INSTRUCTION MANUAL & OBSERVATION BOOK

EELR11 - DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS

LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI 620015

INSTRUCTION MANUAL & OBSERVATION BOOK

EELR11- DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS
LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI - 620015

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY TIRUCHIRAPPALLI

EELR11: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS

LABORATORY
Sl.
No.

Name of the
Experiment

Page
Completion Date
No. Exp.
Cal.

1.

Open Circuit and

Load Characteristics
of DC Generator

2.

Speed Control of DC
Shunt Motor

Marks
Signature
(30)

Open Circuit and

3(a). short circuit test on
Single-Phase
Transformer
3(b).

Load Test on
Single-Phase
Transformer

4.

Swinburns Test

5.

Load Test on DC
Shunt Motor

6.

Parallel operation of
Single-Phase
Transformer

7.

Sumpners Test

8.

Electrical Braking in
DC Shunt Motor

9.

Load Characteristics
of DC Compound
Generator

10.

Load Test on DC
Series Motor

Faculty In-Charge:

Dr. N. Kumaresan

Teaching Assistant:

Mr. C. H. Ram Jethmalani Mr. Rajan Chalotra

Mr. B. Murali
Mr. Vinay Krishna
Mr. I. Anand
Mrs. Geetanjli yadav

NITT

SAFETY REGULATIONS

The electrical experiments contained in this manual have been designed to provide maximum
safety. To safely complete these experiments, the student is required to follow the following
safety requirements and all specific requirements outlined by faculty in-charge or teaching
assistant (TA). Students must be aware that the voltage and power levels used in this laboratory
may cause serious shocks, or even death, if a contact is made with a live circuit. The following
safety rules will strictly be enforced in this laboratory.

Never connect a circuit to the distribution panel until all wiring is completed. The lab TA
must check the wiring of the circuit prior to connection.

Plan all wiring carefully and keep the wiring arrangement neat.

Ensure that all wires, rheostats and meters are the proper rating for the circuit. If in doubt,
always check with the TA or faculty in-charge.

Use only proper terminals for connection points; do not use meters as terminal points.

Check all connections to ensure good contact.

The faculty in-charge or TA must check the connections before any power is turned on.

Always turn power on and off using the circuit breaker-do not pull or insert distribution
leads to breaker or contact circuits if the circuit breaker is in the ON position.

Never attempt to alter the connections and change meters in a live circuit.

Do not leave power ON any longer than is required to record the readings.

Be extra careful when working with rotating machinery.

Beware of the danger of loose clothing becoming tangled on rotating shafts.

Remove jewellery and tie back loose hair.

EELR11

DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1.1 OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT GENERATOR

Fuse

Fuse

SPST
A

IL

F
F
230 V
DC
Supply

D
P
S
T
S1

FF

FF
AA

AA

Variable
Resistive
Load
230V,15A,UPF

Fuse

PANEL BOARD

VL

D
P
S
T
S2

+
If

Fuse

NAME PLATE DETAILS

GENERATOR

MOTOR

RATED VOLTAGE =

RATED VOLTAGE =

RATED CURRENT =

RATED CURRENT =

RATED POWER =

RATED POWER =

RATED SPEED =

RATED SPEED =

SELF EXT CURRENT =

SELF EXT CURRENT =

Experiment No.

OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF

DC SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM
To obtain the open circuit and load characteristics of DC shunt generator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No.

Name of the apparatus

1.

Voltmeter

2.

Ammeter

3.

Wire wound rheostat

4.

SPST switch

5.

DPST switch

6.

Connecting wires

Range

Quantity

PRECAUTIONS
1. Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.
2. All DPST and SPST switches should be in open position.
3. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum position and armature rheostat
should be kept at maximum position.
4. The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum position.

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED

PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram 1.1.
2. Close the DPST switch (DPST S1).
3. Gradually bring the armature rheostat of the motor to its minimum position to apply the
rated voltage.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor to obtain the rated speed.
5. Note the residual voltage corresponding to zero field current at the generator terminals.
6. Close the SPST switch and note down the voltmeter readings for different values of field
current by adjusting the generator field rheostat till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage.
7. Close the DPST switch (DPST S2).
8. Switch on the load. Note down the values of VL, IL and If after bringing the generator
speed to its rated value.
9.

Repeat step 8 till the rated current of either the generator or the motor is reached.

10. Switch off all load switches one by one. Open DPST S2. Bring the field rheostat of the
generator to its initial position. Bring the field and armature rheostats of the motor to
their initial position.
11. Open the DPST S1 and disconnect the circuit.

