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SYSTEMS
Introduction
Natural, or free convection is observed as a
result of the motion of the fluid due to
density changes arising from the heating
process.
The movement of the fluid in free convection,
whether it is a gas or a liquid, results from the
buoyancy forces imposed on the fluid.
Grashof number
The Grashof number may be interpreted physically as a
dimensionless group representing the ratio of the
buoyancy forces to the viscous forces in the freeconvection flow system.
It has a role similar to that played by the Reynolds
number in forced-convection systems and is the
primary variable used as a criterion for transition from
laminar to turbulent boundary layer flow.
g = Gravity constant: 9.81 m/s2
= Volume coefficient of expansion ,K-1
x = Distance from leading edge
v= Kinematic viscosity
Volume coefficient of
expansion
The volume coefficient of expansion
may be determined from tables of
properties for the specific fluid.
For Ideal gases;
Prandtl Number
See Chap 5
The only new force that must be considered in the derivation is the
weight of the element of fluid (-pg);
Equation of motion;
T distribution;
For air in free convection on a vertical flat plate, the critical Grashof
number approximately 4108.
EMPIRICAL RELATIONS
FOR FREE CONVECTION
Average free-convection heat-transfer coefficients
can be represented in the following functional form
for a variety of circumstances:
number:
The Nusselt
and Grashof
numbers
depends on
the geometry
of the
problem:
-For a vertical
plate: height of
the plate L
-For a horizontal
cylinder :the
diameter d
Horizontal
isothermal
cylinders
EXAMPLE 1
A large vertical plate 4.0 m high is maintained at
60C and exposed to atmospheric air at 10C.
Calculate the heat transfer if the plate is 10 m
wide.
Solutions;
1. Which equation to use?
2. Find Ra,Tf,
3. Find the properties to calculate Ra :Pr,v,k
ANSWER: 9606W
Isothermal Surfaces
The average heat-transfer coefficient from horizontal flat
plates is calculated with Equation;
For constant heat flux on a horizontal plate.
EXAMPLE 2
A horizontal pipe 1 ft (0.3048 m) in diameter is
maintained at a temperature of 250C in a room
where the ambient air is at 15C. Calculate the
free-convection heat loss per meter of length.
is evaluated at;
FREE CONVECTION IN
ENCLOSED SPACES
Enclosed vertical
space
FREE CONVECTION IN
ENCLOSED SPACES(CONT.)
In the building industry the heat transfer across an air gap is sometimes
expressed in terms of the R values
FREE CONVECTION IN
ENCLOSED SPACES
Enclosed horizontal
space
FREE CONVECTION IN
ENCLOSED SPACES
The second, when the lower plate has a higher
temperature than the upper plate.
For values of Gr below about 1700, pure conduction is still
observed and Nu =1.0.
As convection begins, a pattern of hexagonal cells is
formed called Benard cells ;
Turbulence begins at about Gr =50,000 and destroys the
cellular pattern.
FREE CONVECTION IN
ENCLOSED SPACES
Inclined enclosure
space
EXAMPLE 3
A heated plate, 20 by 20 cm, is inclined at an angle
of 60 with the horizontal and placed in water.
Approximately constant-heat-flux conditions prevail
with a mean plate temperature of 40C and the
heated surface facing downward. The water
temperature is 20C. Calculate the heat lost by the
plate. Repeat Problem for the heated plate facing
upward.
ASSIGNMENT 1
UPLOADED IN PORTAL
DATELINE :28/4/15 (TUESDAY)
THE END
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