Question Bank

Question Bank
Contents
Transportation systems analysis

Fundamental Parameters of Traffic Flow
Fundamental Relations of Traffic Flow
Traffic Stream Models
Moving Observer Method
Measurement at a Point
Measurement over a Short Section
Measurement Along a Length of Road
Automated Traffic Measurement
Intrusive Technologies
Non-Intrusive Technologies
Travel Time Data Collection
Vehicle Arrival Models: Headway
Vehicle Arrival Models: Count
Car Following Models
Lane Changing Models

Microscopic Traffic Simulation
Traffic Flow Modeling Analogies
Cell Transmission Models
Traffic Progression Models
Discrete Simulation Models
Capacity and Level of Service LOS
Urban Streets
Multilane Highways
Freeway Operations
Ramp Metering
Corridor Analysis
Principles of Traffic Control
Traffic Signs
Road Markings
Uncontrolled Intersection
Channelization
Traffic Rotary
Grade Separated Intersection
Design Principles of Traffic Signal
Signalized Intersection Delay Models
Special Requirement in Traffic Signal
Capacity and Los Analysis of a Signalized I/S
Coordinated Traffic Signal
Vehicle Actuated Signals
Area Traffic Control
Parking Studies
Accident Studies
Fuel Consumption and Emission Studies
Congestion Studies
Queuing Analysis
Toll Operation
Pedestrian Studies
Intelligent Transportation System - I
Intelligent Transportation System - II

Advanced ITS
General
Transportation systems analysis
1.
[101-01] Select a current transportation
issue for modeling and do the following. (i)
Identify
the
transportation
system
components, (ii) Activity system that is
interest to the transportaion issue, (iii) What
could be a suitable service function, (iv) What
could be a suitable demand function, (v)
Visualize how the activity system may change,
(vi) Propose some transport improvement
options, (vii) Illustrate flow predictions.
Fundamental Parameters of Traffic Flow
1.
[51111] An observer standing beside a
road starts counting vehicle passing him from
4pm to 4:20pm and he counts about 580
vehicles. What is the average time headway.
2.
[51112] An aerial photograph of a stretch
of a road of about 200 meter shows the
presence of 40 vehicles. What is the average
spacing.
3.
[51113] If an observer standing beside a
road noted that the vehicles are passing him
every 3 seconds. If so what is the flowrate.
Fundamental Relations of Traffic Flow
1.
[51201] Derive the relationship between
fundamental parameters of traffic with a
detailed illustration of fundamental diagrams of
traffic flow.
2.
[51202] Derive the relationship between
the time mean speed and space mean speed.
Verify the above relation using some
hypothetical speed data expressed in a
frequency table.
3.
[51203] Verify the relationship between
the time mean speed and space mean speed
using some hypothetical speed data generated
by you (about 20-30 spot speeds) and
represented in a frequency table.
4.
[51211] Calculate the time mean speed
and the space mean speed of the following
observation.
Speed Range
Volume
(m/sec)
(veh/hr)
10-12
12
12-14
18
14-16
24
16-18
20
18-20
14
5.
[51212] Determine the time mean speed
and space mean speed from the following data.
Verify the relationship between them.
Speed m/s
Frequency
1-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
6.
[51213] The following travel times in
seconds were measured for vehicles as they
traversed a 3 km segmeny of a highway.
7.
Compute the time mean speed and space
mean speed for this data. Why space mean
speed is always lower than time mean speed,
explain with a derivation.
8.
[51221] Calculate the time mean speed
and the space mean speed of the following
spot speed data:
Speed Range
Volume
(m/sec)
(veh/hr)
10-12
12
12-14
18
14-16
24
16-18
20
18-20
14
9.
[51222] For the data given below,compute
the time mean speed and space mean speed.
Also verify the relationship between them.

Finally compute the density of the stream.
speed range
frequency
1-4
2.5
5-8
6.5
9-12
10.5
13-16
14.5
17-20
18.5
Traffic Stream Models

1.
[51301] Illustrate neatly on a single graph
the speed-density relation by Greenberg,
Greenshield, Underwood, Pipe(n=0.5,2), two
regime, and three regime models, along with

typical field observations
2.
[51302] Explain with neat sketch the need
and examples of multi-regime stream models.
3.
[51303] Sketch the three fundamental
diagrams of traffic flow. Derive the relation
between maximum flow (
), jam density (
), and free flow speed (
). Assume liner speed
flow relation:
4.
[51304] Plot typical speed-density field
data points. Draw the shapes of various traffic
stream models (5-7) including multi-regime
models. Write the equations of these models as
well.
5.
[51311] In a traffic study, the observed
densities were 150, 120, 50, 70 and 20
veh/km and the corresponding speeds were
10, 25, 45, 40 and 32km/h. Find the jam
density according to Greenberg's logarithmic
traffic stream model. (Hint: Linearize the
expression)
6.
[51312] For the following data on speed
and concentration, determine the parameters
of Greenshields' model. Find the concentration
corresponding to a speed of 40 kmph. Find

also the maximum flow.
Concentration(veh/km)
Speed(kmph)
180
140
20
30
50
75
35
7.
[51313] A study of flow at a particular
location resulted in a calibrated speed-density
relationship as follows.
. For
this relationship, determine free flow speed,
jam density, maximum flow, and the
relationship between fundamental parameters
of traffic. (Illustrate with a sketch)
8.
[51314] If the mean speeds in kmph
observed from a road stretch at various time is
given as: 10, 25, 45, 40, and 50, and the
corresponding densities in veh/km are: 150,
120, 50, 70, and 20. What would be the
maximum flow on this road stretch.
9.
[51322] Determine the parameters of
Greenshields model for the following data. Find
the maximum flow and density for a speed of
45 kmph.
Speed (kmph)
Density (veh/km)
150
20
120
30
100
40
70
10. [51323] A study of flow at a particular

location resulted in a calibrated speed-density
relationship as follows.
For this relationship, determine free flow

speed, jam density, maximum flow, speed-flow
relationship, and flow-density relationship.
(Illustrate with a sketch)
11. [51332] In a traffic study experiment,
density values are obtained as 160, 120, 40,
and 72 veh/km corresponding to speed values
of 3, 18, 55, 32 respectively. Determine the
parameters of Greenshields' model. Find the
density corresponding to a speed of 40 kmph.
Find also the maximum flow.
12. [51342] The following speed and density
is observed from a road section. If we assume
the speed decreases linearly with respect to
density, then: (a) what will be the density at a
speed of 10 kmph, and (b) what will be the
maximum flow across the section
Speed (kmph)
Density (veh/km)
120
20
90
30
40
40
10
13. [51352] The speed and density observed

from a road is given below. What is the density
and flow corresponding to a speed of 25 kmph.
State the assumptions/model used in the
computation.
Speed (kmph)
Density (veh/km)
10
200
20
170
30
120
40
100
Moving Observer Method