FORMULAE TO BE USED
Ia = IL + If (A)
Eg = VL + Ia Ra

(V)

where,
Eg - Generated Voltage (V)
VL - Load Voltage

(V)

Ia - Armature Current

(A)

Ra - Armature Resistance ()
IL - Load Current

(A)

If - Field Current

(A)

TABLE 1.1 OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS

Sl. No.

Eg

(V)

If (A)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

TABLE 1.2 LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

Sl.
No.

VL (V)

IL (A)

If (A)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Ia (A)

Eg (V)

MODEL CALCULATION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1.2 DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE

Fuse

D
P
S
T

36 V
DC
Supply

+
V

AA

Fuse

PANEL BOARD

TABLE 1.3 DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE

Sl.
No.

Armature Voltage (V)

Armature Current (A)

1
2
3
4
5

Ravg = _______________________ ()
Ra = 1.2 Ravg = _______________________ ()

R = V/I ()

MODEL GRAPHS

Eg (V)
Eg(V), VL(V)
Open Circuit
Characteristics

Internal
Characteristics
Eg Vs Ia
External
Characteristics
VL Vs IL

If (A)

IL (A), Ia(A)

RESULT

INFERENCE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2.1 SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

Fuse

+
A
F

230 V
DC
Supply

D
P
S
T

Va

+ FF

Fuse

AA

If

PANEL BOARD

NAME PLATE DETAILS

MOTOR
RATED VOLTAGE =
RATED CURRENT =
RATED POWER =
RATED SPEED =

10

Experiment No.

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM
To obtain the no load speed characteristics of DC shunt motor by means of field and
armature control methods.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Sl. No.

Name of the apparatus

1.

Voltmeter

2.

Ammeter

3.

Wire wound rheostat

4.

Connecting Wires

Range

Quantity

PRECAUTIONS
1. Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.
2. The DPST switch should be in open position.
3. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum position and armature rheostat
should be kept at maximum position.

11

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED

12

PROCEDURE
FIELD CONTROL METHOD

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram 2.1.

2. Close the DPST switch.
3. Set the armature voltage of the motor at a certain value by adjusting the armature
rheostat of the motor.
4. Vary the field rheostat of the motor and note down the field current and the
corresponding motor speed.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for two more different values of the armature voltage.
6. Bring the field and armature rheostats of the motor to their initial position.

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

1. Set the field current at a certain value by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor.
2. Vary the armature rheostat of the motor and note down the armature voltage and
the corresponding motor speed.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for two more different values of the field current.
4. Bring the field and armature rheostats of the motor to their initial position.
5. Open the DPST switch and disconnect the circuit.

13

TABLE 2.1 FIELD CONTROL METHOD

Va1 =

(V)

Va2 =

(V)

Va3 =

If (A)

N (rpm)

If (A)

N (rpm)

If (A)

(V)

Sl. No.
N (rpm)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

TABLE 2.2 ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

If1 =

(A)

If2 =

(A)

If3 =

(A)

Sl. No.
Va (V)

N (rpm)

Va ( V )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

14

N (rpm)

Va ( V )

N (rpm)

MODEL GRAPHS

FIELD CONTROL METHOD

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

Va3 Va2 Va1

If1 If2 If3

If3
If2
If1

(rpm)

Va3

(rpm)

Va2
Va1

If (A)

Va (V)

(SPEED N Vs FIELD CURRENT If )

(SPEED N Vs ARMATURE VOLTAGE Va )

RESULT

INFERENCE

15

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3.1(a) OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

SPST

Fuse

B
D
P
S
T

230V,50 Hz,
AC Supply

V
WO

Py

Sec

Open
circuit

E
C
Fuse

1:1

N
PANEL BOARD

230

230
C

SINGLE-PHASE
TRANSFORMER

SINGLE-PHASE
AUTOTRANSFORMER

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3.2 (a) SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

SPST

Fuse

B
C
230V,50 Hz,
AC Supply

D
P
S
T

230

230

Py

Sec

V
WSC

v
E

C
Fuse

0
1:1

N
PANEL BOARD

SINGLE-PHASE
AUTOTRANSFORMER

NAME PLATE DETAILS: TRANSFORMER

RATED PRIMARY VOLTAGE =
RATED SECONDARY VOLTAGE =
RATED POWER =

16

SINGLE-PHASE
TRANSFORMER

Short
circuit

Experiment No.

OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON

SINGLE - PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM
To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a single-phase transformer and to
predetermine the efficiency and voltage regulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No.

Name of apparatus

1.

Voltmeter

2.

Ammeter

3.

Wattmeter

4.

SPST switch

5.

Connecting wires

Range

PRECAUTIONS
1. Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.
2. The DPST switch and SPST switch should be in open position.
3. The Auto-transformer should be in zero position.

