Occupy Wall Street

This article is about the protests in New York City. For there.[12][13] In a blog post on July 13, 2011,[14] Adthe wider movement, see Occupy movement.
busters proposed a peaceful occupation of Wall Street to
protest corporate inuence on democracy, the lack of leOccupy Wall Street (OWS) is the name given to a gal consequences for those who brought about the global
crisis of monetary insolvency, and an increasing disparprotest movement that began on September 17, 2011, in
[13]
Zuccotti Park, located in New York Citys Wall Street ity in wealth. The protest was promoted with an image
a dancer atop Wall Streets iconic Charging Bull
nancial district, receiving global attention and spawn- featuring
[15][16][17]
statue.
ing the Occupy movement against social and economic
inequality worldwide.[7] It was inspired by anti-austerity Meanwhile, several similar proposals were being exprotests in Spain coming from the 15-M movement.
plored by independent groups, as reported by journalist
You, Anarchy: Notes
The Canadian, anti-consumerist, pro-environment Nathan Schneider in his book Thank
[18]
from
the
Occupy
Apocalypse.
Thousands
of people,
group/magazine Adbusters initiated the call for a protest.
organized by a group of labor unions marched on Wall
The main issues raised by Occupy Wall Street were social Street 12; the online collective Anonymous attempted an
and economic inequality, greed, corruption and the per- occupation on June 14; activists planned an indenite occeived undue inuence of corporations on government cupation of Freedom Plaza in Washington, D.C., which
particularly from the nancial services sector. The OWS eventually became known as Occupy Washington, D.C.
slogan, "We are the 99%", refers to income inequality and
On August 1, 2011, almost a month prior to the major
wealth distribution in the U.S. between the wealthiest 1%
and the rest of the population. To achieve their goals, media event, a group of artists were arrested after a series of days protesting nude as an art performance on Wall
protesters acted on consensus-based decisions made in
[19]
This event may have inspired or triggered the
general assemblies which emphasized direct action over Street.
major
event
to follow. This was a protest by the 49 par[8][nb 1]
petitioning authorities for redress.
ticipants on American Institutions and was titled OcuThe protesters were forced out of Zuccotti Park on larpation: Wall Street by artist Zefrey Throwell.[20]
November 15, 2011. Protesters turned their focus to occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, Then in an unrelated incident, a group called New Yorkforeclosed homes, and college and university campuses. ers Against Budget Cuts (NYAB) was formed, which
promoted a sleep in in lower Manhattan called
On December 29, 2012, Naomi Wolf of The Guardian Bloombergville, in July 2011, preceding OWS, and
newspaper provided U.S. government documents which provided a number of activists to begin organizing.[21][22]
revealed that the FBI and DHS had monitored Occupy Activist, anarchist and anthropologist David Graeber and
Wall Street through its Joint Terrorism Task Force, de- several of his associates attended the NYAB general asspite labeling it a peaceful movement.[9] The New York sembly but, disappointed that the event was intended
Times reported in May 2014 that declassied documents to be a precursor to marching on Wall Street with preshowed extensive surveillance and inltration of OWS- determined demands, Graeber and his small group crerelated groups across the country.[10]
ated their own general assembly, which eventually developed into the New York General Assembly. The
group began holding weekly meetings to work out issues and the movements direction, such as whether or
1 Origins
not to have a set of demands, forming working groups
[12][23][24][nb 2]
The InThe original protest was initiated by Kalle Lasn and and whether or not to have leaders.
ternet
group
Anonymous
created
a
video
encouraging
its
Micah White of Adbusters, a Canadian anti-consumerist
[25]
supporters
to
take
part
in
the
protests.
The
U.S.
Day
publication, who conceived of a September 17 occupation in Lower Manhattan. The rst such proposal ap- of Rage, a group that organized to protest corporate
peared on the Adbusters website on February 2, 2011, inuence [that] corrupts our political parties, our elecinstitutions of government, also joined the
under the title A Million Man March on Wall Street.[11] tions, and the
[26][27]
The protest itself began on September
movement.
Lasn registered the OccupyWallStreet.org web address
[12]
17;
a
Facebook
page
for the demonstrations began two
on June 9.
That same month, Adbusters emailed
days
later
on
September
19 featuring a YouTube video
its subscribers saying America needs its own Tahrir.
of
earlier
events.
By
mid-October,
Facebook listed 125
White said the reception of the idea snowballed from
1

Occupy-related pages.[28]

second General Assembly in August 2011. The variation We are the 99%" originated from a tumblr page
of the same name.[46][47] Hungton Post reporter Paul
Taylor said the slogan is arguably the most successful
slogan since Hell no, we won't go!" of the Vietnam War
era, and that the majority of Democrats, independents
and Republicans see the income gap as causing social
friction.[46] The slogan was boosted by statistics which
were conrmed by a Congressional Budget Oce (CBO)
report released in October 2011.[48]

The original location for the protest was One Chase Manhattan Plaza, with Bowling Green Park (the site of the
Charging Bull) and Zuccotti Park as alternate choices.
Police discovered this before the protest began and fenced
o two locations; but they left Zuccotti Park, the groups
third choice, open. Since the park was private property,
police could not legally force protesters to leave without
being requested to do so by the property owner.[29][30]
At a press conference held the same day the protests
began, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg explained, people have a right to protest, and if they want
2.2
to protest, we'll be happy to make sure they have locations
to do it.[27]
Because of its connection to the nancial system, lower
Manhattan has seen many riots and protests since the
1800s,[31] and OWS has been compared to other historical protests in the United States.[32] Commentators
have put OWS within the political tradition of other
movements that made themselves known by occupation
of public spaces, such as Coxeys Army in 1894, the
Bonus Marchers in 1932, and the May Day protesters in
1971.[33][34]
More recent prototypes for OWS include the British
student protests of 2010, 2009-2010 Iranian election
protests, the Arab Spring protests,[35] and, more closely
related, protests in Chile, Greece and Spain. These antecedents have in common with OWS a reliance on social media and electronic messaging,[36][37] as well as
the belief that nancial institutions, corporations, and
the political elite have been malfeasant in their behavior
toward youth and the middle class.[38][39] Occupy Wall
Street, in turn, gave rise to the Occupy movement in the
United States.[40][41][42] David Graeber has argued that
the Occupy movement, in its anti-hierarchical and antiauthoritarian consensus-based politics, its refusal to accept the legitimacy of the existing legal and political order, and its embrace of pregurative politics, has roots
in an anarchist political tradition.[43] Sociologist Dana
Williams has likewise argued that the most immediate
inspiration for Occupy is anarchism, and the LA Times
has identied the controversial, anarchist-inspired organizational style as one of the hallmarks of OWS.[44][45]

2
2.1

Background
We are the 99%"

Main article: We are the 99%

The Occupy protesters slogan We are the 99%" refers
to the protesters perceptions of, and attitudes regarding, income disparity in the US and economic inequality in general, which have been main issues for OWS.
It derives from a We the 99%" yer calling for OWSs

BACKGROUND

Income inequality

25%

20%

Annual U.S. income

share of the Top 1%
1928: 23.9%

2007: 23.5%

Great
Depression

15%

10%

5%
1910

1980: 10%

1930

1950

1970

1990

2010

A chart showing the disparity in income distribution in the United

States.[49][50] Wealth inequality and income inequality have been
central concerns among OWS protesters.[51][52][53]

