1. What would be the typical armour and weapons carried by an English Longbowman during the 100 years war?

Response posted by WARitter | European Armour and Weapons 1250-1600 | on reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/:

The equipment of archers at Agincourt is much murkier [than the men-at-arms and knights]. They were armed with a warbow with a draw weight of somewhere between 90 and 150 pounds
(sources differ on this, and some cite draw weights up to 180 pounds). They would be armed with two dozen or so very stout arrows of around 30" in length, armed with a variety of heads - both
bodkin points (simple, narrow points) and bladed broadhead points were used. However, the archers also fought in close combat with the French - they didnt just shoot.
Period accounts of them at the battle describe them as lightly armed and even bareheaded, but it is unclear just how many had armour. Similarly their weapons, aside from their bows, are not
clear. Accounts of the archers joining the melee mention them taking up axes, swords, spearheads and mauls. What the mauls in particular were is unclear - it is likely they were simply the
hammers used to drive their stakes into the ground - accounts of English mauls as a specialized weapon date from over 130 years later.
Given that very sketchy information about the archers equipment at the battle itself, we can say the following about the archers equipment in general. Again, it is unclear just how many archers
would have what equipment. Certainly early 15th century archers seem to have been less well armed and armoured than those later in the century, so many archers at Agincourt may have been
almost entirely unarmoured.

For head defenses, some kind of bacinet without a visor seems to have been fairly common - up to 1,000 are recorded in the Royal Armoury inventory in the later 14th century. Other, smaller
skullcap-like helmets (sometimes called by modern people a cerveille) may have been worn as well. For defending the arms and torso, a cloth defense (called a gambeson, aketon, or jack,
depending on the period) was most common. These could be made of padding quilted into cloth, or simply of multiple layers of cloth, generally linen. Though these armours do not look like
much, they were very effective - a 30 layer of jack protects well against sword slashes, longbow arrows and spears, according to Alan Williams tests. As the author of the ordinances of King
Louis XI of France said, he had never seen (even so many as) half a dozen men killed when wearing such jacks. Later in the 15th century many English archers wore a brigandine, a torso
defense made of many small metal plates riveted to a cloth backing, but this does not seem common among archers during the period of Agincourt (though some early brigandine seems to have
been worn by some men at arms). Archers do not seem to have worn leg armour in the early 15th century.

For weapons, it is hard to tell what the miscellaneous assortment of axes, swords etc. would have looked like. We know that English archers used single-bladed swords called falchions (which
look like either a cutlass or a cleaver, depending on the type). English Archers also seem to have carried bucklers (very small parrying shields), to use with their swords, which would be
convenient since sword and buckler could be hung for a belt, leaving both hands free to shoot. The Burgundian chronicler Waurin notes archers using becs de faucon, a spiked polearm. Archers
would have also had daggers, many of the bollock type (so called because of the two bulges at the base of the blade - the name is medieval).

In conclusion, the equipment of an English archer of the early 15th century could vary between a man completely unarmoured and armed only with his bow and a dagger, and a man armed with a
thick jack, falchion, buckler and bascinet. It is unclear, at a particular battle, just how many archers would be armed more like the first than the second, at least early in the 15th century.
Sources:
Strickland and Hardy, The Great Warbow - General notes on equipment, battle accounts. This is a very comprehensive book on English archers that does a good job of quoting sources,
but many of its conclusions are questionable, particularly regarding armour penetration by longbows.
Alan Williams - The Knight and the Blast Furnace - notes on the effectiveness of jacks.
Thom Richardson - The medieval inventories of the Tower Armouries 1320-1410 - bascinet inventories