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1. Introduction
The Seismic Response History Procedure (SRHP) is a determined nonlinear structural
analysis software, based on the most current IBC/CBC, ASCE, ACI and AASHTO,
without probability and/or fuzzy math. The SRHP is also an open system, which the
element matrix, design criteria, and even nonlinear method, are all changeable. From
the manual example, user can find a 5 story building, under El Centro 1940 earthquake,
history procedures of story drift, equivalent base shear and later forces, and their
maximum value with its happened time.
2. Equation of Motion
The seismic analysis/design is based on the following equation of motion.
..
.
..
[ m ]{u} + [c ]{u} + [ k ]{u} = { f g} [ m ]{u g }
Where:
(Eq. 2.1)
[m] = Diagonal mass matrix based on each floor diaphragm center points (selected
global DOFs), including horizontal X, Y directions, and moment of inertia. The
each floor diaphragm center points may not be at a same vertical location to keep
mass matrix diagonal.
The moment of inertia is a rigid diaphragm concept. Semirigid modeling
assumption (ASCE 7-10 12.3.1) forces the [m] to non-diagonal matrix, which
results from Complex Eigenvector modes. This software user can cut a diaphragm
to two and more, but each smaller one has to be rigid.
{u} = Displacement vector at each floor diaphragm center points, including horizontal X,
Y directions, and rotation. Typical for velocity {} and acceleration {}.
[k] = Lateral stiffness full matrix based on each floor diaphragm center points, which
concentrated from each vertical 2D frames.
{g} = Ground acceleration, including horizontal X, Y directions, and rotation, without
SRSS probability issue. User can rotate the structural locations to get maximum
responses.
To get the ground motions in a maximum direction (ASCE 7-10 16.1.3.2) is
based on Single Degree of Freedom, because any actual structural stiffness, [k],
is full matrix, which means that the two horizontal X and Y responses coupled
together. One of DOFs at one direction reached maximum response does not
mean other all DOFs maximum responses, even minimum at the same direction.
[c] = Damping matrix as follows.
[c] =
4 ( )
( ) T 1T 2 [k ]
[m] +
(T 1 + T 2 )
T1 +T 2
(Eq. 2.2)
4. Finite Element
Nonlinear Beam-Column element:
1. Concrete beam/column/brace
2. Steel beam/column/brace
3. Super composite column
Linear Wall/Diaphragm element.
The following finite elements are all
changeable.
Fig. 4.1 Elastoplastic Relation ==>
UNIT
SECTION
=
=
RC-1
JOINTS
X
Y
=
=
=
i
0
16
90
E
G
A
I
k
=
=
=
=
=
=
LLeft Rigid
1.369
ft
LLeft Hinge
L
=
=
1.369
3.153
ft
ft
LRight Hinge
2.739
ft
LRight Rigid
1.369
ft
to
ft
ft
4030.50865 ksi
1550.19564 ksi
1080
in
116640 in*
1.2
, (1.2 for rectanglar section, 10/9 for circular section.)
2
12 E I k / (G A L ) =
2.82371095
<==
15%
E , Plastic Hinge ? ==>
0.15
, (100% for moment connection, 0% pinned, 0% to 100% for plastic hinge)
<==
-140.3248
16.0284
F = [Element Coordinate] = 752.9447
(kips, in)
140.3248
-16.0284
-146.4023
15%
Axial, Left
Shear
= [Frame Coordinate] =
(kips, in)
Moment
Axial, Right
Shear
Moment
0.15
0.0006
-0.0780
0.0002
0.0013
-0.0909
0.0000
1115.763618
5.99382E-13
-71868.25492
-1115.763618
-5.99382E-13
-62023.37924
5.99382E-13
10900.39978
4.40246E-12
-5.99382E-13
-10900.39978
3.79939E-12
-71868.25492
4.40246E-12
5806401.165
71868.25492
-4.40246E-12
2817789.426
-1115.763618
-5.99382E-13
71868.25492
1115.763618
5.99382E-13
62023.37924
-5.99382E-13
-10900.39978
-4.40246E-12
5.99382E-13
10900.39978
-3.79939E-12
-62023.37924
3.79939E-12
2817789.426
62023.37924
-3.79939E-12
4625016.083
j
0
26
ft
ft
X
Y
X
Y
RC-1
1
fc'
ksi
fy
60
ksi
Cx
36
in
Cy
30
in
Pu
300
Mu
=
#
#
=
840.9
9
9
0
SECTION SIZE
7
3
ft-k
at x dir.