Income inequality is a focal point of the Occupy Wall

Street protests.[54][55][56] This focus by the movement
was studied by Arindajit Dube and Ethan Kaplan of the
University of Massachusetts Amherst, who noted that inequality in the U.S. has risen dramatically over the past
40 years. So it is not too surprising to witness the rise
of a social movement focused on redistribution...Greater
inequality may reect as well as exacerbate factors that
make it relatively more dicult for lower-income individuals to mobilize on behalf of their interests...Yet, even
the economic crisis of 2007 did not initially produce a
left social movement...Only after it became increasingly
clear that the political process was unable to enact serious reforms to address the causes or consequences of the
economic crisis did we see the emergence of the OWS
movement...Overall, a focus on the 1 percent concentrates attention on the aspect of inequality most clearly
tied to the distribution of income between labor and capital...We think OWS has already begun to inuence the
public policy making process.[57] An article on the same
subject published in Salon Magazine by Natasha Leonard
noted Occupy has been central to driving media stories
about income inequality in America. Late last week, Radio Dispatchs John Knefel compiled a report for media
watchdog Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR),
which illustrates Occupys success: Media focus on the
movement in the past half year, according to the report,

2.4

Protester demographics

has been almost directly proportional to the attention paid

to income inequality and corporate greed by mainstream
outlets. During peak media coverage of the movement
last October, mentions of the term income inequality
increased fourfold...tokens of Occupy rhetoric most
notably the idea of a 99 percent against a 1 percent
has seeped into everyday cultural parlance.[58] As income inequality remained on peoples minds, Republican
Presidential Candidate Mitt Romney said such a focus
was about envy and class warfare.[59]

2.3

Goals

3
attempt to co-opt the Occupy name,[75] and the document and group were rejected by the General Assemblies of Occupy Wall Street and Occupy Philadelphia.[75]
However others, such as those who issued the Liberty
Square Blueprint, are opposed to setting demands, saying they would limit the movement by implying conditions and limiting the duration of the movement.[76]
David Graeber, an OWS participant, has also criticized
the idea that the movement must have clearly dened demands, arguing that it would be a counterproductive legitimization of the very power structures the movement
seeks to challenge.[77] In a similar vein, scholar and activist Judith Butler has challenged the assertion that OWS
should make concrete demands: So what are the demands that all these people are making? Either they say
there are no demands and that leaves your critics confused. Or they say that demands for social equality, that
demands for economic justice are impossible demands
and impossible demands are just not practical. But we
disagree. If hope is an impossible demand then we demand the impossible.[78] Regardless, activists favor a
new system that fullls what is perceived as the original
promise of democracy to bring power to all the people.[79]

2.4 Protester demographics

Beginning on September 17, 2011, Zuccotti Park was occupied
by protesters.[60]

OWSs goals include a reduction in the inuence of

corporations on politics,[61] more balanced distribution
of income,[61] more and better jobs,[61] bank reform[42]
(especially to curtail speculative trading by banks),
forgiveness of student loan debt[61][62] or other relief for
indebted students,[63][64] and alleviation of the foreclosure situation.[65] Some media label the protests anticapitalist,[66] while others dispute the relevance of this
label.[67] Nicholas Kristof of The New York Times noted
while alarmists seem to think that the movement is a
'mob' trying to overthrow capitalism, one can make a
case that, on the contrary, it highlights the need to restore basic capitalist principles like accountability.[68]
Rolling Stone writer Matt Taibbi asserted, These people aren't protesting money. They're not protesting banking. They're protesting corruption on Wall Street.[69]
In contradiction to such views, academic Slavoj Zizek
wrote, capitalism is now clearly re-emerging as the
name of the problem,[70] and Forbes columnist Heather
Struck wrote, In downtown New York, where protests
fomented, capitalism is held accountable for the dire conditions that a majority of Americans face amid high unemployment and a credit collapse that has ruined the
housing market and tightened lending among banks.[71]

Protesters march up Wall Street towards the New York Stock Exchange, November 2011.

Early on the protesters were mostly young.[80][81] As the

protest grew, older protesters also became involved.[82]
The average age of the protesters was 33, with people
in their 20s balanced by people in their 40s.[83] Various
religious faiths have been represented at the protest including Muslims, Jews, and Christians.[84] Rabbi Chaim
Gruber,[85] however, is reportedly the only clergy member to have actually camped at Zuccotti Park.[86][87][88]
The Associated Press reported in October that there was
diversity of age, gender and race at the protest.[82] A
study based on survey responses at OccupyWallSt.org reSome protestors have favored a fairly concrete set of na- ported that the protesters were 81.2% White, 6.8% HisAsian, 1.6% Black, and 7.6% identifying as
tional policy proposals.[72][73] One OWS group that fa- panic, 2.8%
[89][90]
other.
vored specic demands created a document entitled the
99 Percent Declaration,[74] but this was regarded as an According to a survey of occupywallst.org website

visitors[91] by the Baruch College School of Public Affairs published on October 19, of 1,619 web respondents, one-third were older than 35, half were employed
full-time, 13% were unemployed and 13% earned over
$75,000. When given the option of identifying themselves as Democratic, Republican or Independent/Other
27.3% of the respondents called themselves Democrats,
2.4% called themselves Republicans, while the rest, 70%,
called themselves independents.[92] A study released by
City University of New York found that over a third
of protesters had incomes over $100,000, 76 percent
had bachelors degrees, and 39 percent had graduate degrees. While a large percent of them were employed,
they largely reported they were unconstrained by highly
demanding family or work commitments. The study
also found that they disproportionally represented upperclass, highly educated white males.[93][94] A survey of 301
respondents by a Fordham University political science
professor identied the protesters political aliations as
25% Democratic, 2% Republican, 11% Socialist, 11%
Green Party, 0% Tea Party, and 12% Other"; meanwhile, 39% of the respondents said they did not identify with any political party.[95] Ideologically the Fordham
survey found 80% self-identifying as slightly to extremely
liberal, 15% as moderate, and 6% as slightly to extremely
conservative.[95]

2.5

Main organization

BACKGROUND

formal leadership. Meeting participants comment upon

committee proposals using a process called a stack,
which is a queue of speakers that anyone can join. New
York uses what is called a progressive stack, in which people from marginalized groups are sometimes allowed to
speak before people from dominant groups. Facilitators
and stack-keepers urge speakers to step forward, or
step back based on which group they belong to, meaning that women and minorities may move to the front of
the line, while white men must often wait for a turn to
speak.[97][98] Participants take minutes of the meetings so
that other participants, who are not in attendance, can be
kept up-to-date.[99][100] In addition to the over 70 working
groups[101] that perform much of the daily work and planning of Occupy Wall Street, the organizational structure
also includes spokes councils, at which every working
group can participate.[102]
Even with the perception of a movement with no leaders,
leaders have emerged. A facilitator of some of the movements more contentious discussions, Nicole Carty, says
Usually when we think of leadership, we think of authority, but nobody has authority here, People lead
by example, stepping up when they need to and stepping back when they need to.[103] According to Fordham
University communications professor Paul Levinson, Occupy Wall Street and similar movements symbolize another rise of direct democracy that has not actually been
seen since ancient times.[104][105]

2.6 Funding

Protesters engaging in the 'human microphone'

