
n2
n2
5. Prove that the following sequences are convergent by showing that they are monotone and bounded. Also find
their limits :
1
2
(i) a1 = 1, an+1 =
an +
n 1.
2
an
(ii) a1 = 2, an+1 = 2 + an n 1.
an
(iii) a1 = 2, an+1 = 3 +
n 1.
2
6. If lim an = L, find the following : lim an+1 , lim |an |.
n
|an |
1/2
|L|
n n0 .
2
= 0.
2
1
(an +
) n 1.
2
an
The sequence {an }n1 is a monotonically decreasing sequence of rational numbers which is bounded below. However, it cannot converge to a rational (why?). This exhibits
the need to enlarge the concept of numbers beyond
rational numbers. The sequence {an }n1 converges to 2 and its elements an s are used to find rational approxi
mation (in computing machines) of 2.
4. Practice Problems from [TF]: Excercise 8 .1 - Q. No. 33, 34, 35-39, 42-46, 51, 54
Excercise 8.2 - Q.No. 9, 10, 13, 18- 20, 37, 38, 54, 56, 60.
xc
2. Let f : IR IR be such that lim f (x) exists for IR. Show that
x
lim [f ( + h) f ( h)] = 0.
h0
if 1 x < 2
[x]
(iii) f (x) =
1
if x = 2
6 x if 2 x 3
4. Let f : IR IR satisfy f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) for all x, y IR. If f is continuous at 0, show that f is continuous
at every c IR.
(Optional Show that the function f satisfies f (kx) = kf (x), for all k IR).
0
5. Let f (x) = x2 sin(1/x) for x 6= 0 and f (0) = 0. Show that f is differentiable on IR. Is f a continuous function?
6. Let f : (a, b) IR be a function such that
|f (x + h) f (x)| C|h|
0
for all x, x + h (a, b), where C is a constant and > 1. Show that f is differentiable on (a, b) and compute f (x)
for x (a, b).
7. If f : (a, b) IR is differentiable at c (a, b), then show that
lim
h0+
f (c + h) f (c h)
2h
exists and equals f (c). Is the converse true ? [Hint: Consider f (x) = |x|.]
8. Let f : IR IR satisfy
f (x + y) = f (x)f (y) for all x, y IR.
0
If f is differentiable at 0, then show that f is differentiable at every c IR and f (c) = f (0)f (c).
(Optional Show that f has a derivative of every order on IR.)
9. Using the Theorem on derivative of inverse function. Compute the derivative of
(i) cos1 x, 1 < x < 1. (ii) cosec1 x, |x| > 1.
10. Compute
dy
, given
dx
y=f
2x 1
x+1
Optional Exercises:
11. Construct an example of a function f : IR IR which is continuous every where and is differentiable everywhere
except at 2 points.
1, if x is rational,
12. Let f (x) =
0, if x is irrational.
Show that f is discontinuous at every c IR.
x,
if x is rational,
13. Let g(x) =
1 x, if x is irrational.
Show that g is continuous only at c = 1/2.
14. Let f : (a, b) IR and c (a, b) be such that lim f (x) > . Prove that there exists some > 0 such that
xc
h0
|f (c + h) f (c) h|
|h|
10
= 0.
3. Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) and f (b) are of different signs and f (x) 6= 0 for
all x (a, b), show that there is a unique x0 (a, b) such that f (x0 ) = 0.
4. Consider the cubic f (x) = x3 + px + q, where p and q are real numbers. If f (x) has three distinct real roots, show
that 4p3 + 27q 2 < 0 by proving the following:
(i) p < 0.
p
(ii) f has maximum/minimum at p/3.
(iii) The maximum/minimum values are of opposite signs.
5. Use the MVT to prove | sin a sin b| |a b| for all a, b IR.
6. Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) = a and f (b) = b, show that there exist distinct
0
0
c1 , c2 in (a, b) such that f (c1 ) + f (c2 ) = 2.
