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DesignofStructures:LESSON14.DesignofSteelBeams
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MODULE7.LESSON14.DesignofSteelBeams
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LESSON14.DesignofSteelBeams
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General
MODULE1.
MODULE2.
MODULE3.
14.1INTRODUCTION
Thefollowingpointsshouldbeconsideredinthedesignofabeam.
1.Bendingmomentconsideration:Thesectionofthebeammustbeabletoresist
themaximumbendingmomenttowhichitissubjected.
2.Shearforceconsideration:Thesectionofthebeammustbeabletoresistthe
maximumshearforcetowhichitissubjected.
MODULE4.
MODULE5.
MODULE6.
MODULE7.
LESSON13.
SteelBeams
LESSON14.
DesignofSteel
Beams
MODULE8.
bewithinacertainlimitsothatthestrengthandefficiencyofthebeamshould
notbeaffected.Limitingthedeflectionwithinasafelimitwillalsopreventany
possible damage to finishing. As per the I.S. code, generally the maximum
deflectionshouldnotexceed1/325ofthespan.
4. Bearing stress consideration: The beam should have enough bearing area at
the supports to avoid excessive bearing stress which may lead to crushing of
thebeamorthesupportitself.
MODULE9.
MODULE10.
Courses
5.Buckling
14.2SHEARANDBEARINGSTRESSES
Whenthebeamsaresubjectedtoloads,then,thesearealsorequiredtotransmitlarge
shearforceseitheratsupportsoratconcentratedloads.Forsimplysupportedbeams,
the shear force is maximum at the supports. The values of shear force at the
concentratedloadsalsoremainlarge.Duetoshearforce,theshearstressesaresetup
along with the bending stresses at all sections of the beams. The shear stress at any
pointofthecrosssectionisgivenby
Whereistheshearstress,
F=theshearforceatcrosssection,
Q=Staticmomentabouttheneutralaxisoftheportionofcrosssectionalareabeyond
thelocationatwhichthestressisbeingdetermined.
I=Momentofinertiaofthesectionabouttheneutralaxis
t=Thicknessofweb(widthofsectionatwhichthestressisbeingdetermined)
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ThedistributionofshearstressesforrectangularsectionofbeamandIbeamsection
are shown in Fig. 14.1. The maximum shear stress occurs at the neutral axis of the
section. The maximum shear stress in a member having regard to the distribution of
stresses in conformity with the elastic behavior of the member in flexure (bending)
should not exceed the value of maximum permissible shear stress, vm found as
follows.
vm=0.45fy
Wherefyistheyieldstressofstructuralsteeltobeused.Itistonotethatinthecaseof
rolledbeamsandchannels,thedesignshearistobefoundastheaverageshear.The
averageshearstressforrolledbeamsorchannelscalculatedbydividingtheshearforce
atthecrosssectionbythegrosssectionoftheweb.Thegrosscrosssectionoftheweb
isdefinedasthedepthofthebeamorchannelmultipliedbyitswebthickness.
Averageshearstressforrectangularbeamisgivenby
Averageshearstressforrectangularbeamisgivenby
Forrolledsteelbeamsandchannels,itisassumedthatshearforceisresistedbyweb
only.Theportionofshearresistedbytheflangesisneglected.Theaverageshearstress
va.cal,inamembercalculatedonthegrosscrosssectionofweb(whenwebbuckling
isnotafactor)shouldnotexceedincaseofunstiffenedwebofthebeam,
va=0.4fy
TheallowableshearstressasperAISC,AASHTOandAREAspecificationsareas
follows:
Whenthebeamsaresubjectedtocoexistentbendingstresses(tensionorcompression)
andshearstress,thentheequivalentstress,e.calisobtainedfromthefollowing
formula
Theequivalentstressduetocoexistentbending(tensionorcompression)andshear
stressesshouldnotexceedthemaximumpermissibleequivalentstressefoundas
under
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DesignofStructures:LESSON14.DesignofSteelBeams
Whenthebearingstresspiscombinedwithtensileorcompressivebendingandshear
stressesunderthemostunfavourableconditionsofloading,theequivalentstresse.cal
obtainedasbelowshouldnotexceed
bc.cal,bt.cal,vm.calandp.calarethenumericalvaluesofthecoexistentbending
(compressionortension),shearandbendingstresses.Whenbendingoccursaboutboth
theaxesofthemember,bt.calandbc.calshouldbetakenasthesumofthetwo
calculatedfibrestresses,eisthemaximumpermissibleequivalentstress.