1.
[51401] Derive the equation for flow ( )
from the moving observer method.
2.
[51402] (a) Derive the expression for flow
across a section of road by moving car
method. (b) Prove that this formulae actually
estimates the stream flow.
3.
[51403]
Derive expression for the
fundamental parameters of traffic flow by
moving observer method (10)
4.
[51411] In a traffic stream, 30% of the
vehicles travel at a constant speed of 60km/h,
30% at a constant speed of 80km/h, and the
remaining vehicles at a constant speed of
100km/h. An observer travelling at a constant
speed of 70km/h with the stream over a length

of 5km is overtaken by 17 vehicles more than
what he has overtaken. The observer met 303
vehicles while traveling against the stream at
the same speed and over the same length of
highway. What is the mean speed and flow of
the traffic stream?
5.
[51412] Two friends were traveling from
Mumbai to Pune and have decided to count the
vehicles on a short stretch of 5 km. The first
one sat on the left side and counted vehicles
passed by him. The second sat on the right
side and counted vehicles overtaken him. They
counted 20 and 60 respectively while traveling
at 30 kmph. They did the same exercise on the
next day about same time and counted 25 and
40 respectively and were traveling at 35 kmph.
Assuming same traffic conditions on both days,
compute the density, mean speed, and flow on
that stretch.
6.
[51413] The observations from a moving
car method are given below. Assuming linear
speed-density relation, what is the maximum
flow, speed, and density the following following
stretch can take. Show the details of the
calculation
Overtaken by
the test vehicle
Overtaking the
test vehicle
Moving
against
traffic
stream
Travel
time with
the traffic
(s)
Travel time
against the
traffic (s)
119
618
422
268
26
12
389
213
188
24
401
226
396
55
410
274
255
26
374
226
396
7.
[51414] A moving vehicle experiment was
conducted on a 2.5 km section of a highway.
Two trials were conducted in the direction of
dominant traffic flow. In the first trial, number
of vehicles that had overtaken the test vehicle
is 30, number of vehicles overtaken by the test
vehicle is 6, and test vehicle speed is 30 kmph.
In the second trial, number of vehicles that

had overtaken the test vehicle is 20, number of
vehicles overtaken by the test vehicle 26, and
test vehicle speed is 35 kmph. Calculate the
fundamental parameters of traffic flow and the
average headway and spacing.
8.
[51415] A person walking from office on a
one-way street takes 60 min to get home, of
which 12 min was taken talking to the driver of
a stalled vehicle. He counted 52 vehicles while
he was walking and 25 vehicles while he
stopped. What are the travel time and flow of
the vehicle stream? (7)
9.
[51425] A student riding his bicycle from
campus on a one-way street takes 50 min to
get home, of which 10 min was taken talking
to the driver of a stalled vehicle. He counted
42 vehicles while he rode his bicycle and 35
vehicles while he stopped. What are the travel
time and flow of the vehicle stream? (6)
Measurement at a Point
1.
[52111] The table below shows spot
speed data (in meters/sec) and the projected
area (PA) of each vehicle type (in square
meters) from a study. Find the PCU value of
each vehicle type using Chandra's method.
No
Car
3W
2W
HCV
PA
5.39
4.48
1.20
24.74
11.32
8.67
6.67
7.4
6.74
7.25
8.27
6.09
11.11
9.68
7.75
5.88
6.67
6.98
6.12
6.38
8.11
8.77
9.52
5.66
7.41
8.77
11.9
5.66
8.11
9.52
6.97
5.55
Measurement over a Short Section

1.
[52211] Determine the time mean speed,
space mean speed, and
percentile speed
from the following speed (in m/s) data.
Speed
Frequency
1- 5
6-10
16
11-15
32
16-20
48
21-25
23
26-30
2.
[52212] For a given road following speed
data is collected. 25, 31, 36, 39, 42, 44, 47,
48, 49, 51, 52, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 57, 57,
58, 59, 60, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 66, 68, 68,
69, 70, 70, 71, 73, 75, 79, 85, 89, 90. What is
the speed you will recommend for designing
sight distance or radius of circular curve?
3.
[52213] The spot speeds of ten vehicles
observed at a certain location are 55.1, 40.8,
32.2, 47.8, 64.5, 53.2, 58.2, 67.6, 36.4, and
53.2 kmph. Find the time mean speed, space
mean speed and 85th percentile speed
Measurement Along a Length of Road
1.
[52311] Plot the cumulative frequency
distribution curve for the following data and
show the 85th percentile speed
Speed Range
Frequency
20-30
30-40
43
40-50
35
50-60
29
60-70
11
70-80
Automated Traffic Measurement

1.
[52401] Classify with one example the
various detections technologies with a brief
mention of the merits and demerits of the
system.
Intrusive Technologies
1.
[52511]
It was observed that the
inductive loop was on for 0.39, 0.46, 0.43,
0.47, 0.50, 0.51, 0.48, 0.46, 0.32, 0.44, 0.50,
0.45, 0.44 seconds during one minute interval.
If the effective length of a vehicle is 7 meters,

