Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Prepared by:
Name
UiTM No.
: 2013231166
Programme
: BACHELOR
OF
ARCHITECTURE
(Hons.)
Year/Semester
: 2016/06
Session
: 2
Faculty
: Faculty
of
SCIENCE
Architecture,
Planning
IN
and
Surveying
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this research paper and the research to which it
refers are the product of my own work and that any ideas or
quotations from the work of other people, published or otherwise are
fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard academic
practices.
Name
: SITI
NAJWA
BINTI
MUHAMMAD
MAJDI
UiTM No.
: 2013231166.
Course Coordinator
_____________________________
____________
Signature of Supervisor
Date:
_____________________________
____________
Signature of Supervisor
Date:
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
Aesthetic and natural illumination are both key aspect of any atrium
design in a shopping mall. The creativity in the design allowing
natural lighting will effect the illumination level of the atrium space.
Indirectly creates pleasant and comfortable feeling to the visitors.
The aim of the study was to analyse the effects of different design
parameters of the atriums skylight and clerestory in shopping malls'
atrium in Petaling Jaya to their illumination level of the space. A
comparative study was done on two case studies, the Paradigm Mall
and the Sunway Pyramids atrium. The observation on various
design parameters and illumination levels was measured in duration
of 4 days on the bright sky at different points. Based on the
comparative analysis of the illumination levels, the Paradigm Mall
have high illumination level and achieved acceptable daylighting
factor due to large clerestory and lightwell skylight design compared
to Sunway Pyramid.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
LIST OF TABLES
viii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
1.2
Problem Statement
1.3
Research Aim
1.4
Research Objectives
1.5
Research Methods
1.6
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Definition
2.3
Skylight
12
14
Clerestory
15
16
18
2.5
Illumination
20
2.6
Conclusion
21
2.4
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
23
23
3.2
Research Methods
23
3.3
Research Process
24
3.4
Data Collection
25
3.5
Data Analysis
27
3.6
Content Organisation
28
Introduction
4.2
Case Study 1:
4.3
4.4
29
29
Paradigm Mall
29
4.2.1 Background
29
31
33
34
Case Study 2:
38
Sunway Pyramid
4.3.1 Background
38
39
42
43
Comparative Analysis
47
48
51
57
REFERENCE
59
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
10
11
12
13
13
15
15
17
19
29
30
32
32
33
38
36
39
40
42
48
48
48
vii
48
49
49
49
49
viii
LIST OF TABLES
22
26
35
35
35
35
44
44
44
44
48
49
51
52
53
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The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
because
the
building
can
reduce
lighting
energy
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
all year. The all year round sun would increase the heat within the
spaces and indirectly cause the building to increase the energy to
cool down the building.
Indirect lighting is a more suitable application in skylight
design in a tropical climate. The clerestory is the common method of
indirect lighting in atrium design. As luck would have it, adding
clerestory would help the building cool down on itself as the Malay
traditional houses would and helps to illuminate the spaces adjacent
to the atrium. According to Mueller (2014), the clerestory is placed
above the eye level, in the upper part of the walls. This would
improve the illumination of the rooms centre, as it provides indirect
light and reduces glare. Pairing up with a skylight, the illumination
level of the internal would tremendously increase, without bringing in
excessive direct light.
1.2
Problem Statement
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
1.3
Research Aim
1.4
Research Objectives
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
1.5
Research methods
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
CHAPTER 2:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
2.3
Skylight
number of parameters, but for the purpose of this research, only the
type, shape and size, and height are looked into.
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
Lightwell skylight
Lightscoop skylight
Monitor skylight
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
11
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
12
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
A study by Samant and Yang (2007) found that the higher the
placement of the skylight of the atrium from the base, the lower the
daylighting at the base of the atrium will receive, and this depends on
the width of the atrium. A larger width and shallow atrium can
guarantee the illumination level of the atrium base to be adequate.
14
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
2.4 Clerestory
15
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
16
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
17
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
The sun will rise from the east and set in the west. If the
opening is oriented towards the east, good sunlight in the morning
can be obtained but this will promote direct lighting and can cause
overheating of the space. Same goes if the opening is oriented
towards the west. The clerestory is meant for indirect lighting. Plus,
the orientation of clerestory in the atrium design will have an impact
on the rate of the illumination. The clerestories should be facing
south rather than facing north, as suggested by Mueller (2014).
Facing the clerestory to the north, or recommended, to the south will
result in indirect illumination. The clerestory will also result in the
opening to receive 12-hour sunlight due to sun direction.
According to Korsavi et al (2016), space that faces the south
will result in 71% of it receive adequate sunlight and 29% will receive
excessive sunlight while a space that faces the north will result in
20% of it receive adequate sunlight and 0% will receive excessive
sunlight. Based on this result, it is better to face the clerestory to the
south to ensure a well-lit space but needs to wary of glare, but space
will avoid glare if the clerestory is facing to the north but will have
less percentage of space that will receive adequate sunlight.