Thebearingstressinanypartofabeamwhencalculatedonthenetareaofcontact
shouldnotexceedthevalueofpcalculatedasbelow
Wherepisthemaximumpermissiblebearingstressandfyistheyieldstress.
14.3EFFECTIVESPANANDDEFLECTIONLIMITATION
Theeffectivespanofabeamshallbetakenasthelengthbetweenthecentresofthe
supports, except in cases where the point of application of the reaction is taken as
eccentrictothesupport,then,itshallbepermissibletotaketheeffectivespanasthe
lengthbetweentheassumedpointsofapplicationofreaction.
Thestiffnessofabeamisamajorconsiderationintheselectionofabeamsection.The
allowable deflections of beams depend upon the purpose for which the beams are
designed.Themaximumdeflectionsforsomestandardcasesaregivenbelow.Inthese
formulae W is the total load on the beam in case of uniformly distributed load and
eachconcentratedloadinthecaseofconcentratedloads.
Thelargedeflectionsofbeamsareundesirableforthefollowingreasons:
1.Whentheloadsareprimarilyduetohumanoccupantsespeciallyinthecaseof
publicmeetingplaces,largedeflectionsresultinnoticeablevibratory
movement.Thisproducesanuncomfortablesensationtotheoccupants.
2.Thelargedeflectionsmayresultincrackingofceilingplaster,floorsorpartition
walls.
3.Thelargedeflectionindicatethelackofrigidity.Itmaycausevibrationsand
overstressesunderdynamicloads.
4.Thelargedeflectionsmaycausethedistortionsintheconnections.The
distortionscausesecondarystresses.
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DesignofStructures:LESSON14.DesignofSteelBeams
5.Thelargedeflectionsmaycausepoordrainage,whichwillleadtopondingof
waterandthereforeincreasetheloads.
14.3.1Limitingverticaldeflection
Thedeflectionofamemberiscalculatedwithoutconsideringtheimpactfactoror
dynamic effect of the loads causing the deflection. The deflection of a member
shallnotbesuchastoimpairthestrengthorefficiencyofthestructureandleadto
damage to finishing. Generally, the maximum deflection for a beam shall not
exceed 1/325 of the span. This limit may be exceeded in cases where greater
deflection would not impair the strength or efficiency of the structure or lead to
damagetofinishing.Thedeflectionofthebeamsmaybedecreasedbyincreasing
thedepthofbeams,decreasingthespan,providinggreaterandrestraintorbyany
othermeans.
14.3.2Limitinghorizontaldeflection
Atthecapsofcolumnsinsinglestoreybuildings,thehorizontaldeflectiondueto
lateral force should not ordinarily exceed 1/325 of the actual length l of the
column.Thislimitmaybeexceededincaseswherethegraterdeflectionwouldnot
impairthestrengthandefficiencyofthestructureorleadtodamagetofinishing.
According to AISE specifications, the deflections of beams and girders for live
loadandplasteredceilingshouldnotexceed1/360ofthespan.
14.4LATERALLYSUPPORTEDBEAMS
Thelaterallysupportedbeamsarealsocalledlaterallyrestrainedbeams.Whenlateral
deflection of the compression flange of a beam is prevented by providing effective
lateral support (restraint), the beam is said to be laterally supported. The effective
lateral restraint is the restraint which produces sufficient resistance in a plane
perpendicular to the plane of bending to restrain the compression flange of a beam
from lateral buckling to either side at the point of application of the restraint. The
concreteslabencasingthetopflange,sothatthebottomsurfaceoftheconcreteslabis
flush with the bottom of the top flange, is shown in Fig. 14.2.A. It provides a
continuouslateralsupporttothetopflangeofthebeam.Whenotherbeamsframeat
frequentintervalsintothebeaminquestionsasshowninFig.14.2.B,lateralsupportis
providedateachpointofconnectionbutmainbeamshouldstillbecheckedbetween
thetwosupports.
In the laterally supported beams, the value of allowable bending compressive stress
remainsunalteredandthereductioninitsvalueisnotmade.Bendingcomprehensive
stress is taken equal to the allowable bending tensile stress, (bc=bt=0.66fy). The
adequatelateralsupportisprovidedtosafeguardagainstthelateraltorsionalbucking.
