Instrumentations in wood and fiber anatomy

Microscope
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Instrument used to aid visualization of the minute detail by the retina of the eye.
The image is characteristically finer in detail and in larger dimensions than that of the unaided
eye.
Reveal image that is too small to be distinguished by the naked eye.

History
1591-1608- even before the invention of the telescope
Zacharias Jansen- convex and concave lens
Problem for limitation of field of view and focusing is difficult.
1660- Here comes Robert Hooke, English man, who improved and developed the first compound
microscope.
Hookes compound microscope:
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With fine and course adjustment knob

With provisions and inclination of the body tube
Can be inclined
With a lamp with adjustable condenser

Classes:
Simple one lens only
Compound- consist of 2 lens acting in conjunction
Hookes microscope
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Has lot of new features

Problem with chromatic aberration( sharpness suddenly changes)
Solving (1736-1738) Barker and Smith used achromatic lenses
This modification leads to the development of ultraviolet and infrared microscope

Application in textile industry

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Fiber identification and the determination of the quantities of component fibers in blends
Grading or determination of fiber quality.
Determination of fineness of wool, the maturity of cotton
Various types of damage to fibers during processing, storage and use can be determined
quantitatively.
Detection of impurities, foreign matter and adulteration
Demonstration of the various effects and treatments of fibers like mercerization, chemical
treatments

- Determination of defects in synthetic fibers and control of the manufacturing process of manmade
fibers
Parts and Functions
1. Base tube - the objective and eyepiece are carried by the body tube. Its length can be varied by
raising or lowering an inner tube, the draw tube mounted inside the first one.
2. Stand- support instrument.
a.
Base- horseshoe
b.
Inclination joint- for inclination
c.
Stage- rigid flatform for the slide which has cnter hole to permit illumination
d.
Arm- extend form the pillar and carries the body and focusing mechanism
Focusing mechanism - permits adjustment of the distance between the microscope and
the object to obtain a clear image.
This device constitutes the coarse adjustment and the fine adjustment knobs.
Illuminating apparatus - has the function of concentrating the light on the specimen
and of regulating light intensity.
It consists of the mirror, with flat and concave sides that directs the light into the
microscope, and the diaphragm that regulates the amount of light passing through the
microscope.
Transmitted and reflected light -transmitted light reaches the object from beneath
the stage and passes through it and into the objective. The transmitted light maybe
perpendicular to the object along the axis (axial transmitted) or under an
angle (oblique transmitted light)
Artificial illumination - direct sunlight should be avoided for it could interfere with
uniform illumination of the field of vision. Artificial lights are therefore
Utilized.
Use of diaphragm - after focusing, the intensity of the light is regulated using the
diaphragm. This adjustment is crucial at a definite light intensity to obtain a clear and
visible image. The diaphragm controls the angular size of the cone of light illuminating
the object and entering the objectives.
The right opening of the diaphragm is made by making the best compromise to the
highest resolving power and absence of diffraction on the one hand, good contrast and
glare on the other. This should be determined experimentally.
Oblique illumination - this is used to increase the contrasts in unstained
preparations. Such illumination can be achieved in a simple way by using the mirror
after it has been swung to he side after the removal of the condenser, or by closing off
one-half of the light cone with a cared held under the diaphragm.
Dark illumination the object is illuminated only by indirect light, incident at an
angle larger than the aperture of the objective. This situation can be obtained
using ordinary condenser.

(see features for illumination and parts)