compute the density
Non-Intrusive Technologies
1.
[52601] Write brief notes on the working
principle, merits, and demerits of: (i) Video
image detection, (ii) Infrared sensors, (iii)
Microwave - Doppler and Radar, (iv) Pulsed and
active ultrasonic, and (v) Passive acoustic
array Sensors.
Travel Time Data Collection
1.
[52701] In the absense of any automated
equipments, how would you conduct a survey
to get travel time data in a stretch of road.
Vehicle Arrival Models: Headway
1.
[53101]
(a) Derive the relationship
between time mean speed and space mean
speed. (b) Write the probability density
function for normal distribution and Parson
type III distribution and its special cases with
various notations used.
2.
[53111] An observation of headways for
800 samples is given below. Mean headway
and standard deviation observed are 2.76 and
1.79. Fit Pearson type III distribution if the
shift parameter is 0.5.
Observed Proportion
0.0
1.0
191
1.0
2.0
131
2.0
3.0
170
3.0
4.0
98
4.0
5.0
82
5.0
6.0
81
6.0
7.0
44
2
7.0
3.
[53112] An observer counts 300 vehicles
in an hour at a location. Assuming that the
vehicle arrival follows Poisson distribution: (i)
estimate the probability of a pedestrian getting
a gap of at least 5 seconds; and (ii) estimate
how many vehicles will be generated in two
minutes (Assume 20 second interval and use
the following random numbers: 0.60, 0.42,
0.54, 0.48, 0.69, 0.42)
4.
[53113]
Using the following random
numbers generate vehicle arrival for a period
of 20 sec. Assume headways to follow
exponential distribution with mean time
headway 6 sec.
5.
[53114] At a particular section on a
highway the following headways are observed:
0.04, 1.37, 1.98, 5.09, 3.00, 2.32, 2.54, 1.37,
0.94, 1.79, 1.10, 6.24, 4.82, 2.77, 4.82, 6.44.
Fit an exponential distribution and compare the
observed and estimated mean. [Assume
headway ranges as 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, and 6-8]
6.
[53115] A headway survey gave a mean
of 3.76 and standard deviation of 1.17. Fit a
Pearson type III distribution and find
probability that the headway is between 2 and
4 seconds. Assume a shift parameter of 0.5
and an interval of 0.5 for calculations.
7.
[53116] If the flow rate at a given section
of road is 1600 and if we assume the inter
arrival time of vehicles follow an exponential
distribution, then:
1.
the probability of headways greater
than 1.8 second
2.
the probability of headway between 1.2
and 2.4 seconds
3.
the probability of headways less than
the mean headway
8.
[53117]
An obseravtion from 3424
samples is given table below. Mean headway
observed was 3.5 seconds and the standard
deviation 2.6 seconds. Fit a negative
exponetial distribution.
Table 1: Obsered headway distribution
0.0
0.5
0.012
0.5
1.0
0.064
1.0
1.5
0.114
1.5
2.0
0.159
2.0
2.5
0.157
2.5
3.0
0.130
3.0
3.5
0.088
3.5
4.0
0.065
4.0
4.5
0.043
4.5
5.0
0.033
5.0
5.5
0.022
5.5
6.0
0.019
6.0
6.5
0.014
6.5
7.0
0.010
7.0
7.5
0.012
7.5
8.0
0.008
8.0
8.5
0.005
8.5
9.0
0.007
9.0
9.5
0.005
9.5
0.033
Total
1.00
9.
[53118]
deviation 2.6 seconds. Fit a normal distrbution,
if we assume minimum expected headway is
0.5.
Table 2: Obsered headway distribution
h+dh
0.0
0.5
0.012
0.5
1.0
0.064
1.0
1.5
0.114
1.5
2.0
0.159
2.0
2.5
0.157
2.5
3.0
0.130
3.0
3.5
0.088
3.5
4.0
0.065
4.0
4.5
0.043
4.5
5.0
0.033
5.0
5.5
0.022
5.5
6.0
0.019
6.0
6.5
0.014
6.5
7.0
0.010
7.0
7.5
0.012
7.5
8.0
0.008
8.0
8.5
0.005
8.5
9.0
0.007
9.0
9.5
0.005
9.5
0.033
Total
1.00
10. [53121]
deviation 2.6 seconds. Fit a Person Type III
Distribution.
Table 3: Obtained headway distribution
h+dh
0.0
0.5
0.012
0.5
1.0
0.064
1.0
1.5
0.114
1.5
2.0
0.159
2.0
2.5
0.157
2.5
3.0
0.130
3.0
3.5
0.088
3.5
4.0
0.065
4.0
4.5
0.043
4.5
5.0
0.033
5.0
5.5
0.022
5.5
6.0
0.019
6.0
6.5
0.014
6.5
7.0
0.010
7.0
7.5
0.012
7.5
8.0
0.008
8.0
8.5
0.005
8.5
9.0
0.007
9.0
9.5
0.005
9.5
0.033
Total
1.00
11. [53124] Given the headways observed

from a survey is given below. Fit an
exponential distribution and compare the
actual and computed mean and standard
deviation. 5.15, 1.22, 2.65, 2.35, 0.47, 2.8,
7.67, 4.74, 2.42, 4.87, 5.94, 8.58, 9.74, 0.56,
0.66, 6.72, 7.41, 6.94, 2.42, 5.61
Vehicle Arrival Models: Count
1.
[53211] The number of vehicles arriving
on a single lane highway from one direction in
successive 10 seconds intervals is shown
below. Fit a poisson distribution to this data
and comment on the results. Plot the observed
and modeled values in a graph sheet.
Vehicle arriving
17
31
12
24
10
in 20s interval
Frequency
Car Following Models

1.
[53301] Discuss the concepts and model
formulations of Generalised GM model, Gipps'
model, and Wiedemann 74 car-following
models.
2.
[53302] Discuss the concepts and model
formulations of Generalised GM model.
3.
[53311] A line of vehicles are in car
following mode and all vehicles are travelling at
18 m/s with distance headway of 20 m. After
1.2
seconds,
the
lead
vehicle
suddenly
decelerates at a rate of 1.2

until it stops
completely. simulate the behaviour of first
following vehicle using the GM fifth car
following model for the first 2.5 seconds.
Tabulate
the
results.
Assume
headway
exponent 1.2, speed exponent 1.6, sensitivity
coefficient 0.8, reaction time 0.6 seconds, and
scan interval 0.3 seconds.
4.
[53312] Simulate the following vehicle
behaviour for the following data using
Widemann 74 model. (a) For the case of stand
still distance 3.5m, additive part of safety
distance 1.5, and multiplicative part of safety
distance 0.8. (b) For the case of stand still
distance 3.5m, additive part of safety distance
1.5, and multiplicative part of safety distance
0.8. Comment on the following vehicle
behaviour for the above two cases.
5.
[53321] A car is travelling with a speed of
16 m/sec at time t=0. Another car follows the
first at a distance of 28 m with same velocity.
If the first car accelerated by 1 m/sec from
t=1 to 2 and decelerate by 1 m/sec from
t=2 to 3, find the speed, acceleration and
spacing of the follower at time t=3.0 sec.
Assume the reaction time is 1 sec, vehicle
dynamics are updated every 0.5 seconds, and

