Face:

FacialSkinisveryvasculartherewillbealotofbleedingbuttherewillalsobefasthealing.
Beneaththeskinisfatthatgivesthepersonhis/heridentificationfeature.
Beneathmuscleisthesubcutaneousmuscletheyhavelosssignificanceintheprocessofevolution.
Themusclesofthefacearesuppliedbyfacialnerve(CN7),whichisexclusivelymotor.
o Facialnervewhichisabranchoftheexternalcarotid,travelsthroughthefacialcanal,
andcomesoutthroughthestylomastoidforamenandfromthereitenterstheparotid
gland(notsuppliedbythefacialnerve).Fromhereitsplitsintotwobranchesoneof
whichistheposteriorbellyofdigastricwhichinturnsplitsintothesefivebranches:
Temporal(suppliesfrontalbelly)
Zygomatic(suppliesorbicularisoris)
Buccal(upperandlower)(suppliesbuccinator,nasalis,orbicularisoris)
Mandibular(
Cervical(suppliesPlatysma)
Thesensationsofthefacearetakenbythetrigeminalnerve(CN5),whichisexclusivelysensory
whenitcomestofacialmuscles(motorformasticationthoughthemandibularbranch).
o Trigeminalhasthreebranches:Ophthalmic(v1),Mandibular(v2),andMaxillary(v3).
Thereare6branchialarchestostartwith.5thdisappearsand4thand6thfuse.
o Arch1:Mandibleandattachedmuscles:Musclesformastication
o Arch2:Musclesforfacialexpression,hyoidbone
Allthemuscleofthefacialexpressionstartedbelowthemandibleoriginallyand
migratedupwards.However,Platysmawasleftbehindbutisstillsuppliedbythe
facialnerve.
o Arch4:Larynxandallassociatedmuscles:Vagusnerve(recurrentlaryngealandexternal
recurrentlaryngeal)

MotorUnit:thenumberofmusclefiberssuppliedbyonemotorneuron.Fortheface,thereare
manymotorneuronscomingdowntocontrolfewmusclesandthereforethereisalargeareaof
corticalrepresentation.Also,thesemusclesareconnectedtotheemotionalareaofthebrainand
thereforethefaceisreflectionoftheemotions.

OrbicularisOculi:Orbitalandpalpebralpart.Palpebralpartwillshuttheeyes.
o SuppliedbytheZygomaticbranchofthefacialnerve.

BlinkReflex:
o Output:FacialNerve(CN7)
o Input:Ophthalmicbranchofthetrigeminal(CN5)
FrontalBelly/Frontalis:Openingoftheeyelidcreateshorizontalwrinkles,asitissubcutaneous
muscle.
o Suppliedbythetemporalbranchofthefacialnerve.
Nasalis:compressornasalisanddilatornasalis.
o Bignostrils=problemwithrestrictivelungdisease.
o Nasalisissuppliedbythebuccalpartofthefacialnerve.
OrbicularisOris:Oralpart(whichhaselevatorsanddepressors)andlabialpart(highestelevated
muscleinhumansduetospeech).
o Suppliedbythebuccalpartofthefacialnerve.

 Buccinator:Muscleinthecheek
o Suppliedbythebuccalpartofthefacialnerve.
Anteriorbellyofthedigastricissuppliedbythefirstarch(mandibularnerveofthetrigeminal)
whereastheposteriorbellyofthedigastricissuppliedbythesecondarch(facialnerve)****
Lymphaticdrainageoftheface:
o Beneaththeangleofthemandible=submandibular
o Beneath2ndlinefromthelowerlipchin=submental
OralCavity:
Topsurfaceofthetongue=Dorsum
Onthedorsumthereismucosa(epithelium,basementmembrane,laminapropria,muscularis),
thensubmucosaandthenmuscle.
Tonguehasposterior1/3
o Bothgeneralandtastesensationsherearetakenbytheglossopharyngealnerve(CN9;
Branchialarch3)
Tonguehasanterior2/3
o ThegeneralsensationsaretakenbytheLingualnervewhichisabranchofthe
Mandibularnervewhichisabranchofthetrigeminalnerve
o Thetastesensationsaretakenbychordatympani,whichisabranchofthefacialnerve.
o Exception:Eventhoughthecircumvallatepapillaislocatedintheanterior2/3is
sensationsaretakebytheglossopharyngealnerve.
Thetwoareseparatedbyterminalsulcus.
Mostpapillaarelocatedintheanterior2/3.
o Filliform:Mostabundant
o Fungiform:
o Circumvallate:Hastastebuds.Pastthispointswallowingisinvoluntary**
o Folate:
Postmostoftheoralcavity(epiglottic)sensationsaretakenbyvagus.
Musclesofthetongue:ExtrinsicandIntrinsicAllcontrolledbyHypoglossalNerve(CN12).
o Extrinsic:Comingfromelsewhereintothetonguetheychangethepositionofthe
tongue.
Geneoglossus**:bulkiestmuscle.Whenthismusclecontracts,thetongue
protrudes.Sotheactionistheprotrusionofthetongueandthetoneofthemuscle
istokeepthetongueinposition.
Ifgeneoglossusislost,thetonguewillfallbackandthept.mightchoketodeath.
Safetymuscleofthetongue.
Totest:askthept.toprotrudethetongue.Thetonguewillshifttowardsthe
ipsilateralside(unlikebellspalsy).
o Intrinsic:fromwithinthetongueTheyshapethetongue.
o Allmusclesofthetonguewillbesuppliedbythehypoglossalnerveexceptpalateglossus
PalatoglossuswillbesuppliedbytheVagusnerve(CN10)
ExternalCarotidarteryFacialartery+Lingualartery(suppliesthetongue)
Submandibularsecretions=antigravity
Centralmucosalfoldofthetongue=frenelem
o Excessfrenulum=ankyloglossia

Teeth:
Adults:4quadrantsandsame#inallthe4quadrants:2incisors,1canine,2premolars,3molars
(lastmolar=wisdom)
Children:4quadrantsandsame#inallthe4quadrants:2incisors,1canine,2molars.
SoftPalate:
Functionistoshutairtightsothatwecannotswallowandbreathatthesametime.Ithasto
elevatetoshut.
o Muscleofthisislevatorpalatine.
o TensorveliPalatine:tensesthesoftpalateandassiststhelevatorpalatinetoelevate
AllmusclesofthesoftpalatearesuppliedbytheVagusnerve(4 tharch:larync,softpalate,
pharynx)excepttensorvelipalatinewhichissuppliedbythemandibularnerve,abranchofthe
trigeminalnerve.