1.

Any management planning process needs a successful strategic plan for it to achieve its
goals; briefly and with examples from any destination management plan, explain the main
factors a planner should take into consideration while developing a plan for the destination
and examine the main factors affecting tourism policy formulation and implementation in
LDCs.
2. As an expert in tourism policy planning, examine the main economic and social policies that
act as Barriers to achieving successful sustainable tourism policy supporting Tanzanian
tourism industry growth & development and indicate the main six steps in tourism planning
process.
3. Discuss the role of various stakeholders in formulating tourism policy of a country like
Tanzania
QUESTION ONE

Introduction
Destination is a physical space in which a tourist spends at least one overnight. It includes
tourism products such as support services and attractions and tourist resources within one days
return travel time. It has physical and administrative boundaries defining its management, and
images and perceptions defining its market competitiveness.
A destination management plan is a tool to guide the development of tourism in targeted area
by synthesizing and representing the vision of all the stakeholders while fulfilling the
conservation objectives for the site.
The following are the main factors a planner should take into consideration while developing a
plan for the destination.
The availability and amount of funding. The planners have to consider the availability of
sources of funds since the destination management plan is much cost in nature. If funding is fully
available at the beginning of the planning process, then this facilitates the destination
management planning process.
The appropriateness of applying tourism to the destination area must be seriously
considered. The planners must ask the following issues; will existing legislation allow or
facilitate tourism? What have been the results of the Area Planning process? Have threats been
identified that tourism can respond to? Will current/traditional tourism patterns within the
protected area and/or the region make it difficult to implement the ecotourism concept? Do the
circumstances of the protected area make it appropriate for visitor use?
The complexity of the tourism/public use situation of the site. If there are already a large
number of visitors, tourism operators and/or visitor sites, the plan may require a lot of data
collection and analysis. On the other hand, when a protected area has little tourism but a lot of
perceived potential, more evaluation of potential and resources needs to be done. The sheer size
and number of actual and potential visitor attractions is also a factor.
The amount of time that the planning team dedicates to the process. When planning team
members have other responsibilities, the destination plan process tends to be prolonged.

The amount of support that the planning team receives from stakeholders. Active, positive
participation by local communities, tourism operators and others makes the process more
effective and productive.
Examine the main factors affecting tourism policy formulation and implementation in LDCs.
Active involvement of tourism interest groups, Interest groups are an integral component of
the tourism policy making process and implementation therefore if there is strong participation
of tourism stakeholders the tourism policy will be implemented smoothly on other hand poor
involvement of interest group in tourism formulation this normally increase the failure of policy
and planning goals.
Inter-organizational relations and coordination, the tourism environment is made up of a
varied set of organizations, each of which controls variety of resources. Each organization is
likely to interact with others in order to acquire the resources necessary for goal achievement
since no organization can generate independently all the necessary resources. Thus the interorganizational coordination divisions also facilitates effective tourism policy implementation and
increased government organizations experience in inter-organizational cooperation.
Institutional arrangements,
This refers to the established law, custom, practice, organization, or other element in the political.
The Institutional arrangements are also affected, tourism influence the process through which the
policy agenda for tourism is shaped, the way in which tourism problems are defined and
alternatives are considered, and how choices are made, and decision and actions taken and they
have to decide and act within a set of rules and norms.
The main characteristics of a centralized approach
Many Tourism programs formulated at the top and implemented by the people at the bottom have
not achieved the desired outcomes. This means that the formulation and application of policies
has been done by central government and needs of local people are not considered and is not
based on detailed knowledge of the local environment. Thus there may be resistance from the
implementing bodies, such as from local government and host community.

QUESTION TWO
Introduction
Tourism policy refers to a set of regulations, rules, guidelines, directives, and development
objectives and strategies, tourism policy provides a framework to guide tourism development
actions and it is a strategic declaration of intent within which tourism is expected to develop.
Tourism Planning is concerned with anticipating and regulating change in a system to promote
orderly development so as to increase the social, economic and environmental benefits of the
development process.
The main economic and social policies that act as Barriers to achieving successful sustainable
tourism policy supporting Tanzanian tourism industry growth & development.
Taxation policies, some of tourism taxes that have been introduced by the government special in
Zanzibar government threaten the tourism development in Zanzibar example tourists in Zanzibar
airport are required to pay five dollar apart from other cost thus this situation make the tourist
feel un satisfied with this situation.
Foreign Investment Policy/Regulations, in Tanzania the regulations and procedures for foreign
investment is very prolonged and ride tape in nature as well as full of corruption hence this
situation discourage the foreign investor to run the tourism activities in Tanzania.
Welfare Policy, Tanzania government has welfare policy that protect the benefits of workers in
working places but unfortunate this polices are not fully implemented for those workers and
employees who are employed in tourism private sectors such as in hotel and other areas, thus
make the workers without security and safety working condition. Hence the professionals leave
and join with other sectors where the working security is assured.
Interest Rate Policy, some of the local tourist companies they claimed that they are required to
pay huge rate especially when they take loans and credit from financial institutions for their
company development. Therefore this rate normally threaten the tourism industry mainly for
those local companies that dont have strong base of financial resources.