the car following model is given by Eq. 1. (Use
of a tabular form is encouraged).
(1
)
6.
7.
[53331] In a simulation experiment on a
single lane road, one vehicle is travelling at
18
. After 1.5 seconds, the vehicle suddenly
accelerates at a rate of
for the next 1.8
seconds. Simulate the behaviour of subsequent
vehicle with an initial speed of 16 m/s using
GM fifth car following model for the first 3
seconds if the initial distance headway is 20 .
Tabulate
the
results.
Assume
headway
update interval of 0.3 seconds.
8.
[53341] A line of vehicles are in car
15 m/s with distance headway of 20 m. After
1.2 seconds, the lead vehicle suddenly
decelerates at a rate of 1.2
until it stops
completely. simulate the behaviour of first

following vehicle using the GM fifth car
following model for the first 2.5 seconds.
Tabulate
the
results.
Assume
headway
scan interval 0.3 seconds.
9.
[53351] In a simulation experiment on a
single lane road, one vehicle is travelling at
16
. After 0.6 seconds, the vehicle suddenly
accelerates at a rate of
for the next 0.9
seconds. Simulate the behaviour of subsequent
vehicle with an initial speed of 16 m/s using
GM fifth car following model for the first 2.1
seconds if the initial distance headway is 25 .
Tabulate
the
results.
Assume
headway
update interval of 0.3 seconds.
10. [53361] A line of vehicles are in car
15 m/s with distance headway of 25 m. After 1
second, the lead vehicle suddenly decelerates
at a rate of
until it stops completely.
Simulate the behaviour of first following vehicle
using the GM fifth car following model for the
first 3 seconds. Tabulate the results. Assume

headway exponent 1.0, speed exponent 1.5,
sensitivity coefficient 0.5, reaction time 0.5
seconds, and scan interval 0.25 seconds.
Lane Changing Models
1.
[53401] Explain the conceptual frame
work of basic lane change model and
distinguish between MLC and DLC models
2.
[53411] A roadway has 3 lanes. A vehicle
is travelling in the middle lane (i.e., 2nd ) and
has the options of either travelling in the same
lane or changing either to the 1st or 3rd lanes.
These decisions are governed by the utlities of
the lanes ( ) and gaps ( ) . If the vehicle has
decided to leave the current lane, the decisions
of choosing among the other two lanes are
governed by the utilities of gaps ( ) in those
lanes. On which lane would the vehicle like to
travel
probably?
Lane No.
Relative speed
(m/s)
Front gap
(m)
Lead gap
(m)
Lag gap
(m)
Microscopic Traffic Simulation

1.
[53501] Write brief notes on calibration,
validation, and verification and how these are
used in traffic simulators.
Traffic Flow Modeling Analogies
1.
[54101]
Write a brief note on the
shockwave phenomenon and illustrate with
neat sketches.
2.
[54102]
Explain
the
shock-wave
phenomenon and derive the expression for
speed of a shock wave with the help of neat
diagrams.
3.
[54103] Derive the flow
equation for a mid-block section.
conservation
4.
[54104] Derive the LWR formulation of
traffic flow if we assume Greenshilds linear
model relating speed and density.
5.
[54105]
Illustrate
the
method
of
characteristics for solving an LWR formulation.
6.
[54106] Derive the numerical formulation
to solve an LWR formulation using finite
difference method. Illustrate the scheme also.
Cell Transmission Models
1.
[54201] Discuss in detail about basic cell
transmission model
Traffic Progression Models
1.
[54311] In a case study, the average
travel time for a particular stretch was found
out to be 22.8 seconds, standard deviation is
5.951 and model time step duration is 10 sec.
Find out the Robertsons model parameters and
also the flow at downstream at different time
steps where the upstream flows are as follows
Discrete Simulation Models
1.
[54401]
Illustrate the lane changing
modeling and the associated rules on a two
lane road using cellular automata.
2.
[54411] Assume a single lane road stretch
divided into 9 cells and vehicles are present in
the first ,fourth , seventh and eight cells with
3, 2 , 2, 1 as their velocities respectively. Apply
the rules of CA and update the position of the
vehicles in the next second.
Capacity and Level of Service LOS
1.
[55101] Define capacity and write brief
notes on various factors affecting capacity.
2.
[55102] Illustrate the concept of capacity
and level of service for a typical mid-block road
section and show the factors affecting capacity.
Urban Streets
1.
[55201] How do you measure operational
performance of a given urban arterial? Explain
the HCM method of assessment
Multilane Highways
1.
[55311] A 6 km undivided four lane
highway on level terrain has free flow speed of
75 kmph. The lane width is 3.5m with peak
hour volume of 1600 veh/hr and 12% trucks
and buses, 2% Recreational vehicles. Find the
capacity and level of service. Assume peak
hour factor 0.9.
2.
[55312] A segment of undivided four-lane
highway on level terrain has field-measured
FFS 74.0-km/h, lane width 3.4-m, peak-hour
volume 1,900-veh/h, 13 percent trucks and
buses, 2 percent RVs, and 0.90 PHF. What is
the peak-hour speed, and density for the level
terrain portion of the highway? (
and
Freeway Operations
1.
[55411] Consider an existing four lane
free-way in rural area, having very restricted
geometry with rolling terrain. Peak hour
volume is 2000 veh/h with 5% trucks. The
traffic is commuter type with peak hour factor
0.92
and
interchange
density
as
0.6
interchanges per kilometer. Free-way consists
of two lanes in each direction of 3.3 m width
with lateral clearance of 0.6 m. Find the LOS of
free-way during peak hour.
Ramp Metering
1.
[55501] Define ramp meter and explain
various objectives of ramp metering
2.
[55502] Discuss in detail (i) the concept of
capacity and LOS in HCM 2000 and (ii) how it
is used in the analysis of ramp metering.
Corridor Analysis
1.
[55601]
Discuss
briefly
how
the
performance of a corridor is evaluated in HCM
2000.
Principles of Traffic Control
1.
[56101] Describe the levels of intersection
control.
2.
[56102] Discuss various traffic control
measures at a typical 4 legged intersection in
an urban area. Illustrate them with the help of
neat sketches. Explore all the options other
than rotary, signal and grade separation.
Traffic Signs
1.
[56201] What is the difference between a
stop sign and give way sign? Under what
circumstances are they required? Illustrate
with neat sketches.
2.
[56202] Give two examples for each of
the following categories of traffic signs: [A]
Right of way series, [B] Movement series, [C]
Informatory signs, and [D] Warning signs
Road Markings
1.
[56301] A road has four lanes. A bridge
goes over the road, which has a pile at the
middle of road. Illustrate with neat sketch the

