Network Protocols and

Internetworking
Internetworking

Lars M. Kristensen
Department of Computer Science
University of Aarhus
Denmark
NPaI 27/08/2007

Internetworking

Sa t
ellit
e
W

link
s

i
iF

Point-t
UMTS

AT
M

o-Point

GPRS

Bluetooth

X.
2

Ethernet
Zig
B

ee

I
FDD

To
ke
n

.. a wide variety of network technologies:

rin
g

Motivation for Internetworking

e
m
a
Fr

ay
l
Re

ax
M
i
W

UWB

Different characteristics (e.g., bandwidth and geographical coverage):

Personal Area Networks (PANs) (Bluetooth, UWB,)
Local Area Networks (LANs) (Ethernet, WiFi,)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) (WiMax,)
Wide Area Networks (WAN) (ATM, X.25,)
.. no single network technology is likely to suffice or become dominant.
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The Wireless Century

Wireless technologies are emerging everywhere:
WiFi (IEEE 802.11a/b/)
Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1)
Broadband Wireless/WiMax (IEEE 802.16)
Mobile Broadband Wireless Access/MBWA (IEEE 802.20)
Ultra Wide Band (UWB)
ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4)
Digital Audio/Video Broadcast (DAB/DVB)
UMTS/3G.

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Internetworking

Internetworking
Aim:
Provide a universal (virtual) communication network by
interconnecting heterogeneous (physical) networks
Requirements:
Provide a mechanism to connect heterogeneous
networks.
Heterogeneous machine architectures and operating
systems.
Universal end-to-end connectivity between connected
machines.
Hide underlying network hardware and network
connections (transparency).
Provision for existing and future network technologies.
Provision for existing and future platforms and
operating systems.
The TCP/IP protocol suite has become the dominant approach to internetworking.
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Internetworking

Outline

Examples of Classical Network Technologies.

Networking Devices.
Internetworking: Basic Concepts and Architectural Model.
The Development of TCP/IP Internet Protocols.

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Examples of Network Technologies

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Ethernet Networks
.. the most popular LAN technology standardised as IEEE 802.3.
Evolved over several generations:
Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) and Gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbps).
Can be used over copper (twisted pair) and optical fiber.
Historically a shared bus topology with broadcast transmissions:
A

D
Shared channel

Characteristics:
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).
Best-effort delivery (no guarantee of data delivery).
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Internetworking

Ethernet: Addressing and Frames

Each attached device has a 48-bit address:
Unicast address: physical address of one network interface.
Network broadcast address: all attached devices.
Multicast address: devices subscribed to multicast group.
Data transmitted in variable sized frames (64-1518 octets):

Destination address used to filter packets.

Frame type used by the receiving operating system to determine
receiving protocol module (self-identification).
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Internetworking

Fiber Distributed Data Interconnect (FDDI)

.. LAN technology using fiber-optic cable.
Dual ring architecture:
Characteristics:
Transmission rate > 100 Mbps.
Token (reserved frame) used to coordinate access.
Self-healing in case of station failure (fault tolerance).

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Internetworking

FDDI: Addressing and Frames

Data transmitted in variable sized frames up to 4500 octets:

Unicast, broadcast, and multicast addresses.

DA used to decide whether to forward or receive frame.

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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

.. WAN (LAN) using fiber-optic cable.
ATM network consists of a set
of interconnected switches:

53 octet fixed-sized cells

Connection-oriented service with guaranteed bandwidth:

1. Establish connection through the network.
2. Send/received data over the connection.
3. Terminate connection.
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Networking Devices

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Network Devices (1)

Network Interface Card (NIC):
Connects machines to a physical network.
Configured with a unicast destination address.

Hubs (multi-port repeater):

Connects machines physically in a star-topology.
Connects machines by relaying physical signals.
Implements logically a shared channel.

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Network Devices (2)

Bridges:
Connects segments by relaying frames.
Do not forward noise and collisions.
Learns hardware addresses for filtering.

Switches (multi-port bridge):

Connects machines in a star-topology.
Concurrent traffic streams and no collisions.
Support for virtual (logical) LANs.

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Hardware Addressing
Unique number assigned to each machine on a network:
MAC (Media Access Control) address.
Physical address.
Hardware (unicast) address.
When transmitting a frame the sender supplies:
Source and destination address.
Network hardware (NIC, bridges, switches):
Uses destination address to forward packet.
Delivers packet to the proper machine and operating system.

