EC 305 : Solutions to Tutorial-1

Author : Siddarth H. hee03b025@ee.iitm.ac.ini

August 31, 2007

Prob. 1
Antenna Diameter = 2 m; Transmit Power = 1 dbW; Carrier Frequency
= 4 GHz; Distance from TX to RX = 150 m; antenna = 60%
=

c
3 108 m/s
=
= 0.075m
fc
4 109 Hz

1.a The free-space path loss,

L = 20log10 (

4
4 3.14
) + 20log10 (d) = 20log10 (
) + 20log10 (150) = 88dB

0.075

1.b The antennae gains,

GT = GR = 10log10 (

0.6
R2
) = 10log10 (
) = 36.2dBi
2 /4
0.0752 /4

1.c The received power (in dBW),

PR = PT + GT + GR L = 1 + 36.2 + 36.2 88 = 14.6dBW
1.d For a carrier freq. of 12 GHz, = 0.025m; Antenna Gain = 45.8 dBi; Free-space
loss = 97.5 dB; Received power = -5.1 dBW.

Prob. 2
2.a The two primary reasons why the uplink frequency is always the higher of the
two frequencies employed in a satellite communications system are,
At the higher frequency a smaller (and therefore less expensive) antenna can be
used on board the satellite.
Energy loss due to absorption by atmospheric water-vapour is greater at higher
frequencies, and it is more feasible to transmit with greater power from the
earth station rather than from the satellite.
2.b Carrier frequency = 12 GHz; Distance from TX to RX = 40,000 km; Transmit
power = 100 mW; Antennae specifications : TX : 1m dia., = 70 %; RX :
10m dia., = 55 %.
=

PR =

c
3 108 m/s
=
= 0.025m
fc
12 109 Hz

GT =

R2
0.7 0.52
=
= 11, 054
2 /4
0.0252 /4

GR =

0.55 52
R2
=
= 868, 525
2 /4
0.0252 /4

P T GT GR
0.1 11, 054 868, 525
=
= 2.3751012 W (86.2dBm)
2
(4d/)
(4 4 107 /0.025)2

Prob. 3
RS = 75 ; T = 290 K; Bandwidth = 1 MHz.
3.a The R.M.S. value of the voltage,
vrms 2 = 4kT f RS = 4 1.38 1023 290 106 75
vrms = 1.1V
3.b The maximum available thermal-noise power delivered to a matched load,
Pn =

vrms vrms

= kT f
2
2RL

Pn = 1.38 1023 290 106 = 4 1015 W

Prob. 4
4.a The equivalent noise temperature is given by,
Teq = T (F 1).

Teq,wg = T (Fwg 1). = 290 (2 1) = 290K

Teq,LN A = T (FLN A 1) = 290 (1.7 1) = 203K.

Teq,dc = T (Fdc 1). = 290 (3 1) = 580K

Teq,IF Amp. = T (FIF Amp. 1). = 290 (5 1) = 1160K

4.b The effective noise temperature of the whole receiver,
Tef f. = Teq,antenna + Teq,wg +
Tef f. = 50 + 290 +

Teq,dc
Teq,LN A
Teq,IF Amp.
+
+
Gwg
Gwg GLN A Gwg GLN A Gdc

203
580
1160
+
+
= 1761K
0.2
0.2 10 0.2 10 5
3

Prob. 5
Satellite (TX ) EIRP = 57 dBW; Downlink carrier frequency = 12.5 GHz; DataEb
rate = 10 Mbps; N
(reqd.) = 10 dB; Distance from T to RX = 41,000
0
km.
Data rate
Eb

N0
Bandwidth

(1)

P T GT G R
1
2 kT Bandwidth
4d/

(2)

SN R =

SN R =

The minimum SNR required at the receiver is (from eqn.1),

SN R

Eb
Data rate = 80dB Hz
N0

The SNR available at the receiver is (from eqn.2),

SN R = EIRPsat + GR 20log10 (4d/) 10log10 (kT ) dB Hz

= 57+GR 20log10 (4

41 106
)10log10 (1.381023 310) = GR +54.1 dBHz
0.024

Therefore,
GR + 54.1 80 GR = 25.9dB or GR ' 390

GR =

A
2 D2
=
2 /4
2

D 0.15m

(3)

Prob. 6 Two-Ray multipath model

4 =

4d =

2 4 d

d2 + (hb + hm )2

d2 + (hb hm )2

Since d hb , hm , we can approximate the path difference as follows,



4d = d 1 +


1 (hb + hm )2 
1 (hb hm )2  2hb hm

d
1
+
=
2
d2
2
d2
d

If the received signal for the line-of-sight path is r(t), then the actual received
signal is,
4d
r0 (t) = r(t)[1 + ej(2 )+) ]

PR0 = PR | 1 + ej(2

4d
)+)

| = PR 2 1 + cos + 2

 4d 

PR0 = PR 4sin2

If 4d  , then sin(4) 4.
PR0 =
PR0 =

P T GT G R
42
(4d/)2

 h h 2
PT GT GR 4 2 4h2b h2m
b m

=
P
G
G
T
T
R
2
2
2
(4d/)

d
d2

4d 

Prob. 7
h(t) = (t) + a(t )
7.a The frequency response of the channel is,
H(f ) = 1 + a expj2f
7.b
S(f ) = H(f )H (f ) = 1 + a2 + 2acos(2f )
The ratio of maximum to minimum received power (at any frequency) as
varies is,
 1 + a 2
R=
1a
For R = 10,

1+a
= 10 a 0.52
1a

7.c For a carrier frequency fc S(fc ) is maximum when cos(2f ) = 1, or

=n

1

fc

, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

S(fc ) is minimum when cos(2f ) = 1, or



= m+

1  1 

, m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2
fc

7.d Consider an arbitrary maxima at fmax .

S(fmax ) = (1 + a)2
S(fmax f3dB ) = 0.5 (1 + a)2
1 + a2 + 2acos(2fmax ) = 2(1 + a2 + 2acos(2hfmax f3dB i ))
fmax f3dB =

4f3dB =

 (1 a)2 
1
arccos
2
4a

 (1 a)2 
1
arccos

4a

Prob. 8
Transmit power = 8 W; GT = 16 dBi; fc = 900 MHz; GR = 0 dBi; F = 6 dB;
SNR (reqd.) = 10 dB; Fade margin = 10 dB.
The channel is modelled as a flat-fading channel, with the average path loss
being proportional to d3.5
Imp. The signal bandwidth is not specified in the question. As discussed in the
tutorial class, 4f = 200kHz (GSM)
PT +GT +GR 20log10

 4 

35log10 (d)[10log10 (kT 4f )+F ] SN R+f ademargin

9dBW + 16dBi 31.5dB 35log10 (dmax ) + 144.8dB = 20dB

35log10 (dmax ) = 118.3 dmax 2400m
Some additional information :
The path-loss exponent (in this case n = 3.5) is estimated from field measurements. For fixed fc , hb , hm and a particular environment (urban, suburban or
rural) and a reference point at distance d0 from the transmitter,
PR (d) = PR (d0 )

 d n
0