road markings that are to be provided.
2.
[56302] Illustrate with neat sketch various
road markings at a signalized intersection
3.
[56303] Discuss any five road markings
with the help of neat sketches.
4.
[56304] (a) Describe the main categories
of traffic signs with two examples for each
category alongwith neat sketches. (b) Describe
any two longitudinal markings with the help of
neat diagrams.
5.
[56305] With the help of neat diagrams
show the traffic signs and road markings for
1.
Ramp from an urban arterial joining
the freeway,
2.
Rotary,
3.
Uncontrolled intersection
minor and major road,
4.
joining
Signalised intersection.
6.
[56306] (a) Illustrate with a neat sketch
what traffic signs and road markings you
propose at the IITB main gate? (b) Illustrate
with a neat sketch no passing zone markings
at a horizontal curve when the stopping sight

distance is less than the radius of the curve
(Assume the road is two lane bidirectional).
Uncontrolled Intersection
1.
[56401] How do you channelize a three
legged intersection for a high volume traffic in
an urban area?
2.
[56411] At an uncontrolled intersection
the cumulative number of gaps accepted and
rejected have been tabulated as shown below.
Determine critical gap using Raff's method
(illustrate the result graphically).
Gap (sec)
Accepted gaps
Rejected gaps
0.0
208
0.5
208
1.0
193
1.5
135
2.0
10
84
2.5
26
55
3.0
45
30
3.5
67
15
4.0
86
4.5
106
5.0
122
5.5
140
9.5
227
Channelization
1.
[56501] Channelize the intersection given
in the Figure 1 with the help of a neat sketch.
Show the paths of movements by short arrows.
All the roads are bidirectional.
Figure 1: Intersection layout
Traffic Rotary
1.
[56611] The entry and exit width of a
rotary
intersection
are
9m
and
11m
respectively. The width of approaches at the
intersection is 15m. The traffic from the four

approaches traversing the intersection is given
below. If the traffic composition is 50% car,
40% two-wheelers and 10% trucks and the
passenger car units of two-wheelers and trucks
are 0.5 and 3 respectively, find the capacity of
the rotary using TRL formulae.
Approach
Left turn
Straight
Right turn
North
500
800
300
South
400
350
450
East
250
400
500
West
300
450
500
2.
rotary
intersection
are
9m
and
11m
intersection is 15m. The traffic from the four
below. Find the capacity of the rotary.
Approach
Left turn
Straight
Right turn
North
500
800
300
South
400
350
450
East
250
400
500
West
300
450
500
3.
rotary
intersection
are
8m
and
10m
intersection is 14 m. The traffic from the four

below. Find the capacity of the rotary using
TRL formulae.
Approach
Left turn
Straight
Right turn
North
550
750
340
South
450
390
450
East
280
400
520
West
350
480
500
4.
rotary intersection are 8 m and 10 m
respectively. Assume the length of the weaving
section is four times the weaving width. The
traffic from the four approaches traversing the
intersection is given below. Find the capacity of
the rotary using TRL formulae.
Approach
Left turn
Straight
Right turn
North
550
750
340
South
450
390
440
East
280
400
520
West
350
480
500
5.
rotary intersection are 10m each. The width of
approaches at the intersection is 15m. The
traffic from the four approaches traversing the
intersection is given below. Find the capacity of
the rotary using TRL formulae
Approach
Left turn
Straight
Right turn
North
415
643
350
South
549
358
424
East
408
450
402
West
450
423
493
Grade Separated Intersection

1.
[56701] Draw a neat sketch of a fully
clover leaf intersection and mark all the traffic
movements.
2.
[56702] Illustrate with neat sketches: (i)
A diamond interchange showing the movement
of all the flows. (ii) Road markings on a two
lane bi-directional horizontal curve when the
sight distance is less than the length of the
curve. (iii) The concept of flow prediction in a
transportation system when the supply is
improved.
Design Principles of Traffic Signal
1.
[57111] A person standing at a stop line
of signalized intersection found that the
vehicles arrive at 3.7, 6.9, 9.7, 12, 14.1, 16,
17.9, and 19.8 seconds after the start of the
green. The signal turns red at 20th second.
Find the lost time, saturation flow and lane
capacity. (Assume cycle is 60 second, amber is
3 s)
2.
[57112] A person standing at a stop line
of signalized intersection found that the
vehicles arrive at 3.7, 6.9, 9.7, 12, 14.1, 16,
17.9, and 19.8 seconds after the start of the
green. Find the lost time and saturation
headway.
Signalized Intersection Delay Models
1.
[57201]
Derive
an
webster's uniform delay
assumptions involved.
expression
and state
for
the
2.
[57202] (i) Illustrate the concept of
stopped delay, control delay and approach
delay at a signalized junction. (ii) Illustrate the
concept of unsaturated uniform delay, random
delay and using over-saturate delay using
appropriate sketches.
3.
[57203] (a) Derive an expression for cycle
length calculation for a signalized intersection.
(b) Write briefly on Webster's stopped delay