The assembly is the main OWS decision-making body

and uses a modied consensus process, where participants attempt to reach consensus and then drop to a 9/10
vote if consensus is not reached. Consensus is a process of common sentiment. It is not agreement. Participants are given room for dissent and complex ideas
are able to form. The process has been used in many indigenous traditions, Quaker practices, the womens liberation movement, anti-nuclear movement, and alterglobalization movement. In the assembly OWS working groups and anity groups discuss their thoughts and
needs, and the meetings are open to the public for both
attendance and speaking.[96] The meetings are without

During the initial weeks of the park encampment it was

reported that most of OWS funding was coming from
donors with incomes in the $50,000 to $100,000 range,
and the median donation was $22.[83] According to nance group member Pete Dutro, OWS had accumulated over $700,000.[106] The largest single donor to the
movement was former New York Mercantile Exchange
vice chairman Robert Halper, who was noted by media
as having also given the maximum allowable campaign
contribution to Republican presidential candidate Mitt
Romney.[107] During the period that protesters were encamped in the park the funds were being used to purchase food and other necessities and to bail out fellow
protesters. With the closure of the park to overnight
camping on November 15, members of the OWS nance
committee stated they would initiate a process to streamline the movement and re-evaluate their budget and eliminate or merge some of the working groups they no
longer needed on a day-to-day basis.[108][109]
Met with increasing costs and signicant overhead expenses in order to sustain the movement, an internal audit
from the scal management team known as the accounting working group revealed on March 2, 2012, that only
$44,000 of the several hundred thousand dollars raised
still remained available. The report warned that if current
revenues and expenses were maintained at current levels,

5
then funds would run out in three weeks.[110][111] Some of
the movements biggest costs include ground-level activities such as food kitchens, street medics, bus tickets, subway passes, and printing expenses.[112][113] In late February 2012 it was reported that a group of business leaders including Ben Cohen, Jerry Greeneld, Danny Goldberg, Norman Lear, and Terri Gardner[114] created a new
working group, the Movement Resource Group, and with
it have pledged $300,000 with plans to add $1,500,000
more.[115][116] The money would be made available in the
form of grants of up to $25,000 for eligible recipients.

2.7

The Peoples Library

Main article: The Peoples Library

The Peoples Library at Occupy Wall Street was started
a few days after the protest when a pile of books was
left in a cardboard box at Zuccotti Park. The books
were passed around and organized, and as time passed,
it received additional books and resources from readers, private citizens, authors and corporations.[117] As of
November 2011 the library had 5,554 books cataloged in
LibraryThing and its collection was described as including some rare or unique articles of historical interest.[118]
According to American Libraries, the librarys collection
had thousands of circulating volumes, which included
holy books of every faith, books reecting the entire political spectrum, and works for all ages on a huge range
of topics.[117]

Encampment at Zuccotti Park and 'Peoples Library' with over

5,000 books, wi- internet, and a reference service, often
staed by professional librarians, procuring material through the
interlibrary loan system.

ness establishments. Some supporters donated use of

their bathrooms for showers and the sanitary needs of
protesters.[126]
New York City requires a permit to use amplied
sound, including electric bullhorns. Since Occupy Wall
Street did not have a permit, the protesters created the
"human microphone" in which a speaker pauses while the
nearby members of the audience repeat the phrase in unison. The eect has been called comic or exhilarating
often all at once. Some feel this provided a further unifying eect for the crowd.[127][128]

During the weeks that overnight use of the park was

Following the example of the OWS Peoples Library, allowed, a separate area was set aside for an informaprotesters throughout North America and Europe formed tion area which contained laptop computers and sevsister libraries at their encampments.[119]
eral wireless routers.[129][130] The items were powered
with gas generators until the New York City Fire Department removed them on October 28, saying they
were a re hazard.[131] Protesters then used bicycles
3 Zuccotti Park encampment
rigged with an electricity-generating apparatus to charge
batteries to power the protesters laptops and other
Main article: Timeline of Occupy Wall Street
[132][133]
According to the Columbia JournalPrior to being closed to overnight use and during the electronics.
ism Review's New Frontier Database, the media team,
occupation of the space, somewhere between 100 and
200 people slept in Zuccotti Park. Initially tents were while unocial, ran websites like Occupytogether.org,
video livestream, a steady ow of updates on Twitnot allowed and protesters slept in sleeping bags or under
as well as Skype sessions with other
[120]
Meal service started at a total cost of about ter, and Tumblr
blankets.
[134]
demonstrators.
$1,000 per day. While some visitors ate at nearby restaurants, according to the Wall Street Journal and the New
York Post many businesses surrounding the park were
adversely aected.[121][122][123] Contribution boxes collected about $5,000 a day, and supplies came in from
around the country.[121] Eric Smith, a local chef who was
laid o at the Sheraton in Midtown, said that he was running a ve-star restaurant in the park.[124] In late October, kitchen volunteers complained about working 18hour days to feed people who were not part of the movement and served only brown rice, simple sandwiches, and
potato chips for three days.[125]

On October 6, Brookeld Oce Properties, which owns

Zuccotti Park, issued a statement saying: Sanitation is
a growing concern... Normally the park is cleaned and
inspected every weeknight [but] because the protesters
refuse to cooperate ... the park has not been cleaned since
Friday, September 16 and as a result, sanitary conditions
have reached unacceptable levels.[135][136]

On October 13, New York Citys mayor Bloomberg and

Brookeld announced that the park must be vacated
for cleaning the following morning at 7 am.[137] However, protesters vowed to defend the occupation afMany protesters used the bathrooms of nearby busi- ter police said they wouldnt allow them to return with

ZUCCOTTI PARK ENCAMPMENT

Zuccotti Park, cleared and cleaned on November 15, 2011

sleeping bags and other gear following the cleaning,

and many protesters spent the night sweeping and mopping the park.[138][139] The next morning the property
owner postponed its cleaning eort.[138] Having prepared
for a confrontation with the authorities to prevent the
cleaning eort from proceeding, some protesters clashed
with police in riot gear outside City Hall after it was
canceled.[137] MTV followed two protesters for their series True Life; one of whom, Bryan, was on the sanitation crew. Filming took place during the time when the
cleanup happened.[140]
On October 20, residents at a community board meeting complained about inadequate sanitation, verbal taunts
and harassment by protesters, noise, and related issues.
One resident angrily complained that the protesters "[a]re
defecating on our doorsteps"; board member Tricia Joyce
said, They have to have some parameters. That doesn't
mean the protests have to stop. I'm hoping we can strike a
balance on parameters because this could be a long term
stay.[141]
Shortly after midnight on November 15, 2011, the
New York City Police Department gave protesters notice from the parks owner (Brookeld Oce Properties)
to leave Zuccotti Park due to its purportedly unsanitary
and hazardous conditions. The notice stated that they
could return without sleeping bags, tarps or tents.[142][143]
About an hour later, police in riot gear began removing
protesters from the park, arresting some 200 people in
the process, including a number of journalists.
On December 31, 2011, protesters started to re-occupy
the park. At one point, protesters started to push police
barricades into the streets. Police quickly put the barricades back up. Occupiers then started to take down barricades from all sides of the park and stored them in a
pile in the middle of Zuccotti Park.[144] Police called in
reinforcements as more activists entered the park. Police
tried to enter the park but were pushed back by protesters.
There were reports of pepper-spray being used by the police. About 12:40 am after the group celebrated New
Years in the park, they exited the park and marched down
Broadway. Police in riot gear started to clear out the park
around 1:30 am. Sixty-eight people were arrested in con-