17

Quantity

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED

18

PROCEDURE

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

1. Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram 3.1.
2. Close the DPST switch and SPST switch.
3. Adjust the auto transformer to apply the rated voltage.
4. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings.
5. Bring the auto transformer to its zero position.
6. Open the SPST switch, DPST switch and disconnect the circuit.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

1. Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram 3.2.
2. Close the DPST switch and SPST switch.
3. Adjust the auto transformer till the ammeter reads the rated current.
4. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings.
5. Bring the auto transformer to its zero position.
6. Open the SPST switch, DPST switch and disconnect the circuit.

FORMULAE TO BE USED

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Wo = Vo Io coso (W)
coso = Wo / (Vo Io)
Iw = Io coso (A)
Ro = Vo/Iw ()
I m = Io sin o (A)
Xo = Vo/Im ()

19

TABLE 3.1 (a) OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Wattmeter Reading WO
VO (V)

IO (A)
Observed (div)

Actual (W)

TABLE 3.2 (a) SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Wattmeter Reading Wsc

Vsc (V)

Isc (A)
Observed (div)

20

Actual (W)

where,
Wo - No load Iron loss (W)
Vo - Primary voltage (V)
Io - No load current (A)
cos o - No load power factor
Iw - Active current (A)
Im - Magnetizing current (A)
Ro - core loss resistance ()
Xo - Magnetizing reactance ()
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
Z0l = Vsc/ Isc ()
R01 = Wsc / (Isc)2

()

X 01 Z 012 R012 ()
where,
Vsc - Short circuit voltage (V)
Isc - Short circuit current (A)
X01 - Equivalent reactance referred to primary ()
Z01 - Equivalent impedance referred to primary ()
= (Output Power / Input Power) x 100 (%)

where,
x - Fraction of load

where,
(+) for lagging and (-) for leading power factor

21

TABLE 3.3 (a) EFFICIENCY CALCULATION.

cos = 1
x
Wcu (W)

cos = 0.8
Total
Losses
(W)

Output
Power
(W)

Input
Power
(W)

(%)

Wcu (W)

22

Total
Losses
(W)

Output
Power
(W)

Input
Power
(W)

(%)

MODEL CALCULATION

23

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3.3 (a) EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE-PHASE

TRANSFORMER

X 01

R 01

X0

R0

TABLE 3.4 (a) VOLTAGE REGULATION

cos

x= 1

x = 0.5

% Voltage Regulation

% Voltage Regulation

Lag

Lag

Lead

24

Lead

MODEL GRAPHS

COS

=1
= 0.8

Efficiency
()

COS

% Regulation

Lagging

Output Power (w)

RESULT

INFERENCE

25

Leading

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3.1(b) LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Fuse

230,50 Hz,
1-
AC
Supply

D
P
S
T
S1

Ip

230
C

Py

Sec

Vp

Is

v
Vs

Fuse

Fuse
D
P
S
T
S2

1-Ph
Variable
Resistive
Load

0
1:1

N
PANEL BOARD

230

v
E

Single Phase
Transformer

Single Phase
AUTOTRANSFORMER

NAME PLATE DETAILS: TRANSFORMER

RATED PRIMARY VOLTAGE =
RATED SECONDARY VOLTAGE =
RATED POWER =

26

Experiment No.

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM
To conduct load test on a single phase transformer and to determine the %
efficiency and % voltage regulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Sl. No.

Name of the apparatus

1.

Voltmeter

2.

Ammeter

3.

Wattmeter

4.

DPST switch

5.

Connecting wires

Range

PRECAUTIONS

1. Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.

2. Both DPST switches should be kept in open position
3. The auto-transformer should be kept in zero position.
4. All load switches should be kept in open position.

27

Quantity

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED

28

PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram 4.1.
2. Close the DPST S1.
3. Adjust the auto transformer to apply rated voltage across the primary winding.
4. Close the DPST S2 and note down the no load readings.
5. Apply the load and note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
6. Repeat step 5 till the ammeter reads the rated current.
7. Open all the load switches one by one. Open DPST S2.
8. Bring the auto transformer to zero position.
9. Open DPST S1 and disconnect the circuit.

FORMULA TO BE USED

where,
Wp - Input power in the primary (W)
Ws - Output power in the secondary (W)
Vso - No load secondary voltage (V)
Vs - Secondary voltage at load (V)

29

TABLE 3.1 (b)LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Input power
primary
Sl.
No.