0
7. Let a > 0 and f be continuous on [a, a]. Suppose that f (x) exists and f (x) 1 for all x (a, a). If f (a) = a
and f (a) = a, show that f (0) = 0.
Optional: Show that under the given conditions, in fact f (x) = x for every x.
8. In each case, find a function f which satisfies all the given conditions, or else show that no such function exists.
00
00
(iii) f (x) 0 for all x IR, f (0) = 1, f (x) 100 for all x > 0
(iv) f (x) > 0 for all x IR, f (0) = 1, f (x) 1 for all x < 0
9. Let f (x) = 1 + 12|x| 3x2 . Find the global maximum and the global minimum of f on [2, 5]. Verify it from the
sketch of the curve y = f (x) on [2, 5].
10. A window is to be made in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircular portion with diameter equal to
the base of the rectangle. The rectangular portion is of clear glass and the semicircular portion is to be of colored
glass admitting only half as much light per square foot as the clear glass. If the total perimeter of the window
frame is p feet, find the dimensions of the window which will admit the maximum light.
11. Supplement (Practice Problems): Excercise 3.1- Q. 29,30 31, 32
Excercise 3.2- Q. 10, 11(b), 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 21, 22, 29,30.
11
(ii) y =
x2
f (x) > 0 for |x| > 2, f (x) < 0 for |x| < 2;
00
00
Z
6. (a) Let f : [a, b] IR be Riemann integrable and f (x) 0 for all x [a, b]. Show that
Z b
if f is continuous and
f (x)dx = 0, show that f (x) = 0 for all x [a, b].
f (x)dx 0. Further,
a
(b) Give an example of a Riemann integrable function on [a, b] such that f (x) 0 for all x [a, b] and
Z b
f (x)dx = 0, but f (x) 6= 0 for some x [a, b].
a
7. Evaluate lim Sn by showing that Sn is an approximate Riemann sum for a suitable function over a suitable
n
interval:
(i) Sn =
(ii) Sn =
n
1 X
n5/2
i=1
(iii) Sn =
i=1
n
X
n
X
i2
i=1
i3/2 .
n
.
+ n2
1
.
in + n2
(iv) Sn =
1X
i
cos .
n i=1
n
12
1
(v) Sn =
n
n
X
i
i=1
2 )
3n
2n 3/2
X
X
i
i
+
+
.
n
n
i=2n+1
i=n+1
8. Compute
(a)
(b)
d2 y
, if x =
dx2
Z
0
dt
.
1 + t2
dF
, if for x IR (i) F (x) =
dx
2x
x2
cos(t)dt.
0
9. Let p be a real number and let f be a continuous function on IR that satisfies the equation f (x + p) = f (x)
Z a+p
f (t)dt has the same value for every real number a. (Hint : Consider
for all x IR. Show that the integral
a
Z a+p
f (t)dt, a IR.)
F (a) =
a
00
Show that g (x) + 2 g(x) = f (x) for all x IR and g(0) = 0 = g (0).
11. Supplement ( Practice Problems) (TF): Excercise 3.3- Q. 43,44,45,46
Excercise 3.4- Q.81,82,85,86.
13
(i) x + y = 1, x = 0 and y = 0.
(ii) y = x4 2x2 and y = 2x2 .
(iii) x = 3y y 2 and x + y = 3.
(2) Let f (x) = x x2 and g(x) = ax. Determine a so that the region above the graph of g and below the graph of f
has area 4.5.
(3) Find the area of the region inside the circle r = 6a cos and outside the cardioid r = 2a(1 + cos ).
(4) Find the arc length of the each of the curves described below.
(i) the cycloid x = t sin t, y = 1 cos t, 0 t 2.
Z x
cos 2t dt, 0 x /4.