Rage Against the Machine guitarist Tom Morello playing Occupy

Wall Street in New York, October 2011

nection with the event, including one accused of stabbing

a police ocer in the hand with a pair of scissors.[145]
Since the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment,
some former campers have been allowed to sleep in local churches, but how much longer they will be welcomed is in question and even former park occupiers debate whether or not they can continue to provide funds
and meals for homeless protesters. Since the removal,
New York protesters have been divided in their opinion as to the importance of the occupation of a space
with some believing that actual encampment is unnecessary, and even a burden.[146] Since the closure of the
Zuccotti Park encampment, the movement has turned its
focus on occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board
meetings, foreclosed homes, college and university campuses, and Wall Street itself. Since its inception, the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City have cost the
city an estimated $17 million in overtime fees to provide policing of protests and encampment inside Zuccotti
Park.[147][148][149]
On March 17, 2012, Occupy Wall Street demonstrators
attempted to mark the movements six-month anniversary by reoccupying Zuccotti Park. Protesters were soon
cleared away by police, who made over 70 arrests. Veteran protesters said the force used by police was the most
violent they had witnessed and a Guardian reporter witnessed a protester being slammed into a glass door by a
police ocer.[150][151] On March 24, hundreds of OWS
protesters marched from Zuccotti Park to Union Square
in a demonstration against police violence.[152]
On September 17, 2012, protesters returned to Zuccotti
Park to mark the one-year anniversary of the beginning
of the occupation. Protesters blocked access to the New
York Stock Exchange as well as other intersections in
the area. This, along with several violations of Zuccotti
Park rules, lead police to surround groups of protesters,
at times pulling protesters from the crowds to be arrested
for blocking pedestrian trac. A police lieutenant in-

4.2

Court cases

structed reporters not to take pictures. The New York

Times reported that two ocers shoved city councilman
Jumaane D. Williams o a bench with batons after he
refused two orders to move. A spokesman for Williams
later stated that he had been pushed by police while trying to explain his reason for being in the park, but was
not arrested or injured. There were 185 arrests across
the city.[153][154][155][156]

Security, crime and legal issues

OWS demonstrators complained of thefts of assorted

items such as cell phones and laptops; thieves also stole
$2500 of donations that were stored in a makeshift
kitchen.[157] In November, a man was arrested for breaking an EMT's leg.[158]
NYPD spokesman Paul Browne said protesters delayed
reporting crime until three complaints were made against
the same individual.[159] The protesters denied a three
strikes policy, and one protester told the New York Daily
News that he had heard police respond to an unspecied complaint by saying, You need to deal with that
yourselves.[160]

7
nator for Occupy Wall Street said, The cops watched
and did nothing, indeed, seemed to guide us onto the
roadway.[170] However, some statements by protesters
supported descriptions of the event given by police: for
example, one protester tweeted that The police didn't
lead us on to the bridge. They were backing the fuck
up.[171] A spokesman for the New York Police Department, Paul Browne, said that protesters were given multiple warnings to stay on the sidewalk and not block the
street, and were arrested when they refused.[3] By October 2, all but 20 of the arrestees had been released
with citations for disorderly conduct and a criminal court
summons.[172] On October 4, a group of protesters who
were arrested on the bridge led a lawsuit against the
city, alleging that ocers had violated their constitutional
rights by luring them into a trap and then arresting them;
Mayor Bloomberg, commenting previously on the incident, had said that "[t]he police did exactly what they
were supposed to do.[173]

In June 2012, a federal judge ruled that the protesters

had not received sucient warning that they would be arrested if they entered the roadway. While the police had
argued that the protesters had received adequate warning,
after reviewing video evidence, Judge Jed S. Rako sided
with protesters saying, a reasonable ocer in the noisy
After several weeks of occupation, protesters had environment defendants occupied would have known that
made enough allegations of rape, sexual assault and a single bull horn could not reasonably communicate a
gropings that women-only sleeping tents were set message to 700 demonstrators.[174]
up.[161][162][163][164] Occupy Wall Street organizers released a statement regarding the sexual assaults stating,
As individuals and as a community, we have the respon- 4.2 Court cases
sibility and the opportunity to create an alternative to this
culture of violence, We are working for an OWS and a In May 2012, three cases in a row were thrown
world in which survivors are respected and supported un- out of court, the most recent one for insucient
[175]
In another case, photographer Alexander
conditionally... We are redoubling our eorts to raise summons.
Arbuckle
was
charged
with blocking trac for standing
awareness about sexual violence. This includes taking
in
the
middle
of
the
street,
according to NYPD Ocer
preventative measures such as encouraging healthy relaElisheba
Vera.
However,
according
to Village Voice sta
tionship dynamics and consent practices that can help to
[165]
writer
Nick
Pinto,
this
account
was
not corroborated by
limit harm.
photographic and video evidence taken by protesters and
It was revealed that an internal Department of Home- the NYPD.[176] In yet another case, Sgt. Michael Soldo,
land Security report warned that Occupy Wall Street the arresting ocer, said Jessica Hall was blocking trafprotests were a potential source of violence; the re- c. But under cross-examination Soldo admitted, it was
port stated that mass gatherings associated with public actually the NYPD metal barricades which blocked trafprotest movements can have disruptive eects on trans- c. This was also corroborated by the NYPDs video
portation, commercial, and government services, espe- documentation.[177]
cially when staged in major metropolitan areas. The
DHS keeps a le on the movement and monitors social Eight men: Episcopalian Bishop George Packard, Mark
media for information, according to leaked emails re- Adams, Jack Boyle, Ed Mortimer, Ted Alexandro, John
Lenmesin, Rev. Dr. Earl Koopercamp, and William
leased by Wikileaks.[166][167]
Gusakov, all associated with Occupy Wall Street, were
found guilty of misdemeanors stemming from a criminal trespass arrest on December 17, 2011. One of them,
4.1 Brooklyn Bridge arrests
Mark Adams, was also convicted of attempted criminal
On October 1, 2011, a large group of protesters set out mischief and attempted criminal possession of burglars
to walk across the Brooklyn Bridge resulting in 700 ar- tools for trying to slice a lock on a chain-link fence with
rests. Some said the police had tricked protesters, allow- bolt cutters. Adams was sentenced to 45 days imprising them onto the bridge, and even escorting them part- onment (he served 29 days); the other seven were conway across.[168][169] Jesse A. Myerson, a media coordi- victed of criminal trespass and sentenced to community

5 NOTABLE RESPONSES

service.[178][179]

all throughout the country ... and yet you're still seeing
One defendant, Michael Premo, charged with assaulting some of the same folks who acted irresponsibly trying to
abusive practices that
an ocer, was found not guilty of all charges after the ght eorts to crack down on the[190][191]
got
us
into
this
in
the
rst
place.
defense presented video evidence which showed ocers
charging into the defendant unprovoked. The video con- On October 5, 2011, noted commentator and political
tradicted the sworn testimony of NYPD ocers, who had satirist Jon Stewart said in his Daily Show broadcast: If
claimed the defendant assaulted them.[180][181]
the people who were supposed to x our nancial system
A court has ordered that the City pay $360,000 for their had actually done it, the people who have no idea how
wouldnt be getting shit for not
actions during the November 15, 2011 raid.[182] That to solve these problems
[192]
oering
solutions.
case, Occupy Wall Street v. City of New York, was
led in the US District Court Southern District of New
York.[183] Further, the City of New York has since begun
settling cases with individual participants. The rst of
which was most notably represented by students of Hofstra Law School and the Occupy Wall Street Clinic.[184]

Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney said that

while there were bad actors that needed to be found
and plucked out, he believes that targeting one industry
or region of America is a mistake and views encouraging the Occupy Wall Street protests as dangerous and
inciting class warfare.[193][194] Romney later expressed
sympathy for the movement, saying, I look at whats happening on Wall Street and my view is, boy, I understand
how those people feel.[195]

Nkrumah Tinsley was indicted on riot oenses and assaulting a police ocer during the Zuccotti Park encampment. On May 21, 2013 Tinsley plead guilty to felony
assault on a police ocer, and will be sentenced later
2013.[185]
House Democratic Leader Rep. Nancy Pelosi said
[196]
In
In April 2014, the nal Occupy court case, the Trial of she supports the Occupy Wall Street movement.
September,
various
labor
unions,
including
the
Transport
Cecily McMillan began. Cecily McMillan was charged
with and convicted of assaulting a police ocer and Workers Union of America Local 100 and the New York
Union,
sentenced to 90-Days in Rikers Island Penitentiary.[186] Metro 32BJ Service Employees International
[197]
pledged
their
support
for
demonstrators.
MCMillan claimed the assault was an accident and a response to what she claimed to be a sexual assault at the
hands of said ocer.[187] The jury that found her guilty
recommended no jail time.[188] She was released after
serving 60 days.[189]

Notable responses

Five days into the protest, political commentator

Keith Olbermann, formerly of CurrentTV, vocally criticized mainstream media outlets for failing to cover
the initial Wall Street protests and demonstrations
adequately.[198][199]
On October 18, 2011, the Communist Party USA endorsed the Occupy Wall Street Movement.[200]

On October 19, 2011, Greenpeace Executive Director

Main article: Reactions to Occupy Wall Street
Phil Radford spoke on behalf of Greenpeace supporting
During an October 6 news conference, President Barack Occupy Wall Street protesters, stating: We stand as
individuals and an organization with Occupiers of all
walks of life who peacefully stand up for a just, democratic, green and peaceful future.[201]
The Internet Archive and the Occupy Archive, a project at
the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
at George Mason University, has been collecting material
from Occupy sites beyond New York.[202]
In November 2011, Public Policy Polling did a national
survey which found that 33% of voters supported OWS
and 45% opposed it, with 22% not sure. 43% of those
polled had a higher opinion of the Tea Party movement
than the Occupy movement.[203] In January 2012, a survey was released by Rasmussen Reports, in which 51%
of likely voters found protesters to be a public nuisance,
while 39% saw it as a valid protest movement representOctober 5, 2011, in Foley Square, members of National Nurses
ing the people.[204]
United labor union supporting OWS
Pulitzer Prizewinning journalist Chris Hedges, a supObama said, I think it expresses the frustrations the porter of the movement, argues that OWS had popular
American people feel, that we had the biggest nancial support and articulated the concerns of the majority of
crisis since the Great Depression, huge collateral damage

5.4

Crackdown

citizens.[205]

5.1

transportation, commercial, and government services, especially when staged in major metropolitan areas.[211]

Occupy Yale

5.4 Crackdown

In November 2011, some students started an Occupy Yale

movement, discouraging fellow students from joining the On December 29, 2012, Naomi Wolf of The Guardian
nance sector.[206] 25% of Yale graduates join the nan- newspaper provided U.S. government documents which
revealed that the FBI and DHS had monitored Occupy
cial sector.[207][208]
Wall Street through its Joint Terrorism Task Force, despite labelling it a peaceful movement. The crackdown
was coordinated with the big banks on Wall
5.2 Inuence on movement for higher on protesters
Street.[212] The FBI used counterterrorism agents to inwages
vestigate the movement.[213]
Commentators attribute Occupy Wall Street as an inuence on the Fast food worker strikes.[209] Occupy Wall
Street Organizers also contributed to workers at Hot and 6 Criticism
Crusty, in New York City, obtaining higher wages, and
the right to form a union by working with a Worker cen- International activists involved in the Occupy Movement
ter.[210]
have seen it stall due to a lack of synergy to work with
other alternative movements calling for change. The
biggest criticism is that the movement is without depth,
5.3 Government surveillance
without a lasting vision of an alternative future.

SPECIAL COVERAGE: Occupy Wall Street

October 2011

Sector Impacts
-Financial Services

SPECIAL COVERAGE: Occupy Wall Street

-Commercial Facilities

October 2011

-Transportation
-Emergency Services

-Government Facilities

Feature: Social
Media and IT
Summary

Mass gatherings associated with public protest movements can have disruptive
effects on transportation, commercial, and government services, especially
when staged in major metropolitan areas. Large scale demonstrations also
carry the potential for violence, presenting a significant challenge for law enforcement.

Background
The Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement is a loose coalition of ongoing peaceful protests taking
place in cities across the United States. The OWS movement began with demonstrations staged in New
York Citys financial district, where protesters have taken up residence since September 17. The
protests focus primarily on issues of economic justice, including corruption in the financial system, the
governments handling of the global financial crisis, wealth disparity, and the role of corporate money
in the U.S. political system. As a self-identified leaderless resistance movement, OWS lacks an
official set of demands and has co-opted support from participants seeking to bring attention to a wide
range of social, economic, political, and environmental issues. The movement has drawn inspiration
from recent protests in Europe and the Middle East, specifically citing the Egyptian Tahrir Square
uprising and recent demonstrations in Spain. The first day of the protest drew approximately 1,000
protesters to Wall Street and the movement has grown considerably since, with an encampment of
protesters occupying nearby Zucotti Square in Lower Manhattan. The OWS protests continued to gain
momentum in the following weeks, sparking smaller demonstrations in major cities nationwide.
Although the protests have been mostly peaceful, hundreds of arrests have been made by local police
forces, mostly for trespassing, disorderly conduct, and obstructing traffic.
Sources: Occupytogether.org; Occupywallstreet.org; Bloomberg; The Guardian

Remarks from Occupy Wall Street participant Justine

Tunney, a Google software engineer, who called on President Obama to appoint Eric Schmidt CEO of America, have also sparked criticism, including from the
vast majority of other Occupy participants, many of
whom have observed that her politics are inconsistent
with horizontalism.[214][215][216][217][218][219]
Many Occupy Wall Street protests have included antizionist and anti semitic slogans and signage such as Jews
control Wall Street or Zionist Jews who are running
the big banks and the Federal Reserve. As a result, the
Occupy Wall Street Movement has been consistently confronted with accusations of anti-Semitism by major US
media.[220][221][222][223][224]

7 Subsequent activity

Sector-Specific Impacts
Financial Services
The financial services sector has served as the focal point of the OWS movement, with protesters
holding protests and camping out in the financial districts of cities such as Boston, New York, Chicago,
and San Francisco.
New York:

Protesters have staged numerous marches and rallies on Wall Street and the areas surrounding the
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). On October 5, roughly 200 protesters attempted to storm
police barricades blocking protesters from the area. (Source: New York Daily News )