Vp (V)

Ip (A)

in

the

Wp
Obs (div)

Vs (V)
Act (W)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

30

Is (A)

Output power in Efficiency

the secondary
%
Ws (W)

% Regulation

MODEL CALCULATION

31

MODEL CALCULATION

32

MODEL GRAPHS

% Regulation Vs Output power (W)

Efficiency
()

() Regulation

% Efficiency Vs Output power (W)

Output Power (W)

Output Power (W)

RESULT

INFERENCE

33

CIRCUIT DIGRAM 4.1 SWINBURNES TEST

Fuse

ILO

A
F

+
230 V
DC
Supply

D
P
S
T

+ FF

If

Fuse

PANEL BOARD

NAME PLATE DETAILS

MOTOR
RATED VOLTAGE =
RATED CURRENT =
RATED POWER =
RATED SPEED =

34

VL
AA

Experiment No.

SWINBURNES TEST
AIM
To find the losses in a DC shunt machine and to predetermine the efficiency of the
machine as motor and generator by Swinburnes test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED

Sl. No.

Name of the apparatus

1.

Voltmeter

2.

Ammeter

3.

Wire wound rheostat

4.

Connecting Wires

Range

Quantity

PRECAUTIONS
1. Motor should be in the no load condition.
2. Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.
3. The DPST switch should be in open position.
4. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum position and armature rheostat
should be kept at maximum position.

35

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED

36

PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram 6.1.
2. Close the DPST switch.
3. Gradually bring the armature rheostat of the motor to its minimum position to apply the
rated voltage.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor to obtain the rated speed.
5. Note down the voltage across the armature, field current and the line current.
6. Bring the field and armature rheostats of the motor to their initial position.
7. Open the DPST switch and disconnect the circuit.

FORMULAE TO BE USED
WC = V ILO Iao2 Ra (W)
% Efficiency = (output power/ input power) x 100
For Motor
Input power = V IL (W)
WCU = Ia 2 Ra (W)
Ia = IL - If (A)
Total loss WT = WCU +WC (W)
Output power = Input power - Total loss (W)
Output power = V IL - WT (W)

100

Efficiency of the machine while running as motor

For Generator
Output power = V IL (W)
WCU = Ia 2 Ra (W)
Ia = IL + If (A)
Total loss WT = WCU +WC (W)
Input power = Output power + Total loss (W)
Input power = V IL + WT (W)
Efficiency of the machine while running as generator

100

where,
V - Terminal Voltage (V)
IL0 - No load line current (A)
Ia0 - No load armature current (A)
Ra - Armature resistance ()
IL - Load current (A)

If - Field current (A)

Ia - Armature current (A)
Wcu - Copper loss (W)
WT - Total losses (W)
WC - Constant loss (W)

37

TABLE 4.2 NO LOAD TEST

Speed
(rpm)

N Armature
Voltage
(V)

No-load Line
Current

Field
current

ILO (A)

If (A)

No-load Armature
Current
Iao = ILO If (A)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4.2 DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE

Fuse

+
D
P
S
T

36 V
DC
Supply

M
V

AA

Fuse

PANEL BOARD

TABLE 4.3 DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE

Sl.
No.

Armature Voltage (V)

Armature Current (A)

1
2
3
4
5

Ravg = _______________________ ( )
Ra = 1.2 Ravg = _______________________ ( )

38

R = V/I ()

MODEL CALCULATION

39

TABLE 4.4 RUNNING AS GENERATOR

Sl.
No.

Line

Armature

Copper loss

Total

Output

Input

Current

Current

WCU (W)

Losses

Power

Power

IL (A)

Ia (A)

WT (W)

(W)

(W)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

40

TABLE 4.5 RUNNING AS MOTOR

Sl.
No.

Line

Armature

Copper loss

Total

Output

Input

Current

Current

WCU (W)

Losses

Power

Power

IL (A)

Ia (A)

WT (W)

(W)

(W)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

41

MODEL CALCULATION

42

MODEL CALCULATION

43

MODEL CALCULATION

44

MODEL GRAPHS
Generator

()

Efficiency

Motor

Output Power (W)

RESULT

INFERENCE

45

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 5.1 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

Fuse

S1

IL

S2

A
F

230 V
DC
Supply

D
P
S
T

VL

FF
AA

BRAKE DRUM

Fuse

PANEL BOARD

NAME PLATE DETAILS

MOTOR
RATED VOLTAGE =
RATED CURRENT =
RATED POWER =
RATED SPEED =

46

Experiment No:
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM
To perform the load test on DC shunt motor and obtain the load characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No.

Name of the apparatus

1.

Voltmeter

2.

Ammeter

3.

Wire wound rheostat

4.

Connecting Wires

Range

Quantity

PRECAUTIONS
1. Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.
2. The DPST switch should be in open position.
3. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum position and armature
rheostat should be kept at maximum position.