calculations
4.
[57211] The traffic flow and phase plan
for a four-legged intersection is as shown in
Figure 8. The E-W flow is 1420, W-E flow is
1150, N-S flow is 640, and S-N flow is 580
vehicles per hour. Assume for all the phases
the yellow time is 3 seconds, the lost time is 4
seconds, saturation headway is 1.2 seconds,
and degree of saturation is 0.9. Assume left
turn adjustment factor 1.2 and right turn
adjustment factor 1.3. Assume the left turn
and right turn traffic proportion of 20% and
30% respectively. If the actual green time
allotted for phase 1,2,3 and 4 is 30,28, 18 and
22 respectively, compute the delay for each
lane and total intersection delay.
5.
[57212] The phase plan and flows of a
signalised intersection are given in Fig. 4.
Design the cycle length using HCM method (
=0.9) and green time for each phase. Compute
also the average delay per vehicle using
Webster's model. Show these in a phase-time
diagram. Assume lost time and amber time as
3 and 4 sec respectively for each phase. Ignore
pedestrian requirements.
Figure 2: Intersection flows and phase plan
6.
[57213] A major road with four lane
running E-W direction meets a minor road
having two lane running in N-S direction. The
E-W flow is 1670, W-E flow is 1550, N-S flow is
720, and S-N flow is 680 vehicles per hour. The
intersection of the two road is controlled by a
traffic signal with a cycle time of 60 seconds.
Assume for all the phases the yellow time is 3
seconds, the lost time is 4 seconds, and
saturation headway is 2.1 seconds. Ignore
turning movements and pedestrian traffic.
Compute the green time for each phase and
total delay experienced by all vehicles in the
intersection for one hour duration.
7.
[57214] The phase plan and flows of a
diagram. Assume saturation headway, lost time
and amber time as 2, 3 and 4 seconds
respectively for each phase. Ignore pedestrian
requirements.
8.
[57215] In the above problem, If the
actual green time allotted for phase 1,2,3 and
4 is 30, 35, 8, and 9 respectively, compute the
stopped delay for East-West movement
(Assume uniform vehicle arrival).
9.
[57216] For the data given in above
problem (Q.6), if the actual green time alloted
for phase 1, 2, 3 and 4 is 30, 28, 18 and 22
respectively, calculate the delay for lane 1 and
lane 7.
10. [57222] The phase plan and flows of a
diagram. Assume lost time and amber time as
3 and 4 sec respectively for each phase. Ignore
pedestrian requirements.
11. [57223] Traffic flow and phase plan for a

four-arm intersection is shown in Figure 5.
Assume the following: The yellow time is 3
seconds, the lost time is 4 seconds, saturation
headway is 2.0 seconds for each phase; Left
adjustment factor 1.4; Left turn and right turn
traffic proportions are 20 and 30 percent
respectively;
Through
movements
are
distributed equally in all lanes; and There is no
pedestrian traffic. Compute the critical flow for
each phase and for the intersection.
Figure 5: Intersection geometry and phase plan (FIGURE NEEDS

CORRECTION)
12. [57224] Traffic flow and phase plan for a

four-arm intersection is shown in Figure 6. If
the actual green time is 18, 13, 15 and 9
respectively for phases 1-4, and the lane

volumes are 150, 350, 250, 200, and 280 vph
for lanes 1-5 respectively, compute the delay
for the W-E and S-N approach. Assume the
following: The yellow time is 3 seconds, the
lost time is 4 seconds, saturation headway is
2.0 seconds for each phase;
Figure 6: Intersection geometry and phase plan (FIGURE NEEDS TO BE

CORRECTED)
Special Requirement in Traffic Signal

1.

and degree of saturation is 0.9. Assume left
and right turn traffic proportion of 20% and
30% respectively. Assuming no pedestrian
traffic, compute signal timing and illustrate
with a sketch.
Figure 7: Intersection Geometry
2.
(7)
3.

and degree of saturation is 0.95. Assume the
left turn and right turn traffic proportion is
15% and 20% respectively. Assuming no
pedestrian traffic, compute the cycle time and
green time for each phase.
4.
Figure. The E-W flow is 800, W-E flow is 740,
N-S flow is 450, and S-N flow is 490 vehicles
per hour. Assume for all the phases the yellow
time is 3 seconds, the lost time is 2 seconds,

saturation headway is 1.8 seconds, and degree
of saturation is 0.9. Assume left turn
adjustment factor 1.10 and right turn
and right turn traffic proportion is 10% and
traffic, compute the cycle time and green time
for each phase. Compute also the stopped
delay for the traffic from north.
5.
Figure. The E-W flow is 780, W-E flow is 720,
N-S flow is 430, and S-N flow is 470 vehicles
per hour. Assume for all the phases the yellow
time is 3 seconds, the lost time is 2 seconds,
saturation headway is 1.8 seconds, and degree
of saturation is 0.9. Assume left turn
adjustment factor 1.15 and right turn
and right turn traffic proportion is 10% and
traffic, compute the cycle time and green time
for each phase. Compute also the stopped
delay for the traffic from north (assume
uniform vehicle arrival).
Capacity and Los Analysis of a Signalized I/S

1.
[57411] Calculate the delay and level of
service using HCM method for a signalised
intersection in South bound direction. Follow
the terminology as per HCM 2000 and the
intersection geometry is as shown in Figure 9.
2.
The intersection is located in CBD area and
the traffic volume in each direction in
vehicles/hour is given as
East
West
North
South
bound
bound
bound
bound
Left turn
65
30
30
40
Through
620
700
370
510
Right turn
35
20
20
50
3.
Pedestrian volume = 100 pedestrains/hour,
Percentage of heavy vehicles = 5% in East and
West approaches and 8% in North and South
approaches, Base saturation flow rate = 1900
veh/h/lane, Peak hour factor= 0.9, Cross walk

width = 3.0 m, Two phase signal with cycle
time 70 seconds and North bound-South bound
green time=36 s, East bound-West bound
green time =26 s, Amber time= 4 s and
Movement lost time =4 s, Arrival type 4 and
Analysis duration = 15 min, Assume 0% grade
with no parking maneuvers and no buses
stopping. Consider Lane utilisation adjustment
factor in North and South approaches= 1.00,
East and West approaches = 0.95. Left turn
pedestrian/bicycle
adjustment
factor=
0.999(N), 0.998(S), 0.997(E), 0.998(W), Right
turn pedestrian/bicycle adjustment factor=
0.996(N), 0.994(S), 0.992(E), 0.995(W),
Passenger car equivalent for heavy vehicle =
2.0, Left turn adjustment factor is 0.937(N),
0.951(S), 0.716(E), 0.901(W). Incremental
delay factor= 0.5 and Initial queue delay= 0
s/veh. Progression adjustment factor = 1.000.
4.
[57412] A major arterial is meeting a
minor arteial and is located in the central
business district (CBD) of a small urban area.
Compute the delay and peak-hour LOS for west
bound direction. Main Street has four lanes of
3.3 width, two in each direction and minor
street has two lanes of 4.5m width, one in
each direction. Heavy vehicle percentage is 5
% in east and west bound direction and 8 % in