Incaseofdoubtforadequatelateralsupport,thebeamsshouldbedesignedaslaterally
unsupported.Incasetheconcreteslabholdsthetopflange(compressionflange)ofthe
beam from one side only, then, the lateral support is not credited. The concrete slab
simplyrestingoverthetopflangeofthebeamwithoutshearconnectorsalsodoesnot
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DesignofStructures:LESSON14.DesignofSteelBeams
provideanlateralsupport.Sometimes,theplankorbargratingisattachedtothetop
flange of beam by means of bolts. When the bolts are firmly fastened, then, they
provideadequatelateralsupporttemporarily.Eventhen,boltshavetemporarynature
ofconnections.Itispossiblethattheboltsmightbeomittedorremoved.Assuch,the
topflangeshouldnotbeconsideredlaterallysupportedfully.Thebeamshavinglateral
supportfromothermembersmaybucklebetweenpointsoflateralsupport.Therefore,
thelaterallyunsupportedlengthofbeamiskeptshort.
14.5DESIGNOFLATERALLYSUPPORTEDBEAMS
Thedesignofbeamsisgenerallygovernedbythemaximumallowablebendingstress
andtheallowabledeflection.Itsdesigniscontrolledbyshearonlywhenthespansare
short and loads are heavy. The members are selected such that the sections are
symmetricalabouttheplaneofloadingandtheunsymmetricalbendingandtorsionare
eliminated. The design of beams deals with proportioning of members, the
determinationofeffectivesectionmodulus,maximumdeflectionandtheshearstress.
In general, the rolled steel sections have webs of sufficient thickness such that the
criterionfordesignisseldomgovernedbyshear.Thefollowingaretheusualstepsin
designoflaterallysupportedbeams:
Step1.Forthedesignofbeams,loadtobecarriedbythebeam,andeffectivespan
ofthebeamareknown.Thevalueofyieldstress,fyforthestructuralsteeltobe
used is also known. For the rolled steel beams of equal flanges as given in ISI
Handbookno.1,theratioofmeanthicknessofthecompressionflange(T=tf)tothe
thicknessofwebusedtobelessthan2.00.Alsotheratioofthedepthofwebd1to
thethicknessofwebisalsosmallerthan85.Theendsofcompressionflangeofa
laterallysupportedbeamremainrestrainedagainstlateralbending(i.e.,notfreeto
rotateinplanatthebearings).
Inthebeginningofdesign,thepermissiblebendingstressintension,btorin
compression,bcmaybeassumedas0.66fy.Thebendingcompressivestress,bc
andthebendingtensilestress,btareequalforthelaterallysupportedbeam.
Step2.ThemaximumbendingmomentMandthemaximumshearforceFinthe
beamarecalculated.Therequiredsectionmodulusforthebeamisdeterminedas
Z=(M/bc)
Step 3. From the steel section tables, a rolled steel beam section, a rolled steel
beamsection,whichprovidesmorethantherequiredsectionmodulusisselected.
The steel beam section shall have (D/T) and (l/ry) ratios more than 8 and 40
respectively. As such the trial section of beam selected may have modulus of
section, Z more than that required. Some of the beam sections of different
categorieshavealmostthesamevalueofthesectionmodulusZ.Itisnecessaryto
notetheweightofbeampermeterlengthandthesectionmodulus,Z.Thebeam
sectionselectedshouldbesuchthatithasminimumweightandadequatesection
modulus,Z.
Step4.Therolledsteelbeamsectionischeckedfortheshearstress.Theaverage
andmaximumshearstressesshouldnotexceedtheallowableaverageand
maximumvaluesofshearstresses.
Step5.Therolledsteelbeamisalsocheckedfordeflection.Themaximum
deflectionshouldnotexceedthelimitingdeflection.
ISI Handbook no.1 provides tables for allowable uniform loads on beams and
channelsusedasflexuralmemberswithadequatelateralsupportforcompression
flange. The values of allowable uniform loads corresponding to respective
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effectivespansaregivenforvariousbeamsandchannelsections.Forgivenspan
andtotaluniformlydistributedloadfound,rolledbeamorchannelsectionmaybe
selected from these tables. The rolled steel Isections and wide flange beam
sectionsaremostefficientsections.Thesesectionshaveexcellentflexuralstrength
andrelativelygoodlateralstrengthfortheirweights.