47

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED

48

PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram 9.1.
2. Close the DPST switch.
3. Gradually bring the armature rheostat of the motor to its minimum position to
apply the rated voltage.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor to obtain the rated speed.
5. Note down the no load readings.
6. Apply the load by tightening the belt in the brake drum arrangement.
7. Note down the values of VL, IL, N and the spring balance readings.
8. Repeat the steps 6 and 7 till the ammeter reads the rated current of the motor.
9. Remove the load by loosening the belt in the brake drum arrangement.
10. Bring the field and armature rheostats of the motor to their initial position.
11. Open the DPST switch and disconnect the circuit.

FORMULAE TO BE USED
1. Input power, Pi = VL IL (W)
2. Torque,
T = 9.81 (S1 ~ S2) (R + t/2) (N-m)
3. Output Power,
Po= 2 N T / 60 (W)
4. Efficiency, = (Output power / Input power) 100 (%)
where,
VL - Line voltage (V)
IL - Line current (A)
S1 - Reading of the spring balance 1 (kg)
S2 - Reading of the spring balance 2 (kg)
R - Radius of the brake drum (m)
t - Thickness of the belt (m)

49

TABLE - 5.1 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

Sl. Line
Line
Speed
No. Voltage Current N
VL (V) IL (A)
(rpm)

Spring
balance
readings
S1
S2
(kg) (kg)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

50

Torque Output
T
Power
(N-m)
Po
(W)

Input
Power
Pin
(W)

Efficiency
%

MODEL CALCULATION

51

MODEL CALCULATION

52

MODEL GRAPHS
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

SPEED Vs TORQUE

N Vs Po

T (Nm)
N(rpm)
IL (A)

IL Vs Po

N (rpm)

()

Vs Po

T Vs Po

T (Nm)

PO (W)

RESULT

INFERENCE

53

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6.1 PARALLEL OPERATION OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Fuse

(0-10)A
MI I

T1
1KVA

15A

20 A

230V,50 Hz,
AC Supply

D
P
S
T
S1

0-300V
MI

(0-600)V
MI
Sec

Py

E
C

SPST

v
20 A

Fuse

230

230

(0-15)A
MI
IL

D
P
S 0-300V
v
T
MI
S2
Vt

1-Ph
Variable
Resistive
Load

15A

Fuse

N
20 A
PANEL BOARD

(0-10)A
MI
I2

1:1

SINGLE-PHASE
AUTOTRANSFORMER

230

230

Sec

Py

1:1

NAME PLATE DETAILS

2KVA
T2

TRANSFORMER 1

TRANSFORMER 2

RATED PRIMARY VOLTAGE =

RATED PRIMARY VOLTAGE =

RATED SECONDARY VOLTAGE =

RATED SECONDARY VOLTAGE =

RATED POW ER =

RATED POW ER =

54

Experiment No.
PARALLEL OPERATION OF SINGLE - PHASE TRANSFORMERS
AIM
To study the parallel operation of single-phase transformers and verify the
theoretical and measured values of current.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl.
No.

Name of the apparatus

1.

Voltmeter

2.

Ammeter

3.

Wattmeter

4.

DPST switch

5.

SPST switch

6.

Connecting wires

Range

Quantity

PRECAUTIONS
1. Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.
2. Both DPST s and the SPST switches should be kept in open position.
3. All load switches should be kept in open position.

55

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6.2 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

SPST
Fuse

ISC

15A

125V,20A,UPF
M

30 A

230V,50 Hz,
AC Supply

D
P
S
T

(0-15)A
MI

v
E

230

230

Py

Sec

V
WSC

0-150V
MI
V SC

Fuse

30 A
PANEL BOARD

1:1
SINGLE-PHASE
TRANSFORMER

SINGLE-PHASE
AUTOTRANSFORMER

56

Short
circuit

PROCEDURE
PARALLEL OPERATION
1. Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram 7.1.
2. Close DPST S1.
3. Using auto transformer, apply the rated voltage across the primary of the transformer.
4. Check for zero reading in the voltmeter. If it reads twice the rated value, change the
polarity of the secondary of either transformer.
5. Close SPST and DPST S2.
6. Apply the load and note down the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
7. Repeat step 5 till the rated current of the low rated transformer is reached.
8. Open all the load switches one by one. Open DPST S2 and SPST switch.
9. Bring the auto transformer to its zero position.
10. Open DPST S1 and disconnect the circuit.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
7. Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram 7.2.
8. Close the DPST switch and SPST switch.
9. Adjust the auto transformer till the ammeter reads the rated current.
10. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings.
11. Bring the auto transformer to its zero position.
12. Open the SPST switch, DPST switch and disconnect the circuit.