(ii) y =
0
(5) For the following curve, find the arc length as well as the the area of the surface generated by revolving it about
the line y = 1.
x3
1
y=
+
, 1x3
3
4x
(6) The cross sections of a certain solid by planes perpendicular to the x-axis are circles with diameters extending
from the curve y = x2 to the curve y = 8 x2 . The solid lies between the points of intersection of these two curves.
Find its volume.
(7) Find the volume common to the cylinders x2 + y 2 = a2 and y 2 + z 2 = a2 .
(8) A fixed line L in 3-space and a square of side r in a plane perpendicular to L are given. One vertex of the square
is on L. As this vertex moves a distance h along L, the square turns through a full revolution with L as the axis.
Find the volume of the solid generated by this motion.
(9) Find the volume of the solid generated when the region bounded by the curves y = 3 x2 and y = 1 is revolved
about the line y = 1, by both the Washer Method and the Shell Method.
(10) A round hole of radius 3 cms is bored through the center of a solid ball of radius 2 cms. Find the volume cut
out.
(11) Supplement ( Practice Problems) (TF): Excercise 5.1- Q.50, 51, 52
Excercise 5.2- Q. 2,3, 6, 8, 10,12
Excercise 5.3- Q. 2,7, 12, 14, 16, 23,25, 33, 39, 45
Excercise 5.4- Q. 4, 13, 19, 23, 28, 32, 35, 38
Excercise 5.5- Q. 19, 20, 21, 22. .
14
x2 y 2
for (x, y) 6= (0, 0).
x2 y 2 + (x y)2
h
i
lim lim f (x, y) and lim lim f (x, y)
y0 x0
x0 y0
lim
(x,y)(0,0)
(6) Examine the following functions for the existence of partial derivatives at (0, 0). The expressions below give the
value at (x, y) 6= (0, 0). At (0, 0), the value should be taken as zero.
(i) xy
(ii)
x2 y 2
x2 + y 2
sin2 (x + y)
|x| + |y|
1
for (x, y) 6= (0, 0).
x2 + y 2
Show that f is continuous at (0, 0), and the partial derivatives of f exist, but are not bounded in any disc (how so
ever small) around (0, 0).
(8) Let f (0, 0) = 0 and
x sin(1/x) + y sin(1/y), if x 6= 0, y 6= 0
x sin 1/x,
if x 6= 0, y = 0
f (x, y) =
y sin 1/y,
if y =
6 0, x = 0.
Show that none of the partial derivatives of f exist at (0, 0) although f is continuous at (0, 0).
(9) Examine the following functions for the existence of directional derivatives and differentiability at (0, 0). The
expressions below give the value at (x, y) 6= (0, 0). At (0, 0), the value should be taken as zero:
x2 y 2
x3
1
(i) xy 2
(ii)
(iii) (x2 + y 2 ) sin 2
2
2
x +y
x + y2
x + y2
15
y p 2
x + y 2 if y 6= 0.
|y|
Show that f is continuous at (0, 0), Du f (0, 0) exists for every vector u, yet f is not differentiable at (0, 0).
(11) Supplement ( Practice Problems) (TF): Excercise 12.1-Q. 41, 42,45,46.
Excercise 12.2-Q. 10, 12, 14, 17, 20, 38, 40, 42, 45, 47,48.
Excercise 12.3- Q. 20, 21, 36, 37, 44, 45, 50, 56, 58, 65, 66, 72, 75.
Excercise 12.4-Q. 10, 12, 20, 20.
Excercise 12. 5- Q. 5, 7, 10, 12, 28, 39, 42, 47, 48.
16
2z
, provided cos(y + z) 6= 0.
xy
x2 y 2
for (x, y) 6= (0, 0),
x2 + y 2
show that both fxy and fyx exist at (0, 0), but they are not equal. Are fxy and fyx continuous at (0, 0)?
(5) Show that the following functions have local minima at the indicated points.
(i) f (x, y) = x4 + y 4 + 4x 32y 7, (x0 , y0 ) = (1, 2).