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Internetworking
Concepts and Architectural Model

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TCP/IP Internetworking
All networks considered equal:
Connection-oriented.
Connectionless.
Local area networks
Wide area networks
Point-to-point links.
Set of bridged (switched) networks.

Network-level interconnection:
Separate network service from applications.
Physical network access hidden from applications.
Only end-systems must be application aware.

network

Application
Protocol layer
Internet Protocol
layer
Network Interface
layer

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Network Interconnection
Routers provide interconnection of the physical networks:

.. no requirements on the interconnection topology.

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Packet Transmission Paradigm

Packet-switching approach:
No concept of connections at the network level.
No advance reservation of bandwidth for communication.
Data transfer based on individual forwarding of small packets.
host A

host B

network

network
first router

network

next/intermediate
router

network
final router

Addressing scheme:
Separated from network hardware addressing.
Addressing are assigned to machines and networks.
Routers use destination network address when forwarding.
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Views on a TCP/IP internet

External (users view):

Internal (actual internet architecture):

Single virtual network (no structure visible)

Hosts attach directly.
Architecture transparent to applications.

Multiple physical networks are interconnected.

Each host attaches to a physical network.

Application
Protocol layer
Internet Protocol
layer
Network Interface
layer

Abstraction (TCP/IP software)

Basic Network Level Services:

Connectionless Packet Delivery Service (IP/UDP) (loss, duplication, and reordering).
Reliable Stream Transport Service (IP/TCP).
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Development of Internet Protocols

History and Standardisation

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A Brief History of TCP/IP Internet Protocols

.. originates from research funded by:
Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) (1960s).
National Science Foundation (NSF) (1970s).
+ other US government agencies.
through establishment of several experimental networks:
ARPANET (1969-1989).
National Science Foundation (NSF) NET(1987-1992).
Advanced Networks and Services (ANS) NET(1992-1995).
very High speed Backbone Network (vBNS) (1995 -).
Coordination of research and engineering:
Internet Research Group (mid 1970s-1979).
Internet Control and Configuration Board (1979-1983).
Internet Architecture Board (1983 1989 1993 ).
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Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

Internet Research
Task Force

Internet Engineering
Task Force

IETF Areas:
Applications
General
Internet
Operations and
Management
Routing
Security
Sub-IP
Transport

The actual technical work is done in the working groups.

IETF meetings three times year
(see http://www3.ietf.org/meetings/meetings.html ).
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Example: IPv6 Working Group*

Description of Working Group:
The IPv6 working group is responsible for the specification and
standardization of the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
[]
The primary focus of the IPv6 w.g. is to complete the
standardization of the IPv6 protocols, and to review and update
the IPv6 specifications based on implementation and
deployment experience, and advancing them on the
standardization track as appropriate.
Goals and Milestones []
Internet-Drafts []
Request For Comments []
* http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ipv6-charter.html
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The IETF Standardisation Process

Protocols specifications are made public available as Internet-drafts
and Request for Comments (RFC) Documents.
The development process is also standardised (RFC 2026):
Draft version for discussion

RFC

We reject kings,
presidents, and voting.
We believe in rough
consensus and running
code.

STD

- Dr. David Clark, MIT

(1992)
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RFC Statistics*

*source: http://www.rfc-editor.org/num_rfc_year.html

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Summary
Key concept and terminology:
Physical networks: hardware addresses and frames.
Internet = collection of interconnected heterogeneous networks.
Internetworking introduces an abstraction that hide details of
underlying physical network interconnection.
Physical networks are interconnected by routers.
An end-user system is called a host.
Questions yet to be answered:
Internet addressing and relationship to hardware addresses.
Format of packets transmitted on a TCP/IP internet.
Transmission of packets between hosts across multiple networks.

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Introduction to VNE on Wednesday

Goals:
Introduce the Virtual Networking Environment (VNE) to be
used in the project 2 workshops.
Determine laptop coverage.
Installation on (participants) laptops.
Become familiar with VNE by conducting a small exercise.
Resolve technical issues before the real workshops starts.
Please bring your laptops (Windows XP, Linux) on Wednesday!
Information about VNE: www.daimi.au.dk/NPaI/vne.html

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