57

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED

58

FORMULAE TO BE USED
Z2
A
I t1 I L
Z

Z
2
1

Z1
A
I t 2 I L
Z1 Z 2
where,
Z1 and Z2 are transformer impedances ()
IL - Line current (A)
It1 - Theoretical value of current through transformer1 (A)
It2 - Theoretical value of current through transformer2 (A)
For Transformer 1
V
Z 01 SC1
I SC1
W
R01 2SC1
I SC1

X 01 Z 012 R012
Z1 R01 jX 01
For Transformer 2
V
Z 02 SC 2
I SC 2
W
R02 2SC 2
I SC 2

X 02 Z 022 R022
Z 2 R02 jX 02

where,
Vsc1 and Vsc2 are the short circuit voltages (V)
Isc1 and Isc2 are short circuit currents (A)

59

TABLE 6.1 PARALLEL OPERATION

Sl. No.

I1

(A)

I2 ( A )

IL ( A )

Vt

(V)

It2 ( A )

It1 ( A )

1
2
3
4
5
6

TABLE 6.2 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

Wattmeter Reading WSC
Transformer rating

ISC

(A)

VSC ( V)

60

Observed (div)

Actual ( W )

MODEL CALCULATION

61

MODEL CALCULATION

62

RESULT

INFERENCE

63

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 7.1 SUMPNERS TEST

SPST S 1

Fuse

Fuse

SPST S 2

T1
W1

D
P
S
T

T2

230 V
1 , 50 Hz
AC Supply

230

230

Py 1

Sec 1

Fuse

230

230

Py 2

Sec 2

Fuse

1:1

1:1

PANEL BOARD
SPST S3

Fuse

V
W2

E
C

NAME PLATE DETAILS: TRANSFORMER

SINGLE PHASE
AUTO TRANSFORMER

RATED PRIMARY VOLTAGE =

RATED SECONDARY VOLTAGE =
RATED POWER =

64

Experiment No:

SUMPNERS TEST

AIM
To obtain the equivalent circuit of single phase transformer using sumpners test by
conducting open circuit and short circuit tests on two identical transformers.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Sl.
No.

Name of the apparatus

1.

Ammeter

2.

Voltmeter

3.

Wattmeter

4.

SPST switch

5.

Connecting wires

Range

PRECAUTIONS
1. Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.
2. All SPST and DPST switches should be kept in open position.
3. Single phase auto transformer should be kept in zero position.

65

Quantity

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED

66

PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram 8.1.
2. Close DPST and SPST S1.
3. Check for zero reading in the voltmeter (0-600) V. If it does not read zero, change the
polarity of the secondary of either transformer.
4. Close SPST S2. Note the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings at the primary
side of the transformer1 (Py1).
5. Close SPST S3 to short circuit the secondary windings.
6. Adjust the auto transformer so that the rated current flows in the secondary.
7. Note the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings at the secondary side of the
transformer1 (Sec 1).
8. Bring the auto transformer to its zero position. Open all SPST and DPST switches.
Disconnect the circuit.
FORMULAE TO BE USED
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
Core loss in each transformer = W1 / 2 (W)
cos o = W1/(V1I1)
Ro = 2V1 / (I1cos o ) ()
Xo = 2V1 / (I1sin o ) ()
where,
W1, V1 and I1 are the readings of wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter respectively during
the open circuit test.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
2Z02 = V2 / I2
Z02 = V2 / (2I2) ()
R02 = W2 / (2 I22) ()

X 02 Z 022 R022

where,
W2, V2 and I2 are the readings of wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter respectively during
the short circuit test.

67

TABLE 7.1 OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Wattmeter Reading W1
V1 (V)

I1 (A)

Observed (div)

Actual (W)

TABLE 7.2 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Wattmeter Reading W2
V2 (V)

I2 (A)
Observed (div)

68

Actual (W)

MODEL CALCULATION

69

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 7.2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE-PHASE

TRANSFORMER

R 02

R0

X 02

X0

70

RESULT

INFERENCE

71

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 8.1 DYNAMIC BRAKING IN DC SHUNT MOTOR

DPDT

50/5A

Fuse

A
Ib
50/5A
Fuse
230/1.7A

230V DC

Rb

D
P
S
T

50/5A

AA

FF

Fuse

NAME PLATE DETAILS

MOTOR
RATED VOLTAGE =
RATED CURRENT =
RATED POWER =
RATED SPEED =

72

Experiment No.
ELECTRICAL BRAKING IN DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM
To obtain the electrical backing characteristics of DC shunt motor using
i.
Dynamic Braking
ii.
Plugging

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Name of the apparatus
Sl. No.
1.

Voltmeter

2.

Ammeter

3.

Wire wound rheostat

4.