On October 14, protesters once again attempted to breach the barricades blocking access to Wall

Department of Homeland Security

See also: Occupy movement and Occupy movement in

the United States

7.1 May Day 2012

An internal document of the United States Department of Homeland Security showed that the U.S. government was keeping tabs
on protesters

As the movement spread across the United States, the

United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
began keeping tabs on protesters. A DHS report entitled
"SPECIAL COVERAGE: Occupy Wall Street", dated October 2011, observed that mass gatherings associated with
public protest movements can have disruptive eects on

Occupy Wall Street mounted an ambitious call for a citywide general strike and day of action on May 1, 2012. Recalls journalist Nathan Schneider, The idea of a general
strike had been circulating in the movement since whoknows-when. There was a woman who called for it back
on September 17th. Occupy Oakland tried to mount one
on November 2nd, with some success and a few broken
windows. Soon after, Occupy LA took the lead in announcing a target that seemed suciently far o to be fea-

10

8 ON-GOING EFFORTS

sible, and suciently traditional to seem plausible: May

Day.[225] Though the day fell short of its wildest ambitions, tens of thousands of people participated in a march
through New York City, demonstrating continued support for Occupy Wall Streets cause and concerns.

7.2

Occupy Sandy

Occupy Sandy is an organized relief eort created to

assist the victims of Hurricane Sandy in the northeastern United States. Occupy Sandy is made up of former
and present Occupy Wall Street protesters, other members of the Occupy movement, and former non-Occupy
volunteers.[226]

by the federal government and are not available for purchase. Nor is bankruptcy protection available to the holders of those loans. The Occupy organization had previously purchased similar Medical debt loans in similar
cents on the dollar arrangements. The group wanted to
show examples of continuing economic inequality.
We knew we wanted to focus on issues
around for-prot education and looking at education as a commodity. The basic challenge
is that we shouldn't need debt to nance basic
necessities. We can't solve the entire problem (of student debt) but we can help along the
way while trying to x the systemic problem
Laura Hanna, Strike Debt organizer[231]

As of September 2014, Rolling Jubilee claims to have

cancelled more than $15 million in medical debt.[232] As
of April 2015, Rolling Jubilee reports it has cleared nearly
Three years after the original occupation, there were $32 million in debt in total.[233]
fewer people actively involved in Occupy than at its
height. However, a number of groups that formed during Strike Debt has also published two editions of the Debt
the occupation or resulted from connections made at that Resisters Operations Manual. The rst was distributed
time were still active.[227] More broadly, the 99% meme free in pamphlet form and on-line. The second was pubhas persisted in common parlance and a 700-page tome lished as a book and mostly sold through conventional
outlets.[234][235]
on income inequality had become a best-seller.[228]

7.3

8
8.1

3rd Anniversary

On-going eorts
Strike Debt

To celebrate the third anniversary of the occupation,

an Occupy Wall Street campaign called Strike Debt announced it had wiped out almost $4 million in student
loans, amounting to the indebtedness of 2,761 students.
The loans were all held by students of Everest College, a
for prot college that operates Corinthian Colleges, Inc.
which in turn owns Everest University, Everest Institute,
Heald College, and WyoTech.
We chose Everest because it is the most
blatant con job on the higher ed landscape. Its
time for all student debtors to get relief from
their crushing burden.
The loans became available when the banks holding defaulted loans put the bad loans up for sale. Once purchased, the group chose to forgive the loans. The funds
to purchase the loans came from donations to the Rolling
Jubilee Fund, part of the Occupy Student Debt program.
As of September 2014, the group claimed to have wiped
out almost $19 million in debt.[229]

Strike Debt, and a successor organization, The Debt Collective were active in organizing the Corinthian 100 students who struck against Corinthian college, a for-prot
school that was shut down by the U.S. Department of
Education.[236]

8.2 Occupy the SEC

Occupy the SEC came together during the occupation.
The group seeks to represent the 99% in the regulatory
process. They rst attracted attention in 2012 when they
submitted a 325-page comment letter on the Volcker Rule
portion of Dodd Frank.[237]
The group continues to engage in the regulatory process ling lawsuits, amicus court brief, comment letters
on regulation and rating legislators.[238] In March 2015,
OSEC led an amicus brief to the Supreme Court in
Bank of America N.A. v. Caulkett, and Bank of America
N.A. v. Toledo-Cardona and a 33-page comment letter to
the Financial Stability Oversight Council regarding asset
managers and systemic risk.[239][240]

8.3 Alternative Banking

Another oshoot of the Occupy Movement, calling itself

the OWS Alternative Banking Group, was established
during the occupation of Zuccotti Park in 2011.[241] In
That amount is insignicant compared to $1.2 trillion 2013, the group published a book titled Occupy Fiin student debt that has been a drain on the American nance and distributed copies in Zuccotti Park at the
economic engine.[230] Most of these loans are protected second anniversary and elsewhere.[242] FT Alphaville

11
gave it two thumbs up for discussable policy proposals while the New York Times Dealbook called it a
guide to the nancial system and the events surrounding the crisis, and it proposes a policy framework that
it calls 'popular regulation.'"[243][244] The group continues to meet weekly at Columbia University including a
speaker series.[245] The group started a blog in the Huington Post in 2014.[246]
Alternative Banking ran Occupy Summer School at the
Urban Assembly Institute of Math and Science for Young
Women in July 2015. [247]

8.4

Occu-Evolve

Bonus army 1932

List of Occupy movement topics
Cecily McMillan
Thomas Piketty
Poor Peoples Campaign 1968
Radical media
Peter Schi

10 References

A group called Occu-Evolve (OWS)" formed in February 2012 to coordinate activities of OWS-related groups. Explanatory notes
In their own words Occu-Evolve is a hub of thought,
information, empowerment, action and outreach, fo[1] Author Dan Berrett writes: But Occupy Wall Streets
cused on the evolution of the Occupy Wall Street
most dening characteristicsits decentralized nature
Movement..[248] Occu-Evolve helped organize May Day
and its intensive process of participatory, consensusrallies, Black Friday Actions in support of Walmart
based decision-makingare rooted in other precincts of
Workers, Occupy Sandy Walks and Outreach, and has
academe and activism: in the scholarship of anarchism
been involved rallies, marches and actions against the
and, specically, in an ethnography of central Madagascar. [8]
Stop and Frisk Policies of NYPD as well as police brutality. Occu-Evolve has continued to have open assemblies
and has organized against Citizens United; The Land- [2] The Hungton Post reports that Graeber and friends discovered that the General Assembly had been taken
mark Ruling in Favor of Corporations being given the
over by a veteran protest group called the Workers World
same rights as people to inuence political campaigns and
Party. Graeber, his companions and others went o on
decisions.
their own to begin their own assembly. Eventually both
factions came together. Matt Sledge of the Hungton
The group has also been involved in the victorious camPost writes: As the meetings evolved, they became fopaigns for workers rights at Hot and Crusty Bakery and
rums for people to air their grievances. There were about
Golden Farm Produce Market. From the fall of 2012 and
200 activists who organized the ground rules 47 days bethrough winter of 2014 along with the Peoples Power Asfore the protest began.[24]
semblies has organized several actions in support of fast
food workers throughout New York City It is currently organizing actions in support of Liberato Workers who are Citations
ghting for worker rights and to be paid at least the minimum wage. It has also organized at least a dozen actions [1] Engler, Mark (November 1, 2011). Lets end corruption
for The Black Lives Matter Movement. Occu-Evolve has
starting with Wall Street. New Internationalist Magazine (447). Archived from the original on November 2,
also planned and facilitated 'S17' (September 17) the an2013. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
niversary of Occupy Wall Street since 2013 and several
other protests with various groups including The May 1st
[2] Hundreds of Occupy Wall Street protesters arrested.
Coalition and The PPA.[227][249][250]
BBC News. October 2, 2011. Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2011.