at y dir.
deg
(Total 20 # 9)
Linear Stage
ANALYSIS
3500
3000
2500
2000
Pn (k)
1500
1000
500
0
-500
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
-1000
-1500
Mn (ft-k)
Pn (k)
2967
2967
2570
2159
1830
1342
1323
866
0
-1080
Mn (ft-k)
0
790
1131
1390
1532
1674
1695
2074
1276
0
o =
2 0.85 f 'C
Ec
, E c = 57
'
f C , E s = 29000ksi
0.85 f C' 2 c c ,
o o
fC=
'
0.85 f C , for c o
s E s , for s t
fS =
, for s > t
f
ST-1
No.
Fy =
W Shape
50
ksi
Mr =
kL x =
kL y =
deg
16
ft
16
ft
Lb =
Linear Stage
16
ANALYSIS
CHECK COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING CAPACITY (AISC 360-05, H1)
P r 8 M rx M ry
P r 0.2
+
+
, for
9
P
M
M
Pc
cy
c
cx
P r M rx M ry
P r < 0.2
+
+
, for
2
P
M
M
Pc
cy
c cx
Where
M rx =
840.90
ft-kips, ASD
M ry =
0.00
ft-kips, ASD
Pc = Pn / c =
2962
<
0.23
1.0
[Satisfactory]
>
Pr
[Satisfactory]
M cx = M n / b =
M cy = M n / b =
>
>
M rx
M ry
[Satisfactory]
[Satisfactory]
Super Composite Column Design Based on AISC 360-05 & ACI 318-08
Section
No.
SC-1
1
fc'
ksi
fy
KL
=
=
50
240
ksi
ft
Cx
240
in
Cy
125
in
Dx
192
in
Dy
100
in
t1
in
t2
1.5
in
t3
in
75
in
Dw
Pu
= -531.1 k
FACTORED MOMENT
LATERAL FRAME DIRECTION
Mu
=
=
Linear Stage
840.9 ft-k
0
deg
ANALYSIS
80000
60000
40000
20000
Pn (k)
0
-20000
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
-40000
-60000
-80000
Mn (ft-k)
Pn (k)
0.75
56495
AT MAXIMUM LOAD
0.75
56495
392406
0.75
46347
416294
0.771
38312
434233
0.811
29956
450761
0.85
20768
455953
0.9
8533
450477
0.9
-25073
271881
AT PURE TENSION
0.9
-58680
Capacity Drawings
Mn (ft-k)
o =
2 0.85 f 'C
Ec
, E c = 57
'
f C , E s = 29000ksi
2
'
2 c c ,
0.85
f
C
fC=
o o
'
0.85 f C , for c o
s E s , for s t
fS =
, for s > t
f
JOINTS
X
Y
=
=
288
120
t
E
=
=
8
3320.6
in
in
in, (thickness)
ksi
(kips, in)
[F] =
(kips)
0.25
, (Poisson's ratio)
1x
1y
2x
2y
3x
3y
4x
4y
6174.922507
-1211.24393
-956.3157582
269.7714154
-1969.676208
-963.1755491
-3248.930541
1904.648063
1x
-1211.24393
9967.162057
-74.77244726
-48.59230415
-618.6316864
-9431.3219
1904.648063
-487.2478529
1y
-956.3157582
-74.77244726
6414.402796
2892.834619
-3488.41083
-2199.430485
-1969.676208
-618.6316864
2x
269.7714154
-48.59230415
2892.834619
10749.07441
-2199.430485
-1269.16021
-963.1755491
-9431.3219
2y
-1969.676208
-618.6316864
-3488.41083
-2199.430485
6414.402796
2892.834619
-956.3157582
-74.77244726
3x
-963.1755491
-9431.3219
-2199.430485
-1269.16021
2892.834619
10749.07441
269.7714154
-48.59230415
3y
-3248.930541
1904.648063
-1969.676208
-963.1755491
-956.3157582
269.7714154
6174.922507
-1211.24393
4x
1904.648063
-487.2478529
-618.6316864
-9431.3219
-74.77244726
-48.59230415
-1211.24393
9967.162057
4y
[
] =
(in)
0.0020
0.0030
0.0040
0.0100
0.0100
0.0100
0.0100
0.0100
-35.1828
-59.6315
-30.3125
