flow upstream of a dam, flow downstream of a sluice gate,

flow in channels with break in bottom slopes etc. In RVF,

the depth ofthe flow changes abruptly over a comparatively
short distance of the channel. For example, hydraulic jump,
surges, etc.
Dffirential Equation of Gradualty Varietd Flow
In GVF, the main objective is to determine the water surface
profile to be expected in a channel with the given steady
discharge. The differential equation of GVF for the water
surface profile is given by the following expression:
Hydraulic Engineering: An tntroduction 9
uses of hydraulic jump are: raising of water level in channels
for irrigation, increasing of discharge through a sluice gate
by holding backthe tail water, mixing of chemicals in water
and other liquids, etc.
Analysis of Hydraulic Jump
Consider hydraulic jump formation in a channel as shown
in Figure 1.6. Take two sections 1-l and2-2, immediately
before and after the formation of the jump.
dy _ (Sb -S/)
d*- ( . Q'r\
['-;rJ
where dyldx is the slope of the free water surface with
respect to the channel bottom, Sris the slope of the energy
line, ,Su is the slope of the channel bed, Q is the discharge,
A is the cross-sectional area of the flow and T is the top
width of the flow.
For flows in rectangular channels, Eq. (1.17) can be
expressed in different forms as
*=(sp -s{) = (fu -t{):9, -?l (r.r8)
dx (t- Frz) - (, _y, ) (, _ ,, \
['-rr,,l [.'-FJ
1.9 HYDRAULIC JUMP
Hydraulic ju*p is the sudden rise of water level due to the
transformation of supercritical flow to subcritical flow. It
takes place whenever the depth of flow at any section
is less than the critical depth. Flow situations where
hydraulic jump can occur are: channel width suddenly
increases or decreases, steep channel bottom slope
suddenly changes to a flat slope, some obstruction is placed
in the path of flow, etc.
Hydraulic jump is also known as standing wave and is
a rapidly varied steady flow phenomenon. It is accompanied
by large-scale turbulence, in which a portion of energy
possessed by flowing water gets dissipated as heat energy.
If this energy is not dissipated, it may cause damage to
downstream protection works or natural erodible bed of
channel, causing deep scours and sometimes even failure
of structure constructed on the channel. The phenomenon
of hydraulic jump is mainly used as a mean of dissipating

excess energy of water flowing over the spillways and

other hydraulic structures or through sluices. The other
(1.1 7)
The depth before the jump at section 1-l (say,yr) is called
the initial depth or pre-jump depth and the depth after the
jump at section 2-2 (say yz) is called the sequent depth or
post-jump depth.
From impulse-momentum principle, we can write
(Pr-Pz): pQVz-V)
(1.1e)
where P1 and P2 are the hydrostatic pressure forces acting
at the end of two sections, V1 and V2 are the average
velocities ofthe flow at two sections and Qisthe discharge.
Assuming hydrostatic pressure distributions at sections
1-1 and 2-2, we can write
Pr: pgAtlt
and pz: pghyz
where A, is the cross-sectional area of the flow at section
l-1, y, is the depth of the centroid of the area below the
free surface of the flow at section 1-1, and Arand y, are
the corresponding parameters at section 2-2.
Also, from continuity equation,
O r. O
t Y1 4 "4,
d/s TEL
i\
I
yzl
I
I
4
I
l+I
I
I
e= 4y= bVz+Vr