Example14.1TheeffectivelengthofcompressionflangeofsimplysupportedbeamMB
500,@0.869kN/mis8m.Determinethesafeuniformlydistributedloadpermeterlength
whichcanbeplacedoverthebeamhavinganeffectivespanof8meters.Adoptmaximum
permissiblestressesasperIS8001984.Theendsofbeamarerestrainedagainstrotationat
thebearings.
Solution:
Step1:Permissiblebendingstress
MB500,@0.869kN/mhasbeenusedassimplysupportedbeam.Theeffectivespanof
beamis8m.Theeffectivelengthofcompressionflangeisalso8m.
Fromthesteelsectiontable,thesectionmodulusofbeamZ=1808.7x103mm3
Meanthicknessofcompressionflangetf=T=17.2mm
Thicknessofwebtw=10.2mm
Itisassumedthatthevalueofyieldstress,fyforthestructuralsteelofMB500,@0.869
kN/mis250N/mm2(MPa).
FromIS:8001984,themaximumpermissiblebendingstress,foraboveratios(by
linearinterpolation)bc=65.121N/mm2(MPa)
Step2:Loadsupportedoverbeam
MB500,@0.869kN/mcanresistmaximumbendingmomentequaltomomentof
resistance.ThereforethemaximumbendingmomentM=160.189mkN
Step3:Loadsupportedoverbeam
Theeffectivespanofthebeamis8meters.Letwbetheuniformlydistributedloadper
meterlength.Themaximumbendingmoment,Mforthebeamoccursatthecentre..
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DesignofStructures:LESSON14.DesignofSteelBeams
Theselfweightofthebeamis0.869kN/m.Therefore,thesafeuniformlydistributed
loadwhichcanbeplacedoverthebeam(20.020.869)=19.15kN.
Example14.2Designasimplysupportedbeamtocarryauniformlydistributedloadof44
kN/m.Theeffectivespanofbeamis8meters.Theeffectivelengthofcompressionflange
ofthebeamisalso8m.Theendsofbeamarenotfreetorotateatthebearings.
Design:
Step1:Loadsupported,bendingmomentandshearforce
Uniformlydistributedload=44kN/m
Assumeselfweightofbeam=1.0kN/m
Totaluniformlydistributedloadw=45kN/m
Themaximumbendingmoment,Moccursatthecentre
Step2:Permissiblebendingstress
Itisassumedthatthevalueofyieldstress,fyforthestructuralsteelis250N/mm2
(MPa).Theratios(T/tw)and(d1/tw)arelessthan2.0and85respectively.The
maximumpermissiblestressincompressionortensionmaybeassumedasbc=bt=
(0.66x250)=165N/mm2
Thesteelbeamsectionshallhave(D/T)and(l/ry)ratiosmorethan8and40
respectively.Thetrialsectionofbeamselectedmayhavemodulusofsection,Zmore
thanthatneeded(about25to50percentmore).
Step3:Trialsectionmodulus
1.50x2181.82x103mm3=3272.73x103mm3
Fromsteelsectiontables,tryWB600,@1.337kN/m
Sectionmodulus,Zxx=3540.0x103mm3
Momentofinertia,Ixx=106198.5x104mm4
Thicknessofweb,tw=11.2mm
Thicknessofflange,T=tf=21.3mm
Depthofsection,h=600mm
Step4:Checkforsectionmodulus
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DesignofStructures:LESSON14.DesignofSteelBeams
Theeffectivelengthofcompressionflangeofbeamis8m.
FromIS:8001984,themaximumpermissiblebendingstressbc=118.68
N/mm2(MPa)
Sectionmodulusrequired
Furthertrialmaygivemoreeconomicalsection.
Step5:Checkforshearforce
Averageshearstress,
Permissibleaverageshearstress
0.4xfy=(0.4x250)=100N/mm2>Actualaverageshearstress
Step6:Checkfordeflection
Maximumdeflectionofthebeam
Allowabledeflection
Themaximumdeflectionislessthanallowabledeflection,hencethebeamissafe.
ProvideWB600,@1.337kN/m
Lastmodified:Tuesday,1October2013,6:38AM
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