18
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
North
West
Glare
from
direct
light of
evening
sun
20% adequate
sunlight & 0%
excessive
sunlight
East
Glare
from
direct
light of
morning
sun
South
71% adequate
sunlight & 29%
excessive sunlight
19
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
2.5 Illumination
20
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
comfort of the user and for not causing glare that would increase
discomfort.
2.6
Conclusion
21
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
Elements
Design parameters
Best design
Lightscoop is a poor
skylight.
The monitor skylight
is
Type
Skylight
better
than
lightscoop. Lightwell
skylight
and
flat
skylight
can
be
adjusted
with
the
skylight
with
the
Size
Clerestory
Larger
circular
to
Orientation
high percentage of
the well-lit area.
22
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
The research uses case study method. Two case studies have
been chosen for a comparative result. The two shopping arcades
chosen is Paradigm Mall and Sunway Pyramid, which is both located
in Petaling Jaya. Both malls have an atrium that is different in
characteristics in both clerestory and the atrium itself. An observation
on design parameters is conducted and measurement of illumination
level is conducted for 4 days.
23
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
Literature Review
Skylight
Clerestory
Illumination
Case study
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Paradigm Mall
Sunway Pyramid
24
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
Two case studies of this study are Paradigm Mall and Sunway
Pyramid, which both is located in Petaling Jaya. Paradigm Mall is
chosen because Paradigm Mall is a new shopping mall with new
ideas to improve the comfort of the users. Saving energy and using
natural light have been a goal for new buildings. Therefore, great
things are hoped from this shopping mall. While Sunway Pyramid, a
20 years old shopping mall that was built to attract public with very
little attention to the spaces. The Sunway Pyramid aims to attract
tourists that are visiting Malaysia with a themed shopping mall and
proven to be a luxury place for shopping daily needs. The difference
of age of both shopping mall is the primary reason of chosen.
Observation of the design parameters of the atrium will be
recorded and tabulated and will be compared with each other
afterwards. Criteria that is desired are shown in Table 2.
25
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
Elements
Design parameters
Best design
Skylight
Type
Lightscoop is a poor
skylight.
Height
with
the
width of atrium
Clerestory
Larger circular
Size
Larger
Orientation
South
26
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
3.5
Data analysis
Paradigm Mall
Sunway
Analysis
Pyramid
Skylights type
Skylights height
Skylights shape
and size
Clerestorys
size
Clerestorys
orientation
Table 3 Comparative analysis of illumination level in relation to design parameters
27
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
3.6
Content organisation
drawn.
28
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
CHAPTER 4:
4.1 Introduction
29
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
Research area
The atrium of this mall is based on UG level, the third level for
the retail shops, and went up to the roof. Escalators placing is
crooked at the edge of the atrium. The atrium is connected to a
concourse as can be seen in the plan.
30
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
31
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
32
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
D
E
C
F
33
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
Procedure:
1. Standing on the spot A, using the Illuminance meter,
illumination is recorded.
2. The second spot is 10 steps linearly to the north from
spot A. Illumination recorded.
3. Step 1 and 2 are repeated for spot C, D, E, F, G, H and I.
4. All data are tabulated.
5. Step 1 to 3 is repeated on the next sunny clear sky day.
34
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
A
10am
895
950
845
920
1005
985
12pm 1400 1650 2005 2100 1200 1235 1650 3800 1450
2pm
670
470
930
875
680
260
10am
850
935
1000 1100
800
825
910
985
955
12pm 1300 1722 2100 2150 1300 1230 1790 3910 1600
2pm
630
460
930
870
630
250
10am
860
950
1200 1305
850
855
915
990
950
12pm 1555 1855 2200 2205 1450 1300 1805 4005 1850
2pm
650
425
940
880
640
265
10am
810
900
1100 1215
820
775
900
950
910
12pm 1305 1905 2305 2110 1300 1255 1865 4065 1780
2pm
695
490
960
850
740
305
35
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
b) Average Result
10am
850
970
1105 1240
855
825
910
980
950
12pm 1390 1780 2150 2140 1310 1255 1780 3945 1670
2pm
660
460
940
870
670
270
10am
12pm
2pm
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
SPOT A SPOT B SPOT C SPOT D SPOT E SPOT F SPOT G SPOT H SPOT I
Spot
Figure 16 Graph of average illumination level (lux) of Paradigm Mall for 4 days
36
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
The large clerestory size helped in bringing more light into the
internal space, as a result, the readings achieved the suitable
daylight factor and are well lit at most of the time.
37
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
The Egyptian-
inspired Pyramid is the main lobby and main entrance as well as the
main section of the mall. The Egyptian-inspired Pyramid is guarded
by a mesmerizing lion that is the malls logo and mascot.
38
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
Research area
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
40
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
41
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
C
H
42
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
Procedure:
1. Standing on the spot A, using the illuminance meter,
illumination is recorded.