-19.1750
41.0183
86.9212
24.4770
-8.1147
1x
1y
2x
2y
3x
3y
4x
4y
1x
1y
2x
2y
3x
3y
4x
4y
5. Input Data
The input data include structural information and ground acceleration, as shown on the
following example.
0
-0.2
10
15
20
25
30
35
-0.4
Time T, Seconds
Amax = -0.319 g
T=
2.040 sec
VELOCITY
20
10
V
0
-10 0
10
15
20
25
30
35
-20
Time T, Seconds
T=
1.580 sec
DISPLACEMENT
5
0
-5 0
10
15
20
25
30
35
-10
Time T, Seconds
Dmax = -8.346 in
T=
2.620 sec
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
Sa / g
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
Period T, Seconds
Samax = 0.9167 g
T=
0.500 sec
0.05
Fig. 5.2 Input El Centro (100% at X direction & 30% at Y direction, ASCE 7-10 12.5)
6. Output Results
(1). Structural periods. The first structural period is not constant on Nonlinear
Structural Analysis. For the example of 5 story concrete building, after time step 0.82
sec, the structure changed from linear to nonlinear, and, at step 2.14 sec., the
structural period reached maximum value of 0.735 sec.
The 1 st Period
0.8
0.6
T
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time, Seconds
Fig. 6.1 History Procedure of the first structural period, T1, of the example
The damping matrix, [c], is also updated at each time steps on nonlinear stage,
although damping ratio, , constantly 5%, which this concept is matched with the
passive physical damping. It is inadequate to keep damping matrix without changes,
and the analysis results are wrong.
(2). Equivalent base shear forces. The base shear forces at each directions may
govern concrete structural design.
Equivalent Base Shear, X Direction
800
600
400
200
V
0
-200 0
10
15
20
25
30
-400
-600
-800
Time T, Seconds
Fig. 6.2 History Procedure of the Equivalent Base Shear force at X Direction
35
The maximum X direction base shear force is 692.3 kips (0.601 W) at time step 2.48
sec., which is larger than the load, 144 kips, by Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
(ASCE 7-10 12.8).
(3). Story drifts. The story drift at each level and each direction always govern steel
structural design.
The 2 nd Story Drift, Y Direction
0.3
0.2
0.1
Drift
0
-0.1 0
10
15
20
25
30
35
-0.2
-0.3
Time T, Seconds
0
-0.5
10
15
20
25
30
-1
Time T, Seconds
35
The floor acceleration is bigger than ground, and the most equipment damping ratio
is 2%, not the same with building 5%, so the building code Response Spectrum may
not be directly apply to School and Hospital design.
(5).Other eyes to see structure. The software can set up eyes, as many as possible,
to record structural responses, including each joint movements, section forces,
although the non-linear section forces cannot be used with linear load combinations
(IBC/CBC 1605).
