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626
EXTERNAL FLOW: DRAG AND LIFT
1147
Consider flow over a simplified,
two-dimensional model of an automobile. The free-stream
speed is V 60.0 mph (26.8 m/s). Run FlowLab with template Automobile_drag. Vary the shape of the rear end of the
car and record the drag coefficient for each shape. Also, plot
streamlines in the vicinity of the rear end for two caseshighest drag and lowest drag. Compare and discuss your results.
Which case gives the lowest drag coefficient? Why?
1148
Run FlowLab with template Automobile_3d. In this exercise, we compare the drag coefficient for a
fully three-dimensional automobile to that predicted by the
two-dimensional approximation of the previous problem. Note
that the solution takes a long time to converge and requires a
significant amount of computer recourses. Therefore, the converged solution is already available in this template. Note the
drag coefficient. Is it larger or smaller than the 2-D prediction?
Discuss these differences. Observe the 3-D velocity vectors
around the car by rotating the view (left mouse button),
moving the image (middle mouse button), and zooming in
(right mouse button). To generate velocity vectors, Post-iso-xcoor-Activate. Modify and move the slider to observe velocity
vectors at various planes along the x-axis. Generate a plot
showing what happens to the air immediately downstream of
the car and explain why the drag is so high for this car shape.
Air
5C
55 km/h
4m
10 m
FIGURE P1154
1155E
Air
4 m/s
Plastic
sheet
1150C What fluid property is responsible for the development of the velocity boundary layer? What is the effect of the
velocity on the thickness of the boundary layer?
1151C How is the average friction coefficient determined
in flow over a flat plate?
1152E Light oil at 75F flows over a 22-ft-long flat plate
with a free-stream velocity of 6 ft/s. Determine the total drag
force per unit width of the plate.
1153 The local atmospheric pressure in Denver, Colorado
(elevation 1610 m) is 83.4 kPa. Air at this pressure and at
25C flows with a velocity of 6 m/s over a 2.5-m 8-m flat
plate. Determine the drag force acting on the top surface of
the plate if the air flows parallel to the (a) 8-m-long side and
(b) the 2.5-m-long side.
18 m/min
FIGURE P1156
1157 Consider laminar flow of a fluid over a flat plate.
Now the free-stream velocity of the fluid is doubled. Determine the change in the drag force on the plate. Assume the
flow to remain laminar. Answer: A 2.83-fold increase
627
CHAPTER 11
Air
25C, 10 m/s
Plate
20 ft
8 ft
Air, 80F
V 70 mi/h
Refrigeration
truck
1159E
1162 The top surface of the passenger car of a train moving at a velocity of 70 km/h is 3.2 m wide and 8 m long. If
the outdoor air is at 1 atm and 25C, determine the drag
force acting on the top surface of the car.
Air
25C
50 cm
FIGURE P1163
FIGURE P1158E
1161
50 cm
70 km/h
FIGURE P1162
1163 The weight of a thin flat plate 50 cm 50 cm in
size is balanced by a counterweight that has a mass of 2 kg,
as shown in Fig. P1163. Now a fan is turned on, and air at
1 atm and 25C flows downward over both surfaces of the
plate (front and back in the sketch) with a free-stream velocity of 10 m/s. Determine the mass of the counterweight that
needs to be added in order to balance the plate in this case.
1164
Consider the laminar boundary layer
developing over a flat plate (Fig. P1164). Run FlowLab with
template Plate_laminar. The inlet velocity and length are
chosen such that the Reynolds number at the end of the plate,
ReL rVL/m, is approximately 1 105, just on the verge of
transition toward turbulence. From your CFD results, calculate the following, and compare to theory: (a) the boundary
layer profile shape at x L (compare to the Blasius profile),
(b) boundary layer thickness d as a function of x, and (c) drag
coefficient on the plate.
Symmetry
V
Velocity
inlet
Outflow
outlet
x=0
Symmetry
x=L
Wall
FIGURE P1164
1165
Repeat Prob. 1164, but for turbulent
flow on a smooth flat plate. Use the FlowLab template
Plate_turbulent. The Reynolds number at the end of the plate
is approximately 1 107 for this casewell beyond the
transition region.
628
EXTERNAL FLOW: DRAG AND LIFT
upward air jet. Children are amused by the ball always coming back to the center when it is pushed by a finger to the
side of the jet. Explain this phenomenon using the Bernoulli
equation. Also determine the velocity of air if the ball has a
mass of 3.1 g and a diameter of 4.2 cm. Assume the air is at
1 atm and 25C.