(ii) f (x, y) = x3 + 3x2 2xy + 5y 2 4y 3 , (x0 , y0 ) = (0, 0).
(6) Analyze the following functions for local maxima, local minima and saddle points:
(i) f (x, y) = (x2 y 2 )e(x
+y 2 )/2
17
Z
(i)
Z0 2
(iii)
Z 1 Z 1
sin y
x2 exy dx dy.
dy dx. (ii)
y
y
0
ZZ
f (x, y)d(x, y), where f (x, y) = ex and D is the region bounded by the lines y = 0, x = 1 and y = 2x.
(3) Find
D
e(x
lim
+y 2 )
d(x, y),
D(r)
2x2
Z
I=
xdz dy dx.
0
x2 +y 2
Sketch the region of integration and evaluate the integral by expressing the order of integration as dxdydz.
(10) Using suitable change of variables, evaluate the following:
(i)
ZZZ
I=
(z 2 x2 + z 2 y 2 )dxdydz
18
(ii)
ZZZ
I=
19
d2 f
2 df
+
.
2
dr
r dr
X
X
X
i , v =
i
v and v =
i
v.
x
x
x
(i) If w is a vector field of constant direction and w 6= 0, prove that w is always orthogonal to w.
(ii) If v = w r for a constant vector w, prove that v = 2w.
(iii) If v = p where (6= 0) and p are continuously differentiable scalar functions, prove that
v ( v) = 0.
20
(x + y)dx (x y)dy
x2 + y 2
where C is the intersection of two surfaces z = xy and x2 + y 2 = 1 traversed once in a direction that appears
counter clockwise when viewed from high above the xy-plane.
21
x2 ydx x3 dy
2
2 2
C (x + y )
where C is the square with vertices (1, 1) oriented in the counterclockwise direction.
(3) Let n denote the outward unit normal to C : x2 + y 2 = 1. Find
I
grad (x2 y 2 ) dn.
C
(4) Evaluate
Z
(2,8)
grad (x2 y 2 ) dr
(0,0)
where C is y = x3 .
(5)
Compute the line integral
I
C
dx + dy
|x| + |y|
where C is the square with vertices (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0) and (0, 1) traversed once in the counter clockwise direction.
(6) A force F = xyi + x6 y 2 j moves a particle from (0, 0) onto the line x = 1 along y = axb where a, b > 0. If the work
done is independent of b, find the value of a.
(7) Calculate the work done by the force field F (x, y, z) = y 2 i + z 2 j + x2 k along the curve C of intersection of the
sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = ax where z 0, a > 0 (specify the orientation of C that you
use.)
(8) Determine whether or not the vector field f (x, y) = 3xyi + x3 yj is a gradient on any open subset of IR2 .
(9) Let S = IR2 \ {(0, 0)}. Let
F(x, y) =
x2
y
x
i+ 2
j := f1 (x, y)i + f2 (x, y)j.
2
+y
x + y2
f1 (x, y) =
f2 (x, y) on S while F is not the gradient of a scalar field on S.
y
x
I
(10) For v = (2xy + z 3 )i + x2 j + 3xz 2 k, show that = v for some and hence calculate
v dr where C is any
Show that
(11) A radial force field is one which can be expressed as F = f (r)r where r is the position vector and r = krk. Show
that F is conservative if f is continuous.
22
(i) R is the square with vertices (0, 0), (2, 0), (2, 2), (0, 2).
(ii) R is the square with vertices (1, 1).
(iii) R is the disc of radius 2 and center (0, 0) (specify the orientation you use for the curve.)
(3) For a simple closed curve given in polar coordinates show using Greens theorem that the area enclosed is given
by
I
1
r2 d.
A=
2 C
Use this to compute the area enclosed by the following curves:
(i) The cardioid: r = a(1 cos ), 0 2.
(ii) The lemniscate: r2 = a2 cos 2, /4 /4.
(4) Find the area of the following regions:
(i) The area lying in the first quadrant of the cardioid r = a(1 cos ).