Cultural Policy, Tanzania government has cultural policy to preserve our culture but
surprisingly the cultural policy is not fully supervised and implemented hence this create the
loophole for cultural deterioration as result the cultural tourism will automatically decline.
The following are the main six steps in tourism planning process.
Setting goals and objectives, This is early stage in which the tourism planners try to formulate
and obtain clear statements of tourism development goals and objectives which should acquire
more from general community on how they want to achieve specific tourism development,
whether the community wants to serves the broader community goals in seeking for better
quality of life and to improve living standard.
Tourism system analysis, this is a second step in which the planners involve in identifying
tourism as a system by breaking it down into three subsystems; tourism resources, organizations,
and market.
Natural resources; which can be used and available for the tourists are climate, scenery,
favorable geographic location for shipping trade and high supply of local food and wine, while
for cultural resources could be the unique ethnics' cultures, cultural heritage, archaeological sites,
and the local cuisine.
Organizations; the planners also needs to recognize and list all the diverse range of public and
private sectors in the destination that manage or coordinate tourism activities, and to make all
these groups to work together achieving the same goals. Lastly, is to identify the tourism market
segments or types of tourists the destination wish to attract and serve.
Generating alternatives is third step in tourism planning process whereby the planners in
collaboration with other tourism stakeholders identify another choices of tourism activities
instead of other example area for seaweed and fishing can used for marine preserve area
The evaluation alternatives, this step in which tourism planners make deep and profound
evaluation of what have been suggested and proposed in third stage, there are two parts to
evaluation of tourism development and marketing alternatives; feasibility analysis, and impact
assessment whether it is possible to be done and understand the impacts both positive and
negative associated with tourism development.

Selection and implementation, this is a steps where by the tourism planners choose the best and
suitable alternatives to be implemented in the targeted tourism destination. As objectives have
been set up for the plan, it needs to be implemented through a set of specific actions that should
be adopted and developed by the community with clearly defined responsibilities and timetables.
Monitoring and evaluation, thus implementation is should be monitored and evaluated to find
out the success of the plan in meeting its goals and objectives. Plans generally still need to be
adjusted over time because of changing goals, changing market conditions, unexpected impacts.
Thus the most important of all, successful tourism planning and development should able to
serve both tourists and host communities. However, tourism should serve the community first
since tourism development is closely coordinated and supported by the local population of the
destination.

QUESTION THREE
Introduction
Tourism stakeholders are organizations, individuals and institutions directly or indirectly
involved in the development, operation and management of tourism projects. The organizations
include governmental agencies such as research institutions, non-governmental institutions, local
people, traditional authorities and tourists.
Tourism policy and planning becomes more effective when it is highly participatory and has the
input of the widest ranges of groups and citizens in a community.
The following table summarizes the role of various stakeholders in formulating tourism policy
and planning of a country like Tanzania
Tourism stakeholders
Governments

tourism

officials

Local community residents

Roles

Coordinate the tourism policy and planning process

Enhance training, research and collection of

data/statistics on tourism for policy and planning

Funds tourism policy and planning programs

Provide liaison/link among all parties involved

Identify community values

Provide opinions and suggestions

Indicate satisfaction levels with tourism and acceptable

future changes in tourism

NGOs

Utilization sustainable
Ensure consideration of programs of related nonprofit
organizations

Financial and technical support

Provision tourism and environmental education e.g.

WWF,AWF

Tourism business operators

Provide opinions and suggestions

Providing information about the potential market for

ecotourism activities.

Providing advice concerning visitor preferences in

Tourism consultants

terms of attractions
Conduct research and analysis

Academic and universities

Write tourism plans

Carry out research for tourism policy makers

Disseminate and publish research tourism findings

Contribute to setting up and managing of an tourism

database for planning and policy formulation

In conclusion, a huge range of stakeholders with varying interests and goals participates in
tourism policy and planning some play more prominent roles than others, but almost all are
represented in the policy formulation and tourism planning process. A key to the success of
tourism policy and planning is the formation of strong partnerships so that the multiple goals and
objective of tourism policy and planning can be achieved.