Connecting Wires

Range

Quantity

PRECAUTIONS
1. Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.
2. The DPST switch should be in open position.
3. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum position and armature rheostat
should be kept at maximum position.
PROCEDURE
1. Close DPDT switch to supply side.
2. Close DPST switch.
3. Decrease armature circuit resistance gradually and allow the motor to pick up its
speed.
4. Increase the field circuit resistance and bring up speed of the motor around 1.1Nr.
5. Open DPST switch. The motor speed starts falling down.
6. Start counting time(t) when N=Nr, then for every reduction of 200 to 300 rpm and
finally when the motor stops.
7. The N Vs t characteristics thus obtained corresponds to natural braking
characteristic.
8. Bring back armature circuit rheostat to maximum position and field circuit rheostat to
minimum position.
9. Follow steps 1 to 4.
10. Open DPST switch from the supply side and close it to the braking resistance side
quickly. The motor speed starts falling down at a faster rate than natural braking.
11. Follow step 6 to obtain the dynamic braking characteristic of the motor with the initial
braking current measured in the ammeter.
12. Repeat steps8, 9, 10 and 11 with decreased value of braking resistance.

73

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED

74

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 8.2 BRAKING BY PLUGGING

50/5A

DPDT

50/5A

Fuse

230/1.7A

50/5A
Fuse

230V
DC

D
P
S
T

Rb

50/5A

AA

F
F

Fuse

Ib

Precautions/Initial settings
Same as given for Dynamic braking
Procedure
1. Same as given for dynamic braking.
2. Care should be taken to open DPDT switch as and when the motor speed becomes
zero during braking by plugging.
3. Failure to open DPDT will cause the motor to pick up its speed in opposite
direction.

75

TABLE 8.1 DYNAMIC BRAKING

Ib1 =

(A)

Ib2 =

(A)

Ib3 =

(A)

Sl. No.
t

N (rpm)

N (rpm)

N (rpm)

TABLE 8.2 BRAKING BY PLUGGING

Ib1 =

(A)

Ib2 =

(A)

Ib3 =

(A)

Sl. No.
t

N (rpm)

N (rpm)

76

N (rpm)

RESULT

INFERENCE

77

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 9.1 LOAD CHARACTERSTICS OF DC COMPOUND GENERATOR

Fuse

Fuse
YY

SPST
A

IL

230 V
DC
Supply

D
P
S
T
S1

V
FF

Fuse

NAME PLATE DETAILS

GENERATOR

MOTOR

RATED VOLTAGE =

RATED VOLTAGE =

RATED CURRENT =

RATED CURRENT =

RATED POWER =

RATED POWER =

RATED SPEED =

RATED SPEED =

SELF EXT CURRENT =

SELF EXT CURRENT =

78

Variable
Resistive
Load
230V,15A,UPF

Fuse

D
P
S
T
S2

AA

If

PANEL BOARD

VL

FF
AA

Experiment No:

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND

GENERATOR
AIM
To conduct the load test on DC compound generator and to obtain the load
characteristics of cumulatively compounded and differentially compounded generator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Sl. No.

Name of the apparatus

1.

Voltmeter

2.

Ammeter

3.

Wire wound rheostat

4.

SPST switch

5.

DPST switch

6.

Connecting Wires

Range

Quantity

PRECAUTIONS

1. Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.

2. All DPST and SPST switches should be in open position.
3. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum position and armature rheostat
should be kept at maximum position.

79

4. The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum position.

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED

80

PROCEDURE
CUMULATIVELY COMPOUNDED GENERATOR
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram 5.1.
2. Close the DPST switch (DPST S1).
3. Gradually bring the armature rheostat of the motor to its minimum position to apply the
rated voltage.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor to obtain the rated speed.
5. Close the SPST switch. Bring the terminal voltage of the generator to its rated value by
adjusting the rheostat in the field circuit of the generator.
6. Close the DPST switch (DPST S2).
7. Note the no load voltage and current.
8. Switch on the load. Note down the values of V L, IL and If after bringing the generator
speed to its rated value.
9. Repeat step 8 till the rated current of either the generator or the motor is reached.
10. Switch off all load switches one by one. Open DPST S2. Bring the field rheostat of the
generator to its initial position. Bring the field and armature rheostats of the motor to
their initial position.
11. Switch off DPST S1.
DIFFERENTIALLY COMPOUNDED GENERATOR
1. Interchange the terminal connections of the series winding (Y, YY) of the generator.
2. Follow the steps 2 to 11 of cumulatively compounded generator.
3. Disconnect the circuit.

FORMULAE TO BE USED
1. Ia = IL + If

(A)

2. Eg = VL+ Ia(Ra+ Rse) (V)

where,
Eg - Generated EMF at Load condition (V)
VL - Terminal Voltage (V)
Ia - Armature Current (A)
Ra - Armature Resistance ()
Rse - Series field Resistance ()
IL - Load Current (A)
If - Field Current (A)

81

TABLE 9.1 CUMULATIVELY COMPOUNDED GENERATOR

Sl.
No.