(ii) The region under one arch of the cycloid
r = a(t sin t)i + a(1 cos t)j, 0 t 2.
(iii) The region bounded by the limacon
r = 1 2 cos , 0 /2
and the two axes.
(5) Evaluate
I
around the square determined by |x| a, |y| a traced in the counter clockwise direction.
(6) Let C be a simple closed curve in the xy-plane. Show that
I
3I0 =
x3 dy y 3 dx,
C
ZZ
ZZ
u v dxdy and
D
u w dxdy.
D
23
(x2 y 2 ) nds.
I
(iii)
v
R
v
w
w
n
n
ZZ
w
ds.
n
(v2 w w2 v) dxdy.
ds =
R
w
ds
C n
for w = ex sin y, and R the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (4, 2), (0, 2).
(b) Let D be a plane region bounded by a simple closed curve C and let F, G : U IR2 be smooth functions
where U is a region containing D C such that
curl F = curl G, div F = div G on D C
and
F N = G N on C,
where N is the unit normal to the curve. Show that F = G on D.
(10) Evaluate the following line integrals where the loops are traced in the counter clockwise sense
(i)
I
y dx x dy
2
2
C x +y
where C is any simple closed curve not passing through the origin.
(ii)
I
C
x2 ydx x3 dy
,
(x2 + y 2 )2
24
Choose a representation in which the fundamental vector product points in the direction of the outward normal.
(9) A fluid flow has flux density vector
F(x, y, z) = xi (2x + y)j + zk.
2
Let S denote the hemisphere x + y + z 2 = 1, z 0, and let n denote the unit normal that points out of the
sphere. Calculate the mass of the fluid flowing through S in unit time in the direction of n.
(10) Solve the previous exercise when S includes the planar base of the hemisphere also with the outward unit normal
on the base being k.
25
(5) Let V be the volume of a region bounded by a closed surface S and n = (nx , ny , nz ) be its outer unit normal.
Prove that
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
V =
x nx dS =
y ny dS =
z nz dS
S
ZZ
(6) Compute
S
z 1.
ZZ
(7) Compute
S
(8) Let u = x3 i + (y 3 + 3z 2 sin z)j + (ey sin z + x4 )k and S be the portion of the sphere x2 + Zy 2Z+ z 2 = 1 with z
1
2
( u) n dS.
and n is the unit normal with positive z-component. Use Divergence theorem to compute
S
x2
y2
z2
(9) Let p denote the distance from the origin to the tangent plane at the point (x, y, z) to the ellipsoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1.
a
b
c
Prove that
ZZ
ZZ
1
4 2 2
(a)
p dS = 4abc. (b)
dS =
(b c + c2 a2 + a2 b2 ).
3abc
S
S p
(10) Interpret Greens theorem as a divergence theorem in the plane.
26
where C is the curve of intersection of x2 + 9y 2 = 9 and z = y 2 + 1 with clockwise orientation when viewed from
the origin.
(3) Compute
ZZ
(curl v) ndS,
S
where v = yi + xz 3 j zy 3 k and n is the outward unit normal to S, the surface of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4 between
z = 0 and z = 3.
H
(4) Compute C v dr for
yi + xj
,
v= 2
x + y2
where C is the circle of unit radius in the xy plane centered at the origin and oriented clockwise. Can the above
line integral be computed using Stokes Theorem?
(5) Compute
I
where C is the intersection of the surface bz = xy and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = a2 , oriented counter clockwise as
viewed from a point high upon the positive z-axis.
(7) Consider a plane with unit normal ai + bj + ck. For a closed curve C lying in this plane, show that the area
enclosed by C is given by
I
1
A(C) =
(bz cy)dx + (cx az)dy + (ay bx)dz,
2 C
where C is given the anti-clockwise orientation. Compute A(C) for the curve C given by
u cos t + v sin t, 0 t 2.
.
27