See also
15 October 2011 global protests
2011 United States public employee protests
2011 Wisconsin protests
2013 protests in Brazil
2013 protests in Turkey
2014 Hong Kong protests

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12

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[200] Communist Party heralds Occupy Wall Street moveRetrieved 19 January 2015.
ment. Communist Party USA. October 18, 2011.
[218] OWS Founder Calls on Obama to Appoint Googles Eric
[201] Phil Radford, Greenpeace Supports Occupy Wall Street
Schmidt 'CEO of America' - disinformation. disinforPeaceful Protests Archived December 2, 2013, at the
mation. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
Wayback Machine.
[219] Attention-Seeker Calls for Googles Eric Schmidt to Be
[202] Schuessler, Jennifer (May 2, 2012). Occupy Wall Street:
CEO of America"". thestranger.com. Retrieved 19 JanFrom the Streets to the Archives. The New York Times.
uary 2015.
Archived from the original on April 29, 2013.
[220] Jennifer Rubin (17 October 2011). Occupy Wall Street:
[203] Voters moving against Occupy movement Public Policy
Does anyone care about the anti-Semitism?". The WashPolling
ington Post.
[204] 51% See Occupy Wall Street Protesters As Public Nui- [221] Joseph Berger (21 October 2011). Cries of Antisance - Rasmussen Reports Archive copy at the
Semitism, but Not at Zuccotti Park. The New York
Wayback Machine
Times.
[205] Chris Hedges (September 30, 2013). The Sparks of Re- [222] Republicans Accuse Dem Leaders of Silence in Face of
bellion. Truthdig. Retrieved October 2, 2013. Archived
'Anti-Semitic' Tone Occupying Protest Movement. Fox
October 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
News. 19 October 2011.
[206] Occupy Wallstreet - ocial website. Archived from the [223] OWS Protester Proclaims The Jews Control Wall St. In
original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
Zuccotti Park Rant. CBS News. 12 October 2011.
[207] Roose, Kevin (November 28, 2011). At Top Colleges, [224] Abe Greenwald (11 October 2011). Occupy Wall Street
Anti-Wall St. Fervor Complicates Recruiting. New York
Has an Anti-Semitism Problem. Commentary Magazine.
Times - Deal Book. Archived from the original on March
[225] Schneider, Nathan (September 16, 2013). After May
22, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
Day. Guernica.
[208] Roose, Kevin (February 2014). Young Money. Grand
Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-58325-1. Archived [226] Occupy Sandy: A Movement Moves to Relief. The New
York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
from the original on May 2, 2014.
[209] Sanburn, Josh. Fast Food Strikes: Unable to Union- [227] Occupy Wall Street 2014: At Zuccotti Park In NYC, A
Smaller Crowd But No Less Spunk. Retrieved February
ize, Workers Borrow Tactics From Occupy, Time (mag4, 2015.
azine). 30 July 2013. Accessed 22 May 2015.
[210] New York City Restaurant Workers Win Historic Vic- [228] Did Occupy L.A. leave a legacy?". Los Angeles Times.
tory. OCCUPY WALL STREET.
October 9, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2015.

20

[229] Sam Frizell (September 17, 2014). Occupy Wall Street

Just Made $4 Million in Student Loan Debt Go Away.
TIME.com. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
[230] Rohit Chopra. Excessive student loan debt drains economic engine. POLITICO. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
[231] Occupy Wall Street Oshoot Has Purchased Nearly $4
Million in Student Debt. VICE News. Retrieved April
25, 2015.
[232] Liz Pleasant, Christa Hillstrom and James Trimarco (17
September 2014). Occupy Oshoot Cancels $4 Million
in Predatory Student Loans - and Starts a Debtors Union.
Yes! Retrieved 17 September 2014.
[233] Rolling Jubilee Operations Retrieved 24 April 2015.
[234] Occupy Wall Street 2.0: Debt Resistors Operations Manual. Naked Capitalism. September 17, 2012. Retrieved
October 15, 2015.
[235] Debt Resistors Operations Manual, 2nd edition (not
free)". Strike Debt. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
[236] Debt Resistors Operations Manual, 2nd edition (not
free)". Strike Debt. September 28, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.

12

EXTERNAL LINKS

11 Further reading
Janet Byrne, ed. (2012). The Occupy Handbook.
Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-316-22021-7.
Graeber, David (May 7, 2012). Occupys liberation
from liberalism: the real meaning of May Day. The
Guardian (London). Archived from the original on
May 9, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Rowe, James and Myles Carroll. (2014). Reform or
Radicalism: Left Social Movements from the Battle
of Seattle to Occupy Wall Street. New Political Science. March 2014.
Rowe, James and Myles Carroll. (2015). What the
Left Can Learn From Occupy Wall Street. Studies
in Political Economy. December 2015.
Rowe, James (2015). Zen and the Art of Social Movement Mindfulness. Waging Nonviolence.
March 2015.
Nathan Schneider (2013). Thank You, Anarchy:
Notes from the Occupy Apocalypse. University of
California Press. ISBN 9780520276802.

[237] OSEC weighs in on the Volcker Rule. Retrieved December 9, 2014.

[238] Occupy the SEC website. Retrieved December 9, 2014.

12 External links

[239] OSEC amicus brief in Bank of America v. Caulkett

(PDF). Retrieved March 31, 2015.

Occupy Wall Street websites

[240] OSEC comment to FSOC on asset management and systemic risk. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
[241] The Occupy Groups Re-imagine the Bank. wbur.org.
Retrieved 7 January 2016.
[242] Occupy Finance, book. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
[243] FT.com Occupy the bookshelf, #OWS turns two. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
[244] Alden, William (September 17, 2013). Occupy Has
Mellow 2nd Birthday. The New York Times. Retrieved
November 22, 2014.
[245] OWS Alternative Banking Group website. Retrieved
November 22, 2014.
[246] OWS Alternative Banking Group blog. Hungton Post.
Retrieved March 5, 2015.
[247] Protest U, New Yorker magazine. August 10, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
[248] Occu-Evolve website. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
[249] Semuels, Alana (May 1, 2013). May Day in New York
website. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
[250] Unemployment protest, Feb. 2014 website. Retrieved December 17, 2014.http://occuevolve.com/
occupy-for-justice-because-black-lives-matter/

Adbusters Jul 13, 2011 call for occupation.