VL (V)

If (A)

IL (A)

Ia (A)

Eg (V)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

TABLE 9.2 DIFFERENTIALLY COMPOUNDED GENERATOR

Sl.
No.

VL (V)

If (A)

IL (A)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

82

Ia (A)

Eg (V)

MODEL CALCULATION:

83

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 9.2 DETERMINATION OF (Ra+ Rse)

Fuse

+
A

YY

+
D
P
S
T

36 V
DC
Supply

AA

Fuse

PANEL BOARD

TABLE - 9.3 DETERMINATION OF (Ra+ Rse)

Sl. No.

Voltage (V)

Current(A)

1
2
3
4
5

R(avg) = _______________________ ( )
Ra+ Rse = 1.2 Ravg = _______________________ ( )

84

R= V/I ()

MODEL GRAPH

Eg Vs Ia

Eg (V),
VL (V)

CUMULATIVELY
COMPOUNDED

VL Vs IL

Eg Vs Ia
VL Vs IL

IL (A), Ia (A)

RESULT

INFERENCE

85

DIFFERENTIALY
COMPOUNDED

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 10.1 LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

NAME PLATE DETAILS

MOTOR
RATED VOLTAGE =
RATED CURRENT =
RATED POWER =
RATED SPEED =

86

Experiment No.
LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR
AIM
To perform the load test on D.C series motor and obtain the load
characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Name of the apparatus
Sl. No.
1.

Voltmeter

2.

Ammeter

3.

Wire wound rheostat

4.

Connecting Wires

Range

Quantity

PRECAUTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.

Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.

The DPST switch should be in open position.
The motor armature rheostat should be kept at maximum position.
Safe load must be applied before starting.

PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.

Make the connections as per the circuit diagram 10.1.

Apply safe load before starting.
Close the DPST switch.
Gradually bring the armature rheostat of the motor to its minimum position to apply
the rated voltage.
5. Note down the no load readings.
6. Apply the load by tightening the belt in the brake drum arrangement.
7. Note down the values of V, I, N and the spring balance readings.
8. Repeat the steps 6 and 7 till the ammeter reads the rated current of the motor.
9. Remove the load by loosening the belt in the brake drum arrangement.
10. Bring the armature rheostat of the motor to the initial position.
11. Open the DPST switch and disconnect the circuit.

87

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED

88

FORMULAE TO BE USED
1. Input power, Pin = V I
2. Shaft torque, T = (S1 S2) R g N m
3. Output power, Po = (2NT/60) Watts.
4. % Efficiency. = (Po / Pin) 100
where,
V - Line voltage (V)
I - Line current (A)
S1 - Reading of the spring balance 1 (kg)
S2 - Reading of the spring balance 2 (kg)
R - Radius of the brake drum (m)
t - Thickness of the belt (m)

TABLE - 10.1 LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

Sl. Line
Line
Speed
No. Voltage Current N
V (V)
I(A)
(rpm)

Spring
balance
readings
S1
S2
(kg) (kg)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

89

Torque Output
T
Power
(N-m)
Po
(W)

Input
Power
Pin
(W)

Efficiency
%

MODEL CALCULATION

90

MODEL CALCULATION

91

MODEL GRAPHS
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

T (Nm)
N(rpm)
I (A)

IL

N(rpm)

Vs Po

N Vs Po

SPEED Vs TORQUE

Vs Po

T Vs Po

T (Nm)
PO (W)

RESULT

INFERENCE

92

Instruments/ components available in the laboratory

Voltmeter (MC)

Voltmeter (MI)

Ammeter (MC)

Ammeter (MI)

(0-30 ) V

(0-5)V

(0-1 )A

(0-1 )A

(0-60 ) V

(0-10 ) V

(0-2 )A

(0-2 )A

(0-75 ) V

(0-15)V

(0-2.5 )A

(0-2.5 )A

(0-150 ) V

(0-30 ) V

(0-5 )A

(0-5 )A

(0-300 ) V

(0-60 ) V

(0-10 )A

(0-10 )A

(0-600 ) V

(0-150 ) V

(0-15 )A

(0-15 )A

(0-300 ) V

(0-20)A

(0-20)A

(0-600 ) V

(0-30)A

(0-30)A

Voltage coil
Current coil

Wattmeter (UPF)
500V,250 V, 125 V
0.5/1 A, 2.5/5 A, 5/10 A, 10/20 A

Rheostat

50 / 5 A; 140 /1.7 A; 230 /1.7A ; 750 /1.2 A

Voltage coil
Current coil

93

Wattmeter (LPF)
500V,250 V, 125 V
0.5/1 A, 2.5/5 A, 5/10 A, 10/20 A