north and south bound. Assume no parking at
intersection and no buses. Peak hour factor is
0.90. Pedestrian volume is 100 p/h in all
approaches, Bicycle volume is 20 bicycles/h for
all approaches, Movement lost time is 4 s,
yellow time is 4 s and terrain is level. Assume
base saturation flow rate
, crosswalk
width of 3.0 m, and heavy vehicle adjustment
factor 2.0. Left turn adjustment factor in east
bound direction is 0.716 and west bound
direction is 0.901. Left turn pedestrian/bike
adjustment factor is 0.998 and right turn
pedestrian/bike adjustment factor is 0.995 for
all approaches. The traffic volume is given in
the input worksheet. Report the results in the
capacity and LOS worksheet and submit
alongwith the answer sheet
5.
[57413] The intersection of Third Avenue
(NB/SB) and Main Street (EB/WB) is located in
the central business district (CBD) of a small
urban area. Intersection geometry and flow
characteristics are shown on the input
worksheet.Facts/Data/Assumptions: (a) EB
and WB HV = 5 percent, (b) NB and SB HV = 8
percemnt (c) PHF = 0.9, (d) Two-phase signal,
(e) 70 sec cycle length, (f) NB-SB green = 36
s, (g) EB-WB green = 26 s, (h) Yellow =4 s, (i)
Third avenue has two lanes, one in each

direction, (j) Main street has four lanes, two in
each direction, (k) No parking at intersection,
(l) Pedestrian volume = 100 p/h, all
approaches, (m) Bicycle volume = 20
bicycles/h, all approaches, (n) Movement lost
time = 4s, (o) Level terrain, (p) Assume
crosswalk width = 3.0 m for all approaches,
(q) Assume base saturation flow rate = 1900
pc/h/lane, (r) Assume
Left turn correction factor
, (s) No buses, (t)

= 0.937, (u)
Pedestrian-Bicycle effects on turning
and
(v) Lane utilization factor
Compute the the delay and peak-hour LOS of
the NB approach using HCM 2000 guidelines?
Fill the relevant cells of the Exhibit 16-20,21,
and 22.
6.
percent (c) PHF = 0.85, (d) Two-phase signal,

time = 4s, (o) Level terrain, (p) Assume cross
walk width = 3.0 m for all approaches, (q)
Assume base saturation flow rate = 1900
Left
turn
correction
, (s) No buses, (t)

factor
(u)
,
and
(v) Vehicle arrival type (AT) is 4
(w) Type of control is pre-timed (P). The north
bound flow is 420 ( Left 30, Through 370, and
Right 20) Compute the saturation flow of the
NB approach using HCM 2000 guidelines?
7.
percent (c) PHF = 0.85, (d) Two-phase signal,

time = 4s, (o) Level terrain, (p) Assume cross
walk width = 3.0 m for all approaches, (q)
Assume base saturation flow rate = 1900
Left
turn
correction
, (s) No buses, (t)

factor
(u)
,
and
(v) Vehicle arrival type (AT) is 4
(w) Type of control is pre-timed (P) (x) East
bound flow is 750 ( Left 70, Through 640, and
Right 40) Compute the the delay and peakhour LOS of the EB approach using HCM 2000
guidelines? Fill the relevant cells of the Exhibit
16-20,21, and 22.
Coordinated Traffic Signal
1.
[57511] A North-South corridor has three
junctions namely A, B, and C. Junction A is on
the south end of the corridor and junction C is
on the north end. These junctions are
coordinated in the north direction. All the
junctions are having two phase signals with a
cycle of 80 sec. The juctions A, B, and C have
green times of 40, 50, and 30 sec respectively

in the coordinated direction. The distance
between A and B is 600 meters and B and C is
900 meters. The junctions are coordinated
considering a speed of 15 m/sec. (a) What will
be the resulting band width? (b) While the
corridor is operating under the above control
conditions, if the vechiles could travel only at a
speed of 12 m/sec, what bandwidth will be
achieved?
2.
[57512]
The distance between two
intersections is 0.75 km and the average
vehicle speed in the northbound direction is 50
kmph and south bound direction is 54 kmph. If
the cycle time is 100 seconds and north bound
and south bound traffic volume is 950
vehicles/hour. (a) Compute the offset if south
bound direction is ignored. (b) Compute the
offset if both directions are considered.
Illustrate the result using time-space diagram.
3.
[57513]
An urban arterial with 2
signalized intersections 400 m apart is to be
coordinated in both directions with a design
speed of 20 m/s and a cycle of 60 seconds.
Determine the optimal offset at the second
intersection with respect to both directions.
4.
[57522]
the cycle time is 90 seconds, split is 50
percent, and north bound and south bound
traffic volume is 900 vehicles/hour, compute
offset and band width, if: (a) only north bound
traffic is considered, and (b) both directions
are considered. Illustrate the result using timespace diagram.
5.
[57532]
the cycle time is 120 seconds, split is 50
percent, and north bound traffic is 1000 vph
and south bound traffic is 800 vph, compute
offset and band width, if: (i) only north bound
traffic is considered, and (ii) both directions
are considered. Illustrate the result using timespace diagram.
Vehicle Actuated Signals
1.
[57601] Describe the working principle
and various control parameters of a vehicle
actuated controller and its limitations.
Area Traffic Control
1.
[57701] Compare and contrast SCOOT
and SCAT system for area traffic control
2.
[57702] What are the various building
blocks of area traffic control system SCOOT.
3.
[57703] Highlight the broad principle of
SCOOT system and its implementation issues
for Indian cities.
Parking Studies
1.
[58101] Illustrate with a sketch
onstreet parking facility and derive the length
required to park N number of vehicles with the
help of neat diagrams. Assume the dimensions
of vehicle as 5.5m X 2.5m.
2.
[58102] Calculate the length required to
park N number of vehicles in the case of
on-street parking facility with the help of neat
diagrams. Assume the dimensions of vehicle as
5.5m X 2.5m.
3.
[58103] (a) Any two longitudinal and
transverse road markings. (b) A diamond
interchange with movement of all flows. (c)
Elements involved in the design of a rotary. (d)
Zone and zoning principles. (e) Show all the
relevant dimensions of a
angle parking for a
car.
4.
[58111] From an in-out survey consiting
of 50 bays, the initial count was 18. The
number of vehicles coming in and out of the
parking lot for a time interval of 5 minutes is
shown below. Find the accumulation, total
parking
load,
average
occupancy,
and
efficiency of parking lot.
Time
10
15
20
25
30
In
Out
Accident Studies
1.
[58201]
Illustrate with a numerical
example of your choice how energy theory is
used in the accident reconstruction of a
collinear impact.
2.
[58211] Vehicle A is approaching from
west and vehicle B from south. After collision A
skids
north of east and B skids
south of
east. Skid distance before collision for A is 18
m and B is 26 m. The skid distances after
collision are 30m and 15 m respectively.