2. The second spot is 10 steps linearly to the north from
spot A. Illumination recorded.
3. Step 1 and 2 are repeated for spot C, D, E, F, G, H and I.
4. All data are tabulated.
5. Step 1 to 3 is repeated on the next sunny clear sky day.
43
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
10am 400
410
580
450
355
420
500
470
180
715
510
540
750
870
240
2pm
470
430
330
415
420
230
260
440
570
10am 390
400
550
430
350
410
500
480
200
730
540
500
750
880
260
2pm
450
430
340
420
435
210
295
410
580
10am 320
390
455
470
335
315
415
450
170
857
790
570
630
785
700
255
2pm
565
425
440
315
435
415
230
260
400
420
450
560
510
400
320
520
450
200
940
750
550
505
750
860
250
2pm
560
480
460
365
420
410
210
10am
230
395
44
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
380
410
540
465
360
370
760
460
190
930
750
540
545
760
830
250
2pm
570
460
440
340
420
420
220
10am
260
410
A v e r a g e i l l u m i n a t i o n l e v e l ( l u x ) o f S u n w a y P yr a m i d
10am
12pm
2pm
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
SPOT A SPOT B SPOT C SPOT D SPOT E SPOT F SPOT G SPOT H SPOT I
Spot
Figure 22 Graph of average illumination level (lux) of Sunway Pyramid for 4 days
45
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
46
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
47
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
Photos
Skylights type
Comment
Lightwell skylights
Figure 23 Paradigm Mall's
lightwell skylight
Skylights height
6 levels high
Shape is irregular
size
Clerestory is 3.5m
Clerestorys size
Clerestorys
orientation
Facing North
Table 14 Paradigm Malls atrium observation data
48
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
Photos
Comment
Traditional flat
Skylights type
Skylights height
6 levels of height
Figure 28 Sunway
Pyramids levels
in 10 meters in
size
diameter
Figure 29 Sunway
Pyramids skylight
spaced at 1.5m
between each other
Figure 30 Sunway
Pyramids clerestory
Clerestorys
orientation
Facing North
Table 15 Sunway Pyramid's atrium observation data
49
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
Design
Paradigm Mall
parameters
Skylights type
Sunway
Comment
Pyramid
Flat circular
Lightwell
Lightwell
skylight with
skylight can
skylights
glazing at
distribute light
centre
more effective.
6 levels
Same skylight
level.
Paradigm Mall
Skylights shape
and size
Shape is
Circular at
irregular and in
dimension of
various size
11m
has a number of
skylights than
Sunway
Pyramids
atrium.
Clerestorys
size
Small
bring in more
light.
North facing
clerestory can
Clerestorys
orientation
North
North
50
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
Paradigm
Mall
Sunway
Pyramid
850
970
380
410
1105 1240
855
825
910
980
950
540
360
370
760
460
190
465
Paradigm Mall
Sunway Pyramid
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
SPOT A SPOT B SPOT C SPOT D SPOT E SPOT F SPOT G SPOT H SPOT I
Spot
At
10am,
Paradigm
Malls
illumination
readings
are
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
3610 1075
930
750
540
545
760
830
250
Paradigm Mall
Pyramid
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
SPOT A SPOT B SPOT C SPOT D SPOT E SPOT F SPOT G SPOT H SPOT I
Spot
52
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
660
460
940
870
670
270
260
460
440
340
420
420
220
410
570
Paradigm Mall
Sunway Pyramid
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
SPOT A SPOT B SPOT C SPOT D SPOT E SPOT F SPOT G SPOT H SPOT I
Spot
53
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
the same reading as both spots are layout at the edge of the atrium
and predicted to not have a high reading at most of the time. The
high reading of spot A, B, C and D Paradigm Mall are caused by a
large amount of sunlight that is brought in by the large size of the
clerestory. The smaller sized clerestory of Sunway Pyramid resulted
in low illumination level at 2pm.
Through measurement of the case studies illumination
reading, it resulted in Paradigm Malls Upper Atrium have a better
reading than Sunway Pyramids. The reading of each time of the day
is higher and satisfying for the comfort of public.
54
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
Paradigm
Sunway
parameters
Mall
Pyramid
Analysis
Lightwell
Flat circular
type
skylights
skylight
level.
The Sunway Pyramids
atrium should be designed
with the different type of
skylight to increase the
illumination level of the
atrium.
Both atria are at the same
Skylights
height
6 levels
55
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
The shape
is irregular
and in
various size
Circular at a
illumination level.
diameter of
12 meters
with glazing
at centre.
Clerestorys
size
Large
Small
Clerestorys
orientation
North
56
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
CHAPTER 5:
CONCLUSION
Blue
Atrium
have
different ways
of
thinking,
in
57
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
58
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
REFERENCE:
59
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
14
May,
2016.
From
60
The effect of atrium design to illumination level in shopping malls in Petaling Jaya | Siti Najwa
binti Muhammad Majdi
61