7. Conclusion
For any single actual structure, the earthquake is a point history procedure of ground
three dimensional movements. Based on the real recorded X, Y, (& even vertical Z)
direction ground accelerations, this SRHP software can directly check the structure if
adequate for both capacity and deformation, without probability and/or fuzzy math
(neither SRSS/CQC, nor Scale Factor).
Reference
Li, Tian (1997). A Study on Damping Values Applied to The Time-History Dynamic
Analysis of Structures, China Civil Engineering Journal, 30 (3), 68-73.
Li, Tian, and Wu, Xuemin (1992). Elasto-Plastic Dynamic Analysis of Multistory and
Complex Structures at Multi-Dimensional Ground Accelerations, Journal of Building
Structures, P. R. China, 13 (6), 2-11.
CBC (2010). California Building Code, California Building Standards Commission,
Sacramento, CA.
IBC (2009). International Building Code, International Code Council, Washington, DC.
ASCE 7 (2010). Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI
7-10), American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
ACI 318 (2008). Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and
Commentary, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
AISC 360 (2005). Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 360-05), American
Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
AISC 341 (2005). Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 341-05),
American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
AISC 358 (2009). Prequalified Connections for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment
Frames for Seismic Applications (ANSI/AISC 358-05s1-09), American Institute of Steel
Construction, Chicago, IL.
ASCE 41 (2007). Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings (ASCE/SEI 41-06),
American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
Abbreviations
2D:
Two Dimensional
3D:
Three Dimensional
DOF:
Degree of Freedom
SMF-BM:
SMF-COL:
Column of Special
Moment Frame
SRSS:
Q & A
1. Why this SRHP software results have made a big difference with others?
The SRHP software is more accurate than Modal Superposition Method, because the
Modal Superposition Method is a probability method, which always requires a Scale
Factor (ASCE 7 12.9.2, 12.9.4, & CBC 1614A.1.9) with SRSS/CQC, or even just SUM,
to reach the determined analysis results.
2. Why the structural periods have to be calculated at each time step?
The physical damping concept is a passive force/load, not constant one. When
structural stiffness (periods) changed, the damping matrix [c] has to be updated, at each
time step.
3. Why the SRHP software does not include nonlinear shear wall?
The software can input nonlinear shear wall, since opening system. But as lateral frame,
shear wall cannot be designed with plastic hinges. Based on ACI 318-08 Chapter 21,
the SD level elastic section forces are always used to check shear wall capacity if
adequate, which means that the shear wall is linear within Mn capacity. Out-of fMn
capacity, the shear wall, no matter its linear or nonlinear, cannot be as lateral frame any
more.
Shear wall may keep gravity capacity, at upper-bound seismic load, but not plastic
hinge stiffness (dog bone).
4. Why the SRHP used 2D frame, not directly 3D?
The most lateral resisting frames are built by W-Shape steel with almost zero torsional
stiffness, and/or by concrete element with brittle torsional crushing. The current 3D
element stiffness matrix (12 x 12) cannot cover them well.
Although ASCE 7-10 included 3D nonlinear section, the upper level 2010 CBC general
section 1.1.7 say that the specific provision shall apply in the event of any differences
between ASCE 7 and ACI/AISC, so the 2D frame, based on ACI 318-08 Chapter 21 and
AISC 341-05/AISC 358-05, still governs lateral design.
5. Why the SRHP does not calculate LL, Wind, & P?
Before the load combinations (IBC/CBC 1605), all loads have to be known. Also, all
load combinations are linear point combinations, not nonlinear history procedure
combinations.
This SRHP software is focus on getting correct seismic load (equivalent base shear
force) and the maximum value.
..
(1).
(2).
All actual structural stiffness in the equation of motion, [k], is full matrix, which
means that all DOFs of responses coupled together. Any modification of real
recordings of acceleration time history, scale or filter, will result in some DOFs
responses inadequate.
(3).
An artificial acceleration time history has the exactly same of response spectrum,
with a real recordings of acceleration time history, only means that the two time
histories have the same PROBABILITY of only one DOF in the real structure.