Weight of A and B are 4500 and 6000
respectively. Skid resistance of pavement is
0.55 m. Determine the pre-collision speed.
Fuel Consumption and Emission Studies
1.
[58311] A bus stalled at a signal emits
pollutants at the rate of 20000 g/s. The
exhaust pipe is situated at height of 0.75 m
from the Ground level. What will be the
concentration of pollutants inhaled by a man
living on the first floor of a building with storey
height 3.5 m? The building is situated at a
lateral distance of 5 m from the main road and
longitudinal distance of 4 m downwind of the
source. Assume a wind velocity of 10 m/s,
375 m and
= 120 m. The concentration of
the
emission
is
given
by
2.
[58312]
What
is
the
total
fuel
consumption of a vehicle travelling on a 10 km
stretch of road if the average stopped delay is
6 s and it stops thrice during its journey.
Assume that the fuel consumption rate per unit
distance while cruising is 0.0045, the fuel
consumption rate per unit time while idling is
0.0035, and the excess fuel used in
decelerating to stop and accelerating back to

cruise speed is 0.002. If the vehicle is cruising
throughout the stretch of the road, what is the
decrease in fuel consumption?
Congestion Studies
1.
[58401] Describe in detail how congestion
can be quantified. Illustrate with equations and
sketches.
2.
[58402] Describe congestion management
measures: both demand and supply side.
3.
[58411] On a 2.8km long link of road, it
was found that the vehicle demand was 1000,
mean speed of the link 12 km/hr, and free flow
speed 27 km/hr. Assuming the Average vehicle
occupancy as 1.2 person/vehicle, calculate
congestion intensity in terms of total person
hours of delay.
Queuing Analysis
1.
[58511] Vehicles arrive at a toll booth at
an average rate of 300 per hour. Average
waiting time at the toll booth is 10 s per
vehicle. If both arrival and departures are
markovian events, what is the average number
of vehicles in the system, average queue
length, average delay per vehicle, average

time in the system?
Toll Operation
1.
[58611] Calculate the optimum number of
tollbooths to be installed on a toll plaza,
proposed to be built on a two-lane highway.
The total traffic flow is 1200 veh/hr. Assume
the following data: service rate of Tollbooth =
350 veh/hr; service rate when merging of
vehicles takes place = 1184.9 veh/hr; and
service rate when no merging of vehicles takes
place = 3017.1 veh/hr.
Pedestrian Studies
1.
[58711] Calculate time gap for a platoon
of 27 school children 5 in a row, consecutive
time 2 sec width of crossing section is 7.5 m
and walking speed of children 0.9 m/s start up
time 3 sec.
Intelligent Transportation System - I
1.
[59101] Show a typical ITS architecture
and write briefly on the communications
involved.
2.
[59102] Discuss briefly any three services
offered and their respective implementation
challenges for each of the following ITS user
service components
management,
and
operations.
(i) travel and traffic

(ii)
public
transport
Intelligent Transportation System - II

1.
[59201] Describe how RP & SP surveys
can be used for ITS evaluation.
Advanced ITS
1.
[59301] Write notes on: Smart road,
smart car, V2V, and V2I.
General
1.
[59401] As a traffic engineer, discuss
various traffic management measures that you
will recommend to your local authorities for our
college campus (Make brief and specific points,
with simple sketches).
Prof. Tom V. Mathew 2014-08-06

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Transportation systems analysis

Lane Changing Models

Intelligent Transportation System - II

Also verify the relationship between them.

Traffic Stream Models

regime, and three regime models, along with

), and free flow speed (

). Assume liner speed

corresponding to a speed of 40 kmph. Find

10. [51323] A study of flow at a particular

For this relationship, determine free flow

13. [51352] The speed and density observed

Moving Observer Method

speed of 70km/h with the stream over a length

In the second trial, number of vehicles that

Measurement over a Short Section

Automated Traffic Measurement

If the effective length of a vehicle is 7 meters,

11. [53124] Given the headways observed

Car Following Models

decelerates at a rate of 1.2

dynamics are updated every 0.5 seconds, and

. After 1.5 seconds, the vehicle suddenly

completely. simulate the behaviour of first

. After 0.6 seconds, the vehicle suddenly

first 3 seconds. Tabulate the results. Assume

Microscopic Traffic Simulation

middle of road. Illustrate with neat sketch the

at a horizontal curve when the stopping sight

Figure 1: Intersection layout

intersection is 15m. The traffic from the four

approaches traversing the intersection is given

Grade Separated Intersection

(b) Write briefly on Webster's stopped delay

Figure 2: Intersection flows and phase plan

Figure 3: Intersection flows and phase plan

Figure 4: Intersection flows and phase plan

11. [57223] Traffic flow and phase plan for a

Figure 5: Intersection geometry and phase plan (FIGURE NEEDS

12. [57224] Traffic flow and phase plan for a

respectively for phases 1-4, and the lane

Figure 6: Intersection geometry and phase plan (FIGURE NEEDS TO BE

Special Requirement in Traffic Signal

seconds, saturation headway is 1.2 seconds,

Figure 7: Intersection Geometry

the yellow time is 3 seconds, the lost time is 2

Figure 8: Intersection Geometry

time is 3 seconds, the lost time is 2 seconds,

Capacity and Los Analysis of a Signalized I/S

Figure 9: Intersection Geometry

veh/h/lane, Peak hour factor= 0.9, Cross walk

% in east and west bound direction and 8 % in

Third avenue has two lanes, one in each

, (s) No buses, (t)

Pedestrian-Bicycle effects on turning

Third avenue has two lanes, one in each

, (s) No buses, (t)

Pedestrian-Bicycle effects on turning

Third avenue has two lanes, one in each

, (s) No buses, (t)

Pedestrian-Bicycle effects on turning

green times of 40, 50, and 30 sec respectively

collision are 30m and 15 m respectively.