OccupyWallStreet.net a site aiming to be accountable to the Occupy Movement. That means that we
are an open group of unpaid individuals who operate
according to modied consensus.
Adbusters page A listing of websites and updates
OccupyWallSt.org Unocial Occupy Wall Street
website; rst, main site produced outside of Adbusters on July 14
NYC General Assembly The ocial website of the
General Assembly at #OccupyWallStreet
Occupy the SEC
Other websites
Charts: Heres What The Wall Street Protesters Are
So Angry About... from Business Insider
How 7 Occupy Wall Street Issues Stack Up 2 Years
Later. The Hungton Post. September 17, 2013.
The After Party A political party established in
2014 by OWS leaders and other activists

21
Occupy USA In Occupy USA photographer
Vance Petruno visits Occupy Wall Street encampments across the United States, from the rst actions
in New Yorks Zuccotti Park to Honolulu, Hawaii
and including Chicago, Seattle, Los Angeles and San
Francisco, among others.

22

13

13
13.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Occupy Wall Street Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street?oldid=722713807 Contributors: William Avery, Shii,

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Zero, Czar, GoryBlizzard, Tedder, Error9900, Utahredrock, Benjwong, Bedford, DVdm, Bgwhite, Banaticus, Wavelength, Peregrine
Fisher, Eraserhead1, Samuel Wiki, Arzel, Petiatil, WAvegetarian, Chris Capoccia, Raquel Baranow, Ioda006, Tenebrae, Anomalocaris,
NawlinWiki, Nowa, Bloodofox, Mhartl, ONEder Boy, Sylvain1972, Lexicon, Moe Epsilon, Natkeeran, Zythe, Nlu, Johnsemlak, Genjix,
Pawyilee, Emijrp, Malekhanif, Nikkimaria, Arthur Rubin, Aoa8212, Mardus, ModernGeek, Kgf0, Nekura, Akrabbim, True Pagan Warrior, ShadowRanger, Mangoe, InverseHypercube, Darkstar1st, C.Fred, Prototime, Well, girl, look at you!, Clpo13, Verne Equinox, Cla68,
Timeshifter, AnOddName, Jpvinall, Adam murgittroyd, Eiler7, Gilliam, Portillo, 9591353082, Skizzik, Chris the speller, Lusanders, Hibernian, Victorgrigas, Josefec, Adpete, Attention whore, Fjmustak, Veggies, Muboshgu, Greenbreezegrl, Tim Pierce, Doh286, Grover cleveland, Calbaer, Fuhghettaboutit, KermitTheFrog, Gerryharrington, Dream out loud, Dreadstar, Master Bob, OldSkoolGeek, BullRangifer,
The PIPE, Kendrick7, Ericl, Salamurai, CartoonDiablo, Curly Turkey, TenPoundHammer, Ohconfucius, Qwerty0, Cast, Valfontis, John,
T g7, Gobonobo, Aroundthewayboy, AstroChemist, Dumarest, NYCJosh, Collect, Macarion, Meco, Davydog, Midnightblueowl, Ryulong,
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2bornot2b, Joe Schmedley, Cjs2111, DoLittleDoc, Yellowdesk, David Shankbone, Litch, .alyn.post., Dogru144, Pi.1415926535, Barek,
Inks.LWC, Petepittsburgh, Some thing, Mauricio Malu, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Acroterion, Ruthfulbarbarity, Magioladitis, Jay942942, Bongwarrior, Rafuki 33, Rblaster, MastCell, Cadsuane Melaidhrin, Steven Walling, Cameraperson, KConWiki, Cgingold, Torchiest, A3nm,
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Yobot, Fraggle81, Amirobot, Lillipeg, 12george1, Eduen, Dmarquard, FeydHuxtable, Liberal92, DiverDave, AnomieBOT, VanishedUser
sdu9aya9fasdsopa, Rtspcc, Countercouper, Jim1138, TParis, Jo3sampl, Knowledgekid87, EryZ, RadioBroadcast, Danno uk, Citation bot,
Brightgalrs, Ruby2010, Platypus2012, ArthurBot, Teilolondon, LovesMacs, Nicksuch, LilHelpa, John Bessa, Xqbot, Tripodian, Alexf505,
JimVC3, Aquila89, Nrpf22pr, AaronF2, Toa Nidhiki05, Tomwsulcer, Makeswell, Ilikecollectingcoins, O2riorob, FIRExNECK, Mark
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13.2

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Archivingcontext, Abject Normality, Alf.laylah.wa.laylah, MusikAnimal, Darkness Shines, Mar2194, Marcocapelle, Picaxe01, Mark Arsten, Carmelmount, Shawn.carrie, Compfreak7, Johnduhart, Skinnyamerican, Silvrous, IronHideChavez, Falkirks, DayBridge, Gorthian,
SchulztP, Enervation, Chief Red Eagle, Fukuyamaonshrooms, Jrau8691, XiaosongChen, Laddr14, Mk2z0h, Fogellmgclovin, Saracott91,
Visitor7, Toccata quarta, MJJ509, WEHK, AdBustersOWS, Sourced much, Pristinegoal, Racer51970,
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Saken kun, Achowat, Ryanwould, Wer900, Phonecharger, A1candidate, BlueSalix, Agent 78787, TheCentristFiasco, BattyBot, HectorMoet, Showmustgoon2, CloettesDaddy, PubliusDigitus, Mrtrlol, OSGondar, DestroyThe1, Raptor2100W, Bobby2e34rxfdf, Eheiberg,
Nopantsallclass, SupernovaExplosion, Benticsay, PeaceProtects, Soozarty, Paganwt, Liamsoprych, ViperLobster, Cyberbot II, The Illusive
Man, Francoisgenest, Modelmanybrickchair, Popopo8776, Penguinluver9581, Mr. J. Lane, SD5bot, Encyclopedist J, Jr. Wikipedian, Jamal, Ducknish, Union.Uniao.Unio.Iberica, Slotskyist, EagerToddler39, Maria Barzini, Ibdabaa, PriestOfSteam, Joshua the Patriot, Iso700,
FoCuSandLeArN, Edvardinho, The Wikipedian Associate, The Modest Associate, Mogism, Krysippos, Publis the Second, Claricationgiven, American Patriot J, MatheusLPereira, Lugia2453, Atomicsapphire, Grandiloquently, Marxcubes, RotlinkBot, The Anonymouse,
Diceytroop, Faizan, Epicgenius, Djrliz, Kpottt, I am One of Many, Wwiikkeeppeeddiiaa, XPoplicola, Magnolia677, Smokinglizard, Marcislob, Asiaspeace, JamesMoose, Publius Valerius Poplicola, Toksoz, Snodj, Tango303, EvergreenFir, EJM86, LincolnHo, New worl,
Kristinelawson, Current Editor, News breaks, Mandruss, Eriktylers099, Notthebestusername, Apcg524, Jora8488, Anarcham, JRArocks,
GPRamirez5, Qtcuento, The Solid Gold Cadillac, Lagoset, Monkbot, Hound with rabies, Junohk, Filedelinkerbot, The Original Fil, ChickenSlayer14, Editorrevision, Boylejack, Jkrowe, DHS2015, Eighteencandles, Je.est.un.autre, 115ash, Debbie80138, Sumumba Sobukwe,
Mbelloc, Ontario Teacher BFA BEd, Moscowamerican, Steene01 and Anonymous: 398

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File:2008_Top1percentUSA.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/2008_Top1percentUSA.svg License:

CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Chart was made by User:RoyBoy, using data initially published as Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez (2003),
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 2003, 1-39. Data (and updates) available here and shown here: Original artist: User:RoyBoy and
transeferred to SVG by User:Amadscientist
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