Air jet
Ball
FIGURE P1175
1176E A person extends his uncovered arms into the
windy air outside at 1 atm and 60F and 20 mi/h in order to
feel nature closely. Treating the arm as a 2-ft-long and 3-indiameter cylinder, determine the combined drag force on both
arms. Answer: 1.02 lbf
Air
60F, 20 mi/h
1174
FIGURE P1176E
2m
40 km/h
0.2 m
FIGURE P1174
1175 One of the popular demonstrations in science museums involves the suspension of a ping-pong ball by an
629
CHAPTER 11
CD 0.4
24
6
Re 1 2Re
CD 1 10.0 Re2/3
4200 rpm
105 km/h
Lift
1180C Air is flowing past a nonsymmetrical airfoil at zero
angle of attack. Is the (a) lift and (b) drag acting on the airfoil zero or nonzero?
1181C Air is flowing past a symmetrical airfoil at zero
angle of attack. Is the (a) lift and (b) drag acting on the airfoil zero or nonzero?
1182C Why is the contribution of viscous effects to lift
usually negligible for airfoils?
1183C Air is flowing past a symmetrical airfoil at an
angle of attack of 5. Is the (a) lift and (b) drag acting on the
airfoil zero or nonzero?
1184C What is stall? What causes an airfoil to stall? Why
are commercial aircraft not allowed to fly at conditions near
stall?
FIGURE P1192
1193 Consider an aircraft that takes off at 190 km/h when
it is fully loaded. If the weight of the aircraft is increased by
20 percent as a result of overloading, determine the speed
at which the overloaded aircraft will take off. Answer:
208 km/h
220 km/h
FIGURE P1194
630
EXTERNAL FLOW: DRAG AND LIFT
(a) the takeoff speed, (b) the takeoff time, and (c) the additional runway length required for this airplane. Assume constant acceleration for both cases.
1195E An airplane is consuming fuel at a rate of
7 gal/min when cruising at a constant altitude of 10,000 ft at
constant speed. Assuming the drag coefficient and the engine
efficiency to remain the same, determine the rate of fuel consumption at an altitude of 30,000 ft at the same speed.
1196 A jumbo jet airplane has a mass of about 400,000 kg
when fully loaded with over 400 passengers and takes off at a
speed of 250 km/h. Determine the takeoff speed when the
airplane has 100 empty seats. Assume each passenger with
luggage is 140 kg and the wing and flap settings are maintained the same. Answer: 246 km/h
1197
1198 A small aircraft has a wing area of 28 m2, a lift coefficient of 0.45 at takeoff settings, and a total mass of 2500 kg.
Determine (a) the takeoff speed of this aircraft at sea level at
standard atmospheric conditions, (b) the wing loading, and
(c) the required power to maintain a constant cruising speed
of 300 km/h for a cruising drag coefficient of 0.035.
1199 A small airplane has a total mass of 1800 kg and a
wing area of 42 m2. Determine the lift and drag coefficients
of this airplane while cruising at an altitude of 4000 m at a
constant speed of 280 km/h and generating 190 kW of power.
11100 The NACA 64(l)412 airfoil has a lift-to-drag ratio
of 50 at 0 angle of attack, as shown in Fig. 1143. At what
angle of attack does this ratio increase to 80?
11104
Consider flow over a two-dimensional
airfoil of chord length Lc at angle of attack a in a flow of freestream speed V with density r and viscosity m. Angle a is
measured relative to the flow. In this exercise, we calculate the
nondimensional lift and drag coefficients CL and CD that correspond to lift and drag forces FL and FD, respectively. Freestream velocity and chord length are chosen such that the
Reynolds number based on V and Lc is about 107 (turbulent
boundary layer over nearly the entire airfoil). Run FlowLab
with template Airfoil_angle at several values of a ranging from
2 to 20. For each case, calculate CL and CD. Plot CL and CD
as functions of a. At approximately what angle of attack does
this airfoil stall?
11105
In this problem, we study the effect of
Reynolds number on the lift and drag coefficients of an airfoil
at various angles of attack. Note that the airfoil used here is
different than the one used in the previous problem. Run
FlowLab with template Airfoil_Reynolds. For the case with
Re 3 106, calculate and plot CL and CD as functions of a
ranging from 2 to 20. What is the stall angle? Repeat for
Re 6 106. Compare the two results and discuss the effect
of Reynolds number on the lift and drag of this airfoil.
Review Problems
11106E The passenger compartment of a minivan traveling at 60 mi/h in ambient air at 1 atm and 80F is modeled as
a 3.2-ft-high, 6-ft-wide, and 11-ft-long rectangular box. The
airflow over the exterior surfaces is assumed to be turbulent
because of the intense vibrations involved. Determine the
drag force acting on the top and the two side surfaces of the
van and the power required to overcome it.
Air
60 mi/h
